United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Forest Management
Service Center
Fort Collins, CO
Kootenai, Kaniksu, and Tally
Lake (KT) Variant Overview
Forest Vegetation Simulator
2008
Revised:
November 2015
Flathead National Forest
(Amanda Smiley, FS-R1-Flathead NF)
ii
Kootenai, Kaniksu, and Tally Lake (KT)
Variant Overview
Forest Vegetation Simulator
Compiled By:
Chad E. Keyser
USDA Forest Service
Forest Management Service Center
2150 Centre Ave., Bldg A, Ste 341a
Fort Collins, CO 80526
Authors and Contributors:
The FVS staff has maintained model documentation for this variant in the form of a variant overview
since its release in 1994. The original authors were Renate Bush and Jim Brickell. In 2008, the previous
document was replaced with this updated variant overview. Gary Dixon, Christopher Dixon, Robert
Havis, Chad Keyser, Stephanie Rebain, Erin Smith-Mateja, and Don Vandendriesche were involved with
this update. Robert Havis cross-checked information contained in this variant overview with the FVS
source code. Current maintenance is provided by Chad Keyser.
Keyser, Chad E. comp. 2008 (revised November 2, 2015). Kootenai, Kaniksu, and Tally Lake (KT) Variant
Overview – Forest Vegetation Simulator. Internal Rep. Fort Collins, CO: U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Forest Management Service Center. 48p.
iii
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 1
2.0 Geographic Range ....................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 Control Variables ........................................................................................................................ 3
3.1 Location Codes ..................................................................................................................................................................3
3.2 Species Codes ....................................................................................................................................................................4
3.3 Habitat Type, Plant Association, and Ecological Unit Codes .............................................................................................4
3.4 Site Index ...........................................................................................................................................................................5
3.5 Maximum Density .............................................................................................................................................................5
4.0 Growth Relationships.................................................................................................................. 7
4.1 Height-Diameter Relationships .........................................................................................................................................7
4.2 Bark Ratio Relationships....................................................................................................................................................7
4.3 Crown Ratio Relationships ................................................................................................................................................8
4.3.1 Crown Ratio Dubbing.................................................................................................................................................8
4.3.2 Crown Ratio Change ................................................................................................................................................11
4.3.3 Crown Ratio for Newly Established Trees ...............................................................................................................11
4.4 Crown Width Relationships .............................................................................................................................................12
4.5 Crown Competition Factor ..............................................................................................................................................13
4.6 Small Tree Growth Relationships ....................................................................................................................................14
4.6.1 Small Tree Height Growth .......................................................................................................................................14
4.6.2 Small Tree Diameter Growth ...................................................................................................................................21
4.7 Large Tree Growth Relationships ....................................................................................................................................22
4.7.1 Large Tree Diameter Growth ...................................................................................................................................22
4.7.2 Large Tree Height Growth .......................................................................................................................................29
5.0 Mortality Model ....................................................................................................................... 31
6.0 Regeneration ............................................................................................................................ 35
7.0 Volume ..................................................................................................................................... 36
8.0 Fire and Fuels Extension (FFE-FVS)............................................................................................. 38
9.0 Insect and Disease Extensions ................................................................................................... 39
10.0 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................................... 40
11.0 Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 42
11.1 Appendix A. Habitat Codes............................................................................................................................................42
iv
Quick Guide to Default Settings
Parameter or Attribute
Default Setting
Number of Projection Cycles
1 (10 if using Suppose)
Projection Cycle Length
10 years
Location Code (National Forest)
114 – Kootenai National Forest
Plant Association Code
571(TSHE/CLUN/CLUN)
Slope
30 percent
Aspect
45 degrees
Elevation
35 (3500 feet)
Latitude / Longitude
Latitude
All location codes
48.5
Site Species
Not used
Site Index
Not used
Maximum Stand Density Index
Based on maximum basal area
Maximum Basal Area
Habitat type specific
Volume Equations
National Volume Estimator Library
Merchantable Cubic Foot Volume Specifications:
Minimum DBH / Top Diameter
LP
All other location codes
6.0 / 4.5 inches
Stump Height
1.0 foot
Merchantable Board Foot Volume Specifications:
Minimum DBH / Top Diameter
LP
All other location codes
6.0 / 4.5 inches
Stump Height
1.0 foot
Sampling Design:
Basal Area Factor
40 BAF
Small-Tree Fixed Area Plot
1/300th Acre
Breakpoint DBH
5.0 inches
v
Longitude
116
All Other Species
7.0 / 4.5 inches
1.0 foot
All Other Species
7.0 / 4.5 inches
1.0 foot
vi
1.0 Introduction
The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) is an individual tree, distance independent growth and yield
model with linkable modules called extensions, which simulate various insect and pathogen impacts,
fire effects, fuel loading, snag dynamics, and development of understory tree vegetation. FVS can
simulate a wide variety of forest types, stand structures, and pure or mixed species stands.
New “variants” of the FVS model are created by imbedding new tree growth, mortality, and volume
equations for a particular geographic area into the FVS framework. Geographic variants of FVS have
been developed for most of the forested lands in United States.
The original North Idaho (NI) variant included the Kootenai, Kaniksu, and Flathead National Forests.
Validation studies using the NI variant showed some biases in simulations for the Kootenai NF, Kaniksu
NF, and Tally Lake Ranger District of the Flathead National Forest. As a result, Region 1 requested a
new variant covering these areas. The KT variant, sometimes called the KOOKANTL variant, was
developed in 1994.
Data used to develop the KT variant came from growth sample trees (GST) from National Forests in
northern Idaho and western Montana. Due to the small number of mountain hemlock in the database,
no new small- or large-tree growth equations were formulated for this species, equations and
coefficients from the North Idaho (NI) variant were used for these species.
To fully understand how to use this variant, users should also consult the following publication:
•
Essential FVS: A User’s Guide to the Forest Vegetation Simulator (Dixon 2002)
This publication can be downloaded from the Forest Management Service Center (FMSC), Forest
Service website or obtained in hard copy by contacting any FMSC FVS staff member. Other FVS
publications may be needed if one is using an extension that simulates the effects of fire, insects, or
diseases.
1
2.0 Geographic Range
The KT variant covers forest areas in the northern tip of Idaho and the northwestern corner of
Montana. This includes Kootenai National Forest, Kaniksu National Forest, and Tally Lake Ranger
District of the Flathead National Forest. The KT variant may also be used to model some forests in
eastern Washington and northern Montana. The geographic range of the KT variant overlaps the range
of the Inland Empire variant; however, where the variants overlap, users may choose to use the KT
variant. The suggested geographic range of use for the KT and IE variants is shown in figure 2.0.1.
Figure 2.0.1 Suggested geographic range of use for the KT and IE variants.
2
3.0 Control Variables
FVS users need to specify certain variables used by the KT variant to control a simulation. These are
entered in parameter fields on various FVS keywords usually brought into the simulation through the
SUPPOSE interface data files or they are read from an auxiliary database using the Database Extension.
3.1 Location Codes
Locations codes in the KT variant are delineated by Forest Service region, forest, district and
compartment number. The location code is a 8-digit code where the first digit of the code represents
the Forest Service Region Number(R), the next two digits represent the Forest Number (FF), the next
two digits represent the district number (DD), and the last three digits represent the compartment
number (CCC) resulting in the 8-digit code RFFDDCCC. The location code is used to assign a national
forest code (RFF) and geographic area code that are used in the mortality model and growth equations,
respectively. For example, user’s having stand data in compartment 5 of the Rexford West area of the
Kootenai NF should enter a location code of “11401005” which would then map the stand to
geographic area “2”.
If the location code is missing or incorrect in the KT variant, a default forest code of 114 (Kootenai
National Forest) will be used and the geographic area will be set to area “8”. The geographic area
assignment by location code combinations recognized in the KT variant is shown in table 3.1.1.
Table 3.1.1 Geographic area assignment by location code combinations used in the KT variant.
Geographic
Area
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Name
Rexford East, Kootenai NF
Rexford West, Kootenai NF
Yaak, Kootenai NF
Fortine, Kootenai NF
Troy, Kootenai NF
Bonners Ferry, Idaho Panhandle NF
Libby West, Kootenai NF
Fisher River West, Kootenai NF
Cabinet-Sandpoint, Kootenai NF
Cabinet-Sandpoint, Idaho Panhandle
NF
Swan Lake Island Unit, Flathead NF
Tally Lake, Flathead NF
Default for any other Flathead NF
Default for any other Idaho
Panhandle NF
Fisher River East, Kootenai NF
Bitterroot NF
Clearwater NF
3
Region
(R)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Forest
(FF)
14
14
14
14
14
4
14
14
14
District
(DD)
1
1
2
3
4
7
5
6
7
Compartment
(CCC)
16-27
all but 16-27
all
all
all
all
1-4,8-19,27
1-4
all
1
1
1
1
4
10
10
10
6
1
8
all
1-12
all
1
1
1
1
4
14
3
5
6
all but 1-4
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
10
Coeur d’Alene NF
Colville NF
Kaniksu NF
Lolo NF
Nezperce NF
St. Joe NF
Fisher River East, Kootenai NF
Libby East, Kootenai NF
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
21
13
16
17
18
14
14
6
5
all but 1-4
all but 1-4,8-19,27
3.2 Species Codes
The KT variant recognizes 11 species. You may use FVS species codes, Forest Inventory and Analysis
(FIA) species codes, or USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS symbols to represent
these species in FVS input data. Any valid western species code identifying species not recognized by
the variant will be mapped to the most similar species in the variant. The species mapping crosswalk is
available on the variant documentation webpage of the FVS website. Any non-valid species code will
default to the other species category.
Either the FVS sequence number or species code must be used to specify a species in FVS keywords
and Event Monitor functions. FIA codes or PLANTS symbols are only recognized during data input, and
may not be used in FVS keywords. Table 3.2.1 shows the complete list of species codes recognized by
the KT variant.
Table 3.2.1 Species codes used in the KT variant.
Species
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Species
Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
FIA
Common Name
Code
western white pine 119
western larch
073
Douglas-fir
202
grand fir
017
western hemlock
263
western redcedar
242
lodgepole pine
108
Engelmann spruce
093
subalpine fir
019
ponderosa pine
122
other species
999
PLANTS
Symbol
PIMO3
LAOC
PSME
ABGR
TSHE
THPL
PICO
PIEN
ABLA
PIPO
2TREE
Scientific Name
Pinus monticola
Larix occidentalis
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Abies grandis
Tsuga heterophylla
Thuja plicata
Pinus contorta
Picea Engelmannii
Abies lasiocarpa
Pinus ponderosa
3.3 Habitat Type, Plant Association, and Ecological Unit Codes
There are 175 habitat type codes recognized in the KT variant. If the habitat type code is blank or not
recognized, the default 571 (TSHE/CLUN) will be assigned. The KT habitat type code is mapped to one
of the 30 original NI variant habitat type codes. The KT and original NI variants’ habitat type codes are
4
used in various parts of the model as identified in the sections that follow. A list of valid KT variant
habitat type codes and the NI habitat type code equivalent can be found in Appendix A.
3.4 Site Index
Site index is not used in the KT variant.
3.5 Maximum Density
Maximum stand density index (SDI) and maximum basal area (BA) are important variables in
determining density related mortality and crown ratio change. Maximum basal area is a stand level
metric that can be set using the BAMAX or SETSITE keywords. If not set by the user, a default value is
calculated from maximum stand SDI each projection cycle. Maximum stand density index can be set for
each species using the SDIMAX or SETSITE keywords. If not set by the user, a default value is assigned
as discussed below. Maximum stand density index at the stand level is a weighted average, by basal
area proportion, of the individual species SDI maximums.
The default maximum SDI is set based on a user-specified, or default, habitat type code or a user
specified basal area maximum. If a user specified basal area maximum is present, the maximum SDI for
species is computed using equation {3.5.1}; otherwise, the maximum SDI for species is computed from
the basal area maximum associated with the equivalent NI original habitat type code shown in table
3.5.1 using equation {3.5.1}.
{3.5.1} SDIMAXi = BAMAX / (0.5454154 * SDIU)
where:
SDIMAXi
BAMAX
SDIU
is the species-specific SDI maximum
is the user-specified basal area maximum or habitat type-specific basal area maximum
is the proportion of theoretical maximum density at which the stand reaches actual
maximum density (default 0.85, changed with the SDIMAX keyword)
Table 3.5.1 Basal area maximums by original NI habitat type code in the KT variant.
Original NI Habitat
Code
130
170
250
260
280
290
310
320
330
420
470
Maximum Basal Area
140
220
250
310
240
270
310
310
200
310
290
5
Original NI Habitat
Code
510
520
530
540
550
570
610
620
640
660
670
680
690
710
720
730
830
850
999
Maximum Basal Area
330
380
440
500
500
390
390
440
180
290
400
350
390
260
300
220
220
160
300
6
4.0 Growth Relationships
This chapter describes the functional relationships used to fill in missing tree data and calculate
incremental growth. In FVS, trees are grown in either the small tree sub-model or the large tree submodel depending on the diameter.
4.1 Height-Diameter Relationships
Height-diameter relationships in FVS are primarily used to estimate tree heights missing in the input
data, and occasionally to estimate diameter growth on trees smaller than a given threshold diameter.
In the KT variant, height-diameter relationships are a logistic functional form, as shown in equation
{4.1.1} (Wykoff, et.al 1982). The equation was fit to data of the same species used to develop other
FVS variants. Coefficients for equation {4.1.1} are shown are shown in table 4.1.1.
When heights are given in the input data for 3 or more trees of a given species, the value of B1 in
equation {4.1.1} for that species is recalculated from the input data and replaces the default value
shown in table 4.1.1. In the event that the calculated value is less than zero, the default is used.
{4.1.1} For DBH > 3.0”: HT = 4.5 + exp(B1 + B2 / (DBH + 1.0))
where:
HT
DBH
B1 - B2
is tree height
is tree diameter at breast height
are species-specific coefficients shown in table 4.1.1
Table 4.1.1 Coefficients for the logistic Wykoff equation {4.1.1} in the KT variant.
Species
Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
Default
B1
5.1868
5.0545
4.8768
5.0639
4.9273
4.8813
4.7778
5.0796
4.9301
5.0199
4.7795
B2
-10.4219
-8.6187
-9.1467
-9.8924
-8.7275
-9.6285
-6.3364
-10.2015
-8.8252
-12.0148
-9.3174
4.2 Bark Ratio Relationships
Bark ratio estimates are used to convert between diameter outside bark and diameter inside bark in
various parts of the model. The equation is shown in equation {4.2.1} and coefficient (b1) for this
equation by species is shown in table 4.2.1.
7
{4.2.1} BRATIO = b1
where:
BRATIO
b1
is species-specific bark ratio (bounded to 0.80 < BRATIO < 0.99)
is a species-specific coefficient shown table 4.2.1
Table 4.2.1 Coefficients (b1) for the bark ratio equation {4.2.1} in the KT variant.
Species
Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
b1
0.964
0.851
0.867
0.915
0.934
0.950
0.969
0.956
0.937
0.890
0.934
Equation Source
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
Wykoff, et. al. 1982
4.3 Crown Ratio Relationships
Crown ratio equations are used for three purposes in FVS: (1) to estimate tree crown ratios missing
from the input data for both live and dead trees; (2) to estimate change in crown ratio from cycle to
cycle for live trees; and (3) to estimate initial crown ratios for regenerating trees established during a
simulation.
4.3.1 Crown Ratio Dubbing
In the KT variant, crown ratios missing in the input data are predicted using different equations
depending on tree size. Live trees less than 3.0” in diameter and dead trees of all sizes use equations
{4.3.1.1} and {4.3.1.2} to compute crown ratio. Equation coefficients are found in table 4.3.1.1.
{4.3.1.1} X = R1 + R2 * DBH + R3 * HT + R3 * BA + N(0,SD)
{4.3.1.2} CR = 1 / (1 + exp(X))
where:
CR
DBH
HT
BA
N(0,SD)
R1 – R3
is crown ratio expressed as a proportion (bounded to 0.05 < CR < 0.95)
is tree diameter at breast height
is tree height
is total stand basal area
is a random increment from a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of SD
are species-specific coefficients shown in table 4.3.1
8
Table 4.3.1 Coefficients for the crown ratio equation {4.3.1} in the KT variant.
Coefficient
R1
R2
R3
R4
SD
WP
-0.44316
-0.48446
0.05825
0.00513
0.9476
WL
-0.83965
-0.16106
0.04161
0.00602
0.7396
Coefficient
R1
R2
R3
R4
SD
LP
-0.32466
-0.20108
0.04219
0.00436
0.7707
ES
-0.92007
-0.22454
0.03248
0.0062
0.9721
Species Code
DF
GF
-0.89122
-0.62646
-0.18082
-0.06141
0.05186
0.0236
0.00454
0.00505
0.8706
0.9203
Species Code
AF
PP
-0.89014
-0.17561
-0.18026
-0.33847
0.02233
0.05699
0.00614
0.00692
0.8871
0.8866
WH
-0.49548
0.00012
0.00362
0.00456
0.945
RC
0.11847
-0.39305
0.02783
0.00626
0.8012
OT
-0.49548
0.00012
0.00362
0.00456
0.945
In the KT variant, equation {4.3.1.3} is used to predict missing crown ratio for live trees 3.0” in diameter
or larger.
{4.3.1.3} ln(CR) = HAB + (b1 * BA) + (b2 * BA^2) + (b3 * ln(BA)) + (b4 * CCF) + (b5*CCF^2) + (b6 * ln(CCF)) +
(b7 * DBH) + (b8*DBH^2) + (b9 * ln(DBH)) + (b10 * HT) + (b11 * HT^2) + (b12 * ln(HT)) +
(b13 * PCT) + (b14 * ln(PCT))
where:
CR
HAB
BA
CCF
DBH
HT
PCT
b1 – b14
is predicted crown ratio expressed as a proportion
is a habitat-dependent coefficient shown in table 4.3.1.3
is total stand basal area
is stand crown competition factor
is tree diameter at breast height
is tree height
is the subject tree’s percentile in the basal area distribution of the stand
are species-specific coefficients shown in table 4.3.1.2
Table 4.3.2 Coefficients for the crown ratio equation {4.3.1.3} in the KT variant.
Coefficient
b1
b2
b3
b4
b5
b6
b7
b8
Species Code
WH
RC
LP
WP
WL
DF
GF
0
-0.00204
0
-0.00183
0
ES
AF
PP
OT
0
0
-0.00203
-0.00190
-0.00217
-0.0026
0
0
0
0
–1.902
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.34566
0
0
0
0
0.17479
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.00183
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.116
0
0
-0.15334
0
0
0
-0.18555
0
0
0
0
0.03882
0
0
0
0.03027
–0.0056
0
0
0
0
0
-0.0007
0
0
0
-0.00055
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
Coefficient
b9
b10
b11
b12
b13
b14
Species Code
WH
RC
LP
WP
WL
DF
GF
ES
AF
PP
OT
0
0.30066
0.3384
0.24293
0
0
0.53172
0.29699
0.23372
0.26558
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.02989
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00011
0
0
0
0
-0.21217
-0.59302
-0.59685
0.00301
0
0
-0.25601
-0.25776
0
0
-0.38334
-0.28433
-0.31555
-0.2514
0
0
0
0.0042
0
0.00190
0
0
0
0.19558
0.16488
0.0726
0.06887
0.1105
0
0.09918
0
0.16072
0.0514
Table 4.3.3 HAB values by habitat class for equation {4.3.1.3} in the KT variant.
Species Code
Habitat
Class
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
1
0.8884
0.06533
0.8643
-0.2304
-0.2413
-1.6053
-0.3785
0.05351
0.09453
-0.9436
2
0.7309
0.03441
0.7271
-0.5421
0
-1.7128
-0.4142
-0.05031
-0.0774
-0.8654
3
0.9347
0.2307
0.984
-0.4343
0
0
-0.3985
0.1075
0.07113
-0.8849
4
0.9888
0.1661
0.8127
-0.3759
0
0
-0.2987
-0.1872
0.2039
-0.9067
5
0.9945
-0.1253
0.8874
-0.4129
0
0
-0.381
0.01729
0.06176
-0.8783
6
1.1126
-0.05018
0.7055
-0.4879
0
0
-0.4087
0.03667
0.1513
-1.0103
7
1.0263
0.11005
0.7708
-0.2674
0
0
-0.3577
0.01885
0.09086
-1.0268
8
0
0.08113
0.7849
-0.1941
0
0
-0.2994
0.09102
0.158
-1.005
9
0
0.1782
0.8038
0
0
0
-0.2486
0.1371
0.09229
-1.0301
10
0
0.03919
0.8742
0
0
0
-0.2863
0.08368
0.01551
0
11
0
0.2107
0.8232
0
0
0
-0.1968
0.123
0
0
12
0
0
0.8415
0
0
0
-0.4931
-0.02365
0
0
13
0
0
0.9759
0
0
0
-0.2676
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.5625
0
0
0
Table 4.3.4 Habitat class by species and habitat code for HAB values in equation {4.3.1.3} in the KT
variant.
Species Code
Habitat Codes
WP WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
10 - 140
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
160 - 190
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
210 - 250, 380
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
4
1
200, 260, 430
2
2
4
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
280
2
2
4
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
290
2
2
4
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
310, 370
2
2
6
2
1
1
4
2
2
5
1
320, 340, 350
2
3
7
2
1
1
5
3
2
6
1
330, 360, 910
2
2
4
2
1
1
5
2
2
1
1
400 - 420
2
4
8
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
440, 470, 480
2
4
8
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
505 - 515, 590
2
5
5
2
1
1
6
2
2
8
1
10
OT
0.4649
0.3211
0.197
0.2295
0.3383
0.345
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
500, 516 - 529
501, 530, 545, 555
540
550, 560
502, 565 - 575
610
620, 635, 675, 685
450, 640, 650, 920
630, 660, 930
670, 740
680
579, 600, 690, 750,
780, 925, 950
701, 710
720
700, 730, 770, 790,
900, 940
800, 810, 830, 840
460, 820, 850 - 890
999
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
1
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
4
1
10
9
10
9
10
10
10
11
11
8
1
12
12
13
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
1
7
7
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
7
8
8
8
9
9
10
11
11
12
11
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
8
2
3
4
4
4
4
5
6
6
7
6
7
9
9
9
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
1
1
1
5
1
7
1
1
11
1
1
3
1
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
13
1
10
11
1
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
3
3
11
1
12
12
8
9
10
10
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4.3.2 Crown Ratio Change
Crown ratio change is estimated after growth, mortality and regeneration are estimated during a
projection cycle. Crown ratio change is the difference between the crown ratio at the beginning of the
cycle and the predicted crown ratio at the end of the cycle. For live trees greater than 3” in dbh, crown
change is predicted using equation {4.3.1.3}. Crown change is checked to make sure it doesn’t exceed
the change possible if all height growth produces new crown. Crown change is further bounded to 1%
per year for the length of the cycle to avoid drastic changes in crown ratio.
4.3.3 Crown Ratio for Newly Established Trees
Crown ratios for newly established trees during regeneration are estimated using equation {4.3.3.1}. A
random component is added in equation {4.3.3.1} to ensure that not all newly established trees are
assigned exactly the same crown ratio.
{4.3.3.1} CR = 0.89722 – 0.0000461 * PCCF + RAN
where:
CR
PCCF
RAN
is crown ratio expressed as a proportion (bounded to 0.2 < CR < 0.9)
is crown competition factor on the inventory point where the tree is established
is a small random component
11
4.4 Crown Width Relationships
The KT variant calculates the maximum crown width for each individual tree based on individual tree
and stand attributes. Crown width for each tree is reported in the tree list output table and used for
percent cover (PCC) calculations in the model. Crown width is calculated using equation {4.4.1} and
coefficients for this equation are shown in table 4.4.1. The minimum diameter and bounds for certain
data values are given in table 4.4.2. Equation numbers in table 4.4.1 are given with the first three digits
representing the FIA species code, and the last two digits representing the equation source.
{4.4.1} Crookston (2003); Equation 03
DBH > MinD: CW = [a1 * exp [a2 + (a3 * ln(CL)) + (a4 * ln(DBH)) + (a5 * ln(HT)) + (a6 * ln(BA))]]
DBH < MinD: CW = [a1 * exp [a2 + (a3 * ln(CL)) + (a4 * ln(MinD) + (a5 * ln(HT)) + (a6 * ln(BA))]] * (DBH
/ MinD)
where:
BF
is a species-specific coefficient based on forest code (BF = 1.0 in the EM variant)
CW
is tree maximum crown width
CL
is tree crown length
DBH
is tree diameter at breast height
HT
is tree height
BA
is total stand basal area
EL
is stand elevation in hundreds of feet
MinD
is the minimum diameter
a1 – a6 are species-specific coefficients shown in table 4.4.1
Table 4.4.1 Coefficients for crown width equation {4.4.1} in the KT variant.
Species
Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
Equation
Number*
11903
07303
20203
01703
a1
1.0405
1.02478
1.01685
1.0303
a2
1.2799
0.99889
1.48372
1.14079
a3
0.11941
0.19422
0.27378
0.20904
a5
0
-0.09078
-0.18669
0
WH
26303
1.02640
1.3522 0.24844 0.412117 0.104357
RC
24203
1.03597 1.46111 0.26289 0.18779
0
LP
10803
1.03992 1.58777 0.30812 0.64934 -0.38964
ES
09303
1.02687 1.28027 0.2249
0.47075 -0.15911
AF
10903
1.02886 1.01255 0.30374 0.37093 -0.13731
PP
12203
1.02687 1.49085 0.1862
0.68272 -0.28242
OT
26405
3.7854
0.54684 -0.12954 0.16151
0.03047
*Equation number is a combination of the species FIA code (###) and source (##).
12
a4
0.42745
0.59423
0.49646
0.38787
a6
-0.07182
-0.02341
-0.01509
0
0.03538
0
0
0
0
0
-0.00561
Table 4.4.2 MinD values and data bounds for equation {4.4.1} in the KT variant.
Species
Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
Equation
Number*
11903
07303
20203
01703
26305
24203
10803
09303
10903
12203
26405
MinD
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.1
1.0
2.0
1.0
EL
min
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
10
EL
max
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
79
CW
max
35
40
80
40
54
45
40
40
30
46
45
4.5 Crown Competition Factor
The KT variant uses crown competition factor (CCF) as a predictor variable in some growth
relationships. Crown competition factor (Krajicek and others 1961) is a relative measurement of stand
density that is based on tree diameters. Individual tree CCFt values estimate the percentage of an acre
that would be covered by the tree’s crown if the tree were open-grown. Stand CCF is the summation of
individual tree (CCFt) values. A stand CCF value of 100 theoretically indicates that tree crowns will just
touch in an unthinned, evenly spaced stand. Crown competition factor for an individual tree is
calculated using equation {4.5.1}. All species coefficients are shown in table 4.5.1.
{4.5.1} CCF equations for individual trees
DBH > 1”: CCFt = R1 + (R2 * DBH) + (R3 * DBH^2)
0.1” < DBH < 1.0”: CCFt = R4 * DBH ^R5
DBH < 0.1”:CCFt = 0.001
where:
CCFt
DBH
R1 – R5
is crown competition factor for an individual tree
is tree diameter at breast height
are species-specific coefficients shown in table 4.5.1
Table 4.5.1 Coefficients for CCF equation {4.5.1} in the KT variant.
Species
Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
R1
0.03
0.02
0.11
0.04
0.03
R2
0.0167
0.0148
0.0333
0.0270
0.0215
Model Coefficients
R3
R4
0.00230
0.009884
0.00338
0.007244
0.00259
0.017299
0.00405
0.015248
0.00363
0.011109
13
R5
1.6667
1.8182
1.5571
1.7333
1.7250
Species
Code
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
R1
0.03
.01925
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Model Coefficients
R2
R3
R4
0.0238
0.00490
0.008915
0.01676
0.00365
0.009187
0.0173
0.00259
0.007875
0.0216
0.00405
0.011402
0.0180
0.00281
0.007813
0.0215
0.00363
0.011109
R5
1.7800
1.7600
1.7360
1.7560
1.7680
1.7250
4.6 Small Tree Growth Relationships
Trees are considered “small trees” for FVS modeling purposes when they are smaller than some
threshold diameter. The threshold diameter is set to 3.0” for all species in the KT variant.
The small tree model is height-growth driven, meaning height growth is estimated first and diameter
growth is estimated from height growth. These relationships are discussed in the following sections.
4.6.1 Small Tree Height Growth
The small-tree height increment model predicts 5-year height growth (HTG) for small trees in the KT
variant. Potential height growth is estimated using equations {4.6.1.1}, and coefficients for these
equations are shown in table 4.6.1.1. Species numbers 1-10 use equation {4.6.1.1} and species 11
“other species” uses equation {4.6.1.2}.
{4.6.1.1} Used for all species except species 11
HTG = HAB + LOC + c1 * PCCF * DUM + c2 * ln(BA) + c3 * HT + c4 * CR + c5 * CR^2 + c6 * c13 * HT^2 +
c7 * EL + SL * (c8 * cos(ASP) + c9 * sin(ASP) + c10) + c11 * SL^2 + c12 * BAL
{4.6.1.2} Used for species 11
HTG = EXP(HAB + LOC + 0.8953 + c1 * CCF + c3 * LN(HT) + SL * (c8 * cos(ASP) + c9 * sin(ASP) + c10) +
(0.01 * c12 * BAL))
where:
HTG
LOC
HAB
CCF
BA
CR
HT
EL
BAL
ASP
SL
DUM
is estimated height growth for the cycle
is a location specific coefficient shown in table 4.6.1.2
is a habitat type dependent coefficient shown in table 4.6.1.4
is stand crown competition factor
is stand basal area
is tree crown ratio expressed as a proportion
is total tree height in feet
is stand elevation in 100’s of feet
is total basal area in trees larger than the subject tree
is stand aspect
is stand slope
is a dummy variable depending on whether or not the stand is managed:
DUM = 0
for unmanaged stands
14
DUM = 1.0
for managed stands
are species-specific coefficients shown in table 4.6.1.1
c1 – c13
Table 4.6.1.1 Coefficients (c1 – c13) for equation {4.6.1.1} in the KT variant.
Coefficient
c1
c2
c3
c4
c5
c6
c7
c8
c9
c10
c11
c12
c13
Species Code
WH
RC
WP
WL
DF
GF
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
0.00273
0.00193
0.00236
0.00137
0.00032
0.00052
0.00293
0.00141
0.00196
0.00360
-0.00391
-0.22587
-0.61299
-0.58005
-0.30338
-0.31005
-0.18884
-0.52391
-0.27041
-0.33734
-0.25931
0
0.23330
0.18719
0.18550
0.19226
0.12683
0.08362
0.17563
0.16043
0.16983
0.38762
0.23540
-0.03752
1.79349
0.41613
1.38422
0.80235
0.70806
0.77147
-0.52031
-0.27436
2.97669
0
1.89581
1.71334
1.07027
0
0.34311
0.23177
2.22378
1.85953
1.21264
-0.80369
0
-0.00748
-0.00557
-0.00596
-0.00680
-0.00439
-0.00245
-0.00455
-0.00559
-0.00595
-0.01550
0
-0.01745
-0.00166
-0.00914
-0.00928
-0.00865
0.00132
-0.00796
-0.00665
-0.00556
0.00595
0
-0.31977
0.50669
0.02547
-0.01998
-0.20086
-0.14897
0.23847
-0.17454
0.04734
-0.56283
0.22157
-0.22656
-0.01932
-0.06132
-0.00293
0.03511
-0.08693
0.17146
-0.08322
-0.01602
0.56742
-0.12432
-0.73984
-1.15049
-0.74956
-0.73082
0.04774
-0.03444
-0.17135
-0.14074
0.45909
-1.92358
-0.01099
-0.34745
0
0.72632
0.75534
0
0
-1.70513
0
-1.01580
0
0
-0.00257
0.00274
0.00237
0.00068
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.25349
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
Table 4.6.1.2 LOC values for equation {4.6.1.1} in the KT variant.
Location
Class
WP
WL
DF
GF
1
2
3
4
5
2.26983
2.10643
2.64339
0
0
2.88731
2.13803
2.57740
3.31632
0
2.77609
2.73185
2.89851
0
0
1.50804
1.33661
1.65346
0
0
Species Code
WH
RC
LP
1.85663
1.88219
0
0
0
1.10271
1.22721
1.50852
0
0
3.90074
3.81424
4.27475
0
0
ES
AF
PP
OT
1.60506
1.39565
2.30479
2.05200
1.29770
1.40183
1.62576
1.99335
1.66862
0
1.37057
1.60481
1.08390
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4.6.1.3 Location class by species and geographic area (table 3.1.1) in the KT variant.
Geographic area
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
WP
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
WL
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
3
4
DF
1
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
Alpha Code
WH
RC
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
GF
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
2
3
15
LP
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
2
2
3
ES
1
2
2
2
5
4
3
1
5
1
AF
1
2
2
2
4
3
4
4
4
4
PP
1
2
1
3
2
1
1
3
2
2
OT
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Table 4.6.1.4 HAB values for equation {4.6.1.1} in the KT variant.
Habitat
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
Species Code
WH
RC
LP
WP
WL
DF
GF
ES
AF
PP
OT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.2146
-0.28873
0.09568
0.25958
0.11144
0.12846
-0.10742
-0.63773
0.24521
0.25263
-0.12165
-0.0941
0.22233
0
0.14322
0.18247
-0.11567
0
-0.80817
0.72617
0.32640
-0.37465
-0.3738
0
0
0.10701
0
0.27130
0
-0.39611
0.34175
0.40120
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.13608
0
0
0
0.66609
0.55389
0.56825
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.42748
0.78600
0
0
Table 4.6.1.5 Habitat class by species and habitat code in the KT variant.
Habitat
Code WP
10
1
65
1
70
1
74
1
79
1
91
1
92
1
93
1
95
1
100
1
110
1
120
1
130
1
140
1
141
1
161
1
170
1
171
1
172
1
180
1
181
1
182
1
200
1
210
2
220
1
221
1
230
1
250
2
260
2
WL
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
DF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
2
3
GF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
Species Code
WH RC LP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
4
ES
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
16
AF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
PP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
3
1
3
2
1
OT
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Habitat
Code WP
261
2
262
2
263
1
280
2
281
2
282
1
283
2
290
1
291
2
292
2
293
2
310
2
311
1
312
2
313
2
315
1
320
2
321
1
322
2
323
2
324
2
330
1
331
1
332
1
340
2
350
1
360
1
370
1
371
1
400
1
410
1
420
1
421
1
422
1
430
1
440
1
450
1
460
1
461
1
470
1
WL
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
DF
5
4
3
4
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
3
3
4
5
1
4
3
4
4
2
3
4
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
4
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
3
GF
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Species Code
WH RC LP
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
4
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
ES
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
5
17
AF
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
PP
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
OT
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Habitat
Code WP
480
1
500
1
501
1
502
1
505
1
507
1
508
1
510
1
511
1
515
1
520
1
521
1
522
1
523
1
524
1
529
1
530
1
531
1
532
1
533
1
534
1
540
1
542
1
545
1
550
1
565
1
570
3
571
3
572
1
573
1
574
1
575
1
577
1
578
1
579
1
580
1
585
1
590
1
591
1
592
1
WL
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
DF
1
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
4
4
3
3
4
2
4
2
4
4
2
3
3
4
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
3
4
3
4
GF
1
3
1
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
3
3
1
Species Code
WH RC LP
1
1
4
1
1
1
4
1
4
2
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
4
1
4
4
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
2
4
1
4
1
1
1
2
1
4
2
1
4
2
1
4
2
1
2
2
1
4
4
1
4
2
1
2
1
1
1
4
1
4
2
1
2
2
1
4
2
1
2
2
1
4
2
1
4
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
2
ES
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
4
3
4
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
4
2
3
2
4
3
2
4
4
1
1
3
3
4
18
AF
1
1
4
3
1
1
1
4
1
1
4
4
6
4
1
1
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
1
5
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
PP
1
3
3
2
3
1
3
3
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
OT
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Habitat
Code WP
610
1
620
3
621
1
622
1
623
3
624
3
625
3
630
1
632
1
635
1
636
3
640
1
641
1
642
1
650
1
651
1
652
1
653
1
654
1
655
1
660
3
661
1
662
1
663
3
670
3
671
3
672
1
673
1
674
1
680
1
690
3
691
1
692
3
693
1
700
1
710
3
712
1
720
3
730
1
731
3
WL
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
DF
3
3
4
3
4
3
3
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
3
1
3
3
3
4
4
1
3
1
3
3
4
GF
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
3
3
Species Code
WH RC LP
3
1
5
1
1
5
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
3
1
1
4
3
1
5
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
5
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
4
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
5
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
ES
3
4
4
4
6
6
5
4
1
3
4
4
1
1
3
1
1
3
4
1
6
4
6
4
6
4
4
4
3
6
5
5
6
5
1
4
3
4
4
6
19
AF
6
5
4
5
3
3
5
5
1
6
3
5
1
1
6
2
1
1
3
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
6
1
2
2
3
PP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
OT
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Habitat
Code WP
732
3
733
1
734
1
740
3
750
3
751
1
761
1
770
1
780
1
790
1
791
1
792
2
810
1
820
1
830
1
831
1
832
1
850
1
860
1
870
1
900
1
910
1
920
1
930
1
940
1
950
1
WL
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
DF
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
GF
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Species Code
WH RC LP
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
ES
4
4
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
6
1
1
5
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
AF
2
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
6
5
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
PP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
OT
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
For all species, a small random error is then added to the height growth estimate. The estimated height
growth (HTG) is then adjusted to account for cycle length, user defined small-tree height growth
adjustments, and adjustments due to small tree height model calibration from the input data.
Height growth estimates from the small-tree model are weighted with the height growth estimates
from the large tree model over a range of diameters (Xmin and Xmax) in order to smooth the transition
between the two models. For example, the closer a tree’s DBH value is to the minimum diameter
(Xmin), the more the growth estimate will be weighted towards the small-tree growth model. The closer
a tree’s DBH value is to the maximum diameter (Xmax), the more the growth estimate will be weighted
towards the large-tree growth model. If a tree’s DBH value falls outside of the range given by Xmin and
Xmax, then the model will use only the small-tree or large-tree growth model in the growth estimate.
The weight applied to the growth estimate is calculated using equation {4.6.1.3}, and applied as shown
in equation {4.6.1.4}. The range of diameters for each species is shown in table 4.6.1.2.
{4.6.1.3}
20
DBH < Xmin : XWT = 0
Xmin < DBH < Xmax : XWT = (DBH - Xmin ) / (Xmax - Xmin )
DBH > Xmax : XWT = 1
{4.6.1.4} Estimated growth = [(1 - XWT) * STGE] + [XWT * LTGE]
where:
XWT
DBH
Xmax
Xmin
STGE
LTGE
is the weight applied to the growth estimates
is tree diameter at breast height
is the maximum DBH is the diameter range
is the minimum DBH in the diameter range
is the growth estimate obtained using the small-tree growth model
is the growth estimate obtained using the large-tree growth model
Table 4.6.1.6 Diameter bounds by species in the KT variant.
Species
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Specie
s Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
Xmin
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Xmax
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
4.6.2 Small Tree Diameter Growth
As stated previously, for trees being projected with the small tree equations, height growth is
predicted first, and then diameter growth. So both height at the beginning of the cycle and height at
the end of the cycle are known when predicting diameter growth. Small tree diameter growth for trees
over 4.5 feet tall is calculated as the difference of predicted diameter at the start of the projection
period and the predicted diameter at the end of the projection period, adjusted for bark ratio. By
definition, diameter growth is zero for trees less than 4.5 feet tall.
For western white pine, western larch, Douglas-fir, grand fir, western hemlock, western redcedar,
lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, subalpine fir, and ponderosa pine, these two predicted diameters
are estimated using equations {4.6.2.1}, {4.6.2.3} – {4.6.2.5}, and coefficients shown in table 4.6.2.1.
For other species, these two predicted diameters are estimated using equations {4.6.2.2} – {4.6.2.5},
and coefficients shown in table 4.6.2.1.
{4.6.2.1} DHAT = c1 + c2 * HT + DADJ
{4.6.2.2} DHAT = c1 * (HT – 4.5)c2 + DADJ
21
{4.6.2.3} DADJ = DELMAX * RELH * RELH – 2 * DELMAX * RELH + 0.65
{4.6.2.4} RELH = (HT – 4.5) / (AH – 4.5)
{4.6.2.5} DELMAX = (AH / 36) * (0.01232 * CCF – 1.75)
where:
DHAT
HT
DADJ
RELH
AH
DELMAX
CCF
is estimated tree diameter at breast height
is tree height
is an adjustment factor to correct for bias, relative tree size, and stand density
is relative tree height (bounded 0 < RELHT < 1)
is average height of the 40 largest diameter trees
is an adjustment factor based on relative tree size and stand density (bounded DELMAX
< 0)
is stand crown competition factor
Table 4.6.2.1 Coefficients (c1 – c2) by species for equation {4.6.2.1} in the KT variant.
Species
Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
C1
-0.145707
-0.111929
-0.127690
-0.125198
-0.178162
-0.233566
-0.010818
-0.186874
-0.158870
-0.185011
0.0729
C2
0.125404
0.098451
0.115066
0.128790
0.129191
0.143211
0.090927
0.131209
0.128174
0.141907
1.1988
4.7 Large Tree Growth Relationships
Trees are considered “large trees” for FVS modeling purposes when they are equal to, or larger than,
some threshold diameter. This threshold diameter is set to 3.0” for all species in the KT variant.
The large-tree model is driven by diameter growth meaning diameter growth is estimated first, and
then height growth is estimated from diameter growth and other variables. These relationships are
discussed in the following sections.
4.7.1 Large Tree Diameter Growth
The large tree diameter growth model used in most FVS variants is described in section 7.2.1 in Dixon
(2002). For most variants, instead of predicting diameter increment directly, the natural log of the
periodic change in squared inside-bark diameter (ln(DDS)) is predicted (Dixon 2002; Wykoff 1990;
Stage 1973; and Cole and Stage 1972). For variants predicting diameter increment directly, diameter
increment is converted to the DDS scale to keep the FVS system consistent across all variants.
22
The KT variant predicts diameter growth using equation {4.7.1.1.}. Coefficients for this equation are
shown in tables 4.7.1.1 - 4.7.1.5.
{4.7.1.1} Used for all species in the KT variant
ln(DDS) = b1 + (b2 * EL) + (b3 * EL^2) + (b4 * sin(ASP) * SL) + (b5 * cos(ASP) * SL) + (b6 * SL) + (b7 * SL^2) +
(b8 *CCF) + (b9 * ln(DBH)) + (b10 * CR) + (b11 * CR^2) + (b12 * BAL / (ln(DBH + 1.0))) + (b13 *
CCF^2) + (b14 * DBH^2) + (b15 * ln(BA)) + (b16* PCCF * DUM1) + (b17* PCCF * DUM2) + HAB
where:
DDS
EL
ASP
SL
CR
DBH
BA
BAL
CCF
PCCF
HAB
LOC
DUM1-2
b1
b2-b17
is the predicted periodic change in squared inside-bark diameter
is stand elevation in hundreds of feet
is stand aspect
is stand slope (for “other species”, SL = 0)
is a tree’s live crown ratio (compacted) expressed as a proportion
is tree diameter at breast height
is total stand basal area
is total basal area in trees larger than the subject tree
For species 11, BAL = 0.01 * BAL
is stand crown competition factor
is crown competition factor on the inventory point where the tree is established
is a plant association code dependent coefficient shown in table 4.7.1.7
is a location-specific coefficient shown in table 4.7.1.4
are dummy variables depending on whether or not the stand is managed:
DUM1 = 0, DUM2 = 1.0
for unmanaged stands
for managed stands
DUM1 = 1.0, DUM2 = 0
is a location-specific coefficient shown in table 4.7.1.2
are species-specific coefficients shown in tables 4.7.1.1
Table 4.7.1.1 Coefficients (b2-b17) for equation 4.7.1.1 in the KT variant.
Species Code
Coefficient
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
b2
-0.006
-0.0074
-0.00563
0.00159
-0.0043
-0.02275
0.00281
0.00634
b3
0
6.9E-05
0
0
0
0.00028
-0.00011
-0.00011
b4
-0.02975
-0.02172
0.06558
0.05178
-0.00462
0.00659
0.0687
0.07099
b5
-0.06355
-0.13645
-0.02412
-0.01643
-0.03073
0.00779
-0.07271
-0.18211
b6
0.05705
0.15248
0.03603
0.17354
-0.02011
-0.05252
-0.31034
0.22033
b7
-0.30165
-0.40132
-0.50543
-0.35182
0.1642
0.18516
0
-0.45491
b8
0.0025
-0.0027
-0.00178
-0.00047
0
-0.00225
0
0
b9
0.89068
0.71363
0.91484
1.24554
1.03
1.00243
0.90678
0.9856
b10
1.33383
1.57307
2.32586
1.21753
1.0406
1.62559
1.79329
1.3533
b11
-0.46964
-0.56399
-1.02799
0
0
-0.25015
-0.4074
-0.18967
b12
-0.00706
-0.01026
-0.00697
-0.00483
-0.00404
-0.0043
-0.00479
-0.00614
b13
0
8.0E-06
7.0E-06
3.0E-06
0
6.0E-06
0
4.0E-06
b14
-0.00036
-0.00055
-0.00082
-0.00098
-0.00055
-0.00025
-0.00124
-0.00055
23
AF
PP
OT
0.01539
-0.00515
0.08518
-0.00021
-0.00012
-0.0009
-0.0106
-0.00704
0.13363
-0.10512
-0.18077
0.17935
0.26053
-0.61544
0.07628
-0.47935
0
0
-0.00055
0
-0.00107
1.06324
0.85286
0.89778
0.75412
2.71069
1.28403
0.46269
-1.27309
0
-0.00443
-0.00527
-0.6611
6.0E-06
0
0
-0.00114
-0.00071
-0.00048
Coefficient
b15
b16
b17
Species Code
WH
RC
LP
WP
WL
DF
GF
ES
AF
PP
OT
-0.26312
0
0
0
-0.00308
0.09764
-0.07759
-0.14396
-0.1187
-0.07669
0
7.2E-05
0
-0.00041
-0.00105
-0.00056
-0.00103
0.00077
-0.00057
-0.00005
-0.00011
0
-0.00081
0
-0.00117
-0.00123
-0.00093
-0.00096
-0.0007
-0.00105
-0.00113
-0.00098
0
ES
AF
PP
OT
Table 4.7.1.2 b1 values by location class for equation {4.7.1.1} in the KT variant.
Location
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Species Code
WH
RC
LP
WP
WL
DF
GF
1.76061
0.90538
0.28515
-0.16279
0.58335
0.60677
0.73315
0.73648
0.28606
1.27975
0
0
1.05703
0.47449
0.01201
0.05082
0.25734
0.80566
0.63397
0.42202
1.46166
0
0
0.92987
0.22243
0.21551
0.76325
0.41586
0.68869
0.86675
0.5926
0
0
0
1.21864
0.38244
-0.45254
0
0.84058
0.78334
1.01332
0.35594
0
0
0
0.85925
0.77
0
0
0.87222
1.0049
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.25263
0
0
0.51366
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.41726
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4.7.1.3 Location class by species and geographic area (table 3.1.1) for equation {4.7.1.1} in the
KT variant.
Geographic Area
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
WP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
WL
1
2
2
3
2
2
3
4
5
3
DF
1
1
2
3
2
4
2
5
6
7
Species Code
WH
RC
LP
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
3
1
4
2
1
5
1
1
6
4
3
5
5
1
5
1
1
5
4
GF
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
4
1
ES
1
1
1
2
3
1
3
4
1
1
AF
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
3
4
4
PP
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
Table 4.7.1.4 HAB values for equation {4.7.1.1} in the KT variant.
Habitat
Class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Species Code
WH
RC
LP
WP
WL
DF
GF
ES
AF
PP
OT
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.68033
0.46877
-0.14413
0.32102
0.04934
-0.18536
0.22308
-0.02517
0.36827
0.09463
0.26245
-0.0284
-0.03054
0.05241
0.14033
0.2543
0.19307
-0.11238
-1.52111
0.35826
-0.02105
-0.02699
0
0.2538
0.25452
0.36975
0.30154
0
-0.03541
0.09364
0.26282
0.13296
-0.26668
0
0
0.09901
0.20189
0
0
-0.14473
0.06392
0.33856
0.3312
0.0484
0
0
0.15839
0.41958
0
0
0
0.17607
0.66511
0.03795
0.17576
0
0
0.18736
0.2115
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.12434
0.47824
0
0
0
0
0
0.03253
0.08994
0
0
0
24
OT
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Habitat
Class
9
WP
WL
DF
GF
0
0
0
0
Species Code
WH
RC
LP
0
0
-0.04246
ES
AF
PP
OT
0.14762
0
0
0
Table 4.7.1.5 Habitat class by species and habitat code in the KT variant.
Habitat
Code WP
10
1
65
1
70
1
74
1
79
1
91
1
92
1
93
1
95
1
100
1
110
1
120
1
130
1
140
1
141
1
161
1
170
1
171
1
172
1
180
1
181
1
182
1
200
1
210
2
220
1
221
1
230
1
250
2
260
2
261
2
262
1
263
1
280
1
281
2
282
1
WL
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
DF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
2
4
3
3
2
3
5
2
3
GF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
1
Species Code
WH RC LP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
4
4
1
4
4
1
4
3
1
1
2
1
4
2
1
2
2
ES
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
1
1
2
2
25
AF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
3
2
3
PP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
4
4
1
4
5
1
3
3
5
2
2
2
OT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Habitat
Code WP
283
1
290
1
291
1
292
1
293
2
310
2
311
1
312
1
313
1
315
1
320
2
321
1
322
1
323
2
324
1
330
1
331
1
332
1
340
1
350
1
360
1
370
1
371
1
400
1
410
1
420
1
421
1
422
1
430
1
440
1
450
1
460
1
461
1
470
1
480
1
500
1
501
2
502
2
505
2
507
2
WL
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
4
1
7
6
1
1
7
1
4
4
1
1
3
3
1
1
DF
2
3
3
5
5
3
3
5
3
1
2
3
5
5
4
3
5
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
4
6
6
6
7
1
2
1
4
6
1
4
2
1
4
4
GF
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
Species Code
WH RC LP
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
4
1
4
2
1
4
2
1
4
3
1
1
3
1
4
4
1
4
4
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
3
1
4
2
1
4
2
1
2
3
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
2
4
1
1
4
1
2
4
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
5
1
1
4
1
2
4
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
3
6
3
3
6
1
2
6
1
2
1
ES
3
3
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
3
1
1
5
5
1
1
26
AF
3
3
2
3
2
2
1
3
2
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
1
1
PP
2
3
3
2
2
5
2
2
2
1
3
4
2
3
4
2
1
1
2
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
6
6
5
6
1
OT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Habitat
Code WP
508
1
510
2
511
2
515
1
520
2
521
2
522
2
523
2
524
1
529
1
530
2
531
2
532
2
533
2
534
2
540
2
542
2
545
1
550
2
565
2
570
3
571
3
572
3
573
2
574
3
575
2
577
1
578
3
579
2
580
3
585
1
590
3
591
3
592
3
610
3
620
4
621
3
622
3
623
4
624
4
WL
3
3
4
1
5
3
3
1
3
1
5
5
5
4
1
3
4
4
3
5
6
6
6
5
3
4
1
1
5
1
1
3
3
3
4
4
6
7
4
6
DF
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
4
4
1
4
4
2
4
6
6
4
6
4
6
GF
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
1
4
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
Species Code
WH RC LP
1
2
6
1
2
5
1
1
6
1
2
1
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
7
1
2
5
1
2
6
1
1
1
1
3
6
1
4
7
1
3
7
1
3
5
1
3
7
1
3
7
1
3
5
1
3
1
1
3
7
2
1
5
3
1
7
3
5
5
3
4
7
3
4
6
3
5
5
3
4
5
1
4
1
2
4
5
2
5
5
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
6
1
3
7
1
3
5
1
3
4
1
3
4
1
3
8
1
3
5
1
3
4
1
3
4
ES
1
2
1
1
2
4
2
4
4
1
3
5
3
5
5
6
6
6
6
5
4
4
5
4
4
5
4
4
4
1
1
2
2
4
7
5
8
5
9
9
27
AF
1
4
1
1
4
4
3
4
1
1
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
1
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
3
3
3
5
2
6
2
4
4
PP
6
6
6
1
5
5
5
5
5
1
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
5
5
5
5
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
OT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Habitat
Code WP
625
1
630
3
632
1
635
1
636
1
640
3
641
1
642
1
650
1
651
1
652
1
653
1
654
3
655
1
660
1
661
3
662
3
663
4
670
4
671
1
672
1
673
1
674
3
680
3
690
4
691
3
692
1
693
1
700
1
710
4
712
1
720
4
730
1
731
4
732
1
733
1
734
1
740
1
750
4
751
1
WL
4
7
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
1
4
6
1
1
6
7
1
7
1
1
6
4
7
6
6
1
1
1
4
1
6
4
6
1
1
4
4
1
1
DF
6
6
1
6
7
6
1
1
7
6
1
1
7
1
7
7
6
7
6
7
7
6
1
6
6
6
4
4
1
6
1
6
6
4
7
7
1
6
7
7
GF
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Species Code
WH RC LP
1
3
4
1
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
5
1
3
8
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
3
4
1
3
5
1
3
8
1
3
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
4
1
1
4
1
2
4
1
5
5
1
2
5
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
5
4
1
1
4
1
1
5
1
5
4
1
5
9
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
5
5
1
5
4
1
1
5
ES
2
5
1
7
5
5
1
1
7
1
1
7
8
1
9
5
9
8
9
8
8
5
7
9
2
2
9
2
1
5
7
5
8
9
8
8
1
2
2
1
28
AF
2
2
1
5
4
2
1
1
5
3
1
1
4
1
3
6
6
3
6
1
2
6
4
4
1
6
6
4
1
5
1
3
3
1
3
3
1
4
6
1
PP
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
1
1
3
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
OT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Habitat
Code WP
761
1
770
1
780
1
790
1
791
1
792
1
810
1
820
1
830
1
831
1
832
1
850
1
860
1
870
1
900
1
910
1
920
1
930
1
940
1
950
1
WL
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
DF
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
1
7
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
GF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Species Code
WH RC LP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
ES
1
1
1
1
1
8
1
9
1
1
2
9
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
AF
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
5
2
5
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
PP
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
OT
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4.7.2 Large Tree Height Growth
In the KT variant, equation {4.7.2.1} is used to estimate large tree height growth for all species.
{4.7.2.1} HTG = exp(HAB + b0 + (b1 * HT^2) + (b2 * ln(DBH)) + (b3 * ln(HT)) + (b4 * ln(DG))) +
.4809
where:
HTG
HAB
HT
DBH
DG
b 0, b 2, b 3
b 1, b 4
is estimated height growth for the cycle
is a plant association code dependent intercept shown in table 4.7.2.2
is tree height at the beginning of the cycle
is tree diameter at breast height at the beginning of the cycle
is 10-year diameter growth for the cycle
are species-specific coefficients shown in table 4.7.2.1
are habitat-dependent coefficients shown in table 4.7.2.2
Table 4.7.2.1 Coefficients (b0, b2 and b3) for the height-growth equation in the KT variant.
Coefficient
b0
b2
b3
Species Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
-0.5342
0.1433
0.1641
-0.6458
-0.6959
-0.9941
-0.6004
0.2089
-0.5478
0.7316
-0.9941
-0.04935
-0.3899
-0.4574
-0.09775
-0.1555
-0.1219
-0.2454
-0.5720
-0.1997
-0.5657
-0.1219
0.23315
0.23315
0.23315
0.23315
0.23315
0.23315
0.23315
0.23315
0.23315
0.23315
0.23315
29
Table 4.7.2.2 Coefficients (b1, b4, and HAB) by habitat code (Appendix A) for the height-growth
equation in the KT variant.
Habitat Codes
10, 65, 70, 74, 79, 91, 92, 93, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140,
141, 161, 170, 171, 172, 180, 181, 182, 210, 220, 221,
230, 460, 461, 630, 632, 660, 661, 662, 663, 700, 730,
731, 732, 733, 734, 770, 790, 791, 792, 810, 820, 830,
831, 832, 850, 860, 870, 900, 930, 940
200, 250, 260, 261, 262, 263, 280, 281, 282, 283, 290,
291, 292, 293, 310, 311, 312, 313, 315, 320, 321, 322,
323, 324, 330, 331, 332, 340, 350, 360, 370, 371, 430,
910
400, 410, 420, 421, 422, 440, 470, 480
450, 505, 507, 508, 510, 511, 515, 590, 591, 592, 620,
621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 635, 636, 640, 641, 642, 650,
651, 652, 653, 654, 655, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 680,
740, 920
500, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 529
501, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 545
502, 540, 542, 550, 565, 570, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575,
577, 578, 610, 570
579, 580, 585, 690, 691, 692, 693, 710, 712, 720, 750,
751, 761, 780
30
b1
Coefficient
b4
HAB
-1.34E-04
0.62144
2.03035
-3.81E-05
-3.72E-05
1.02372
0.85493
1.72222
1.19728
-2.61E-05
-5.20E-05
-1.61E-05
0.75756
0.46238
0.49643
1.81759
2.14781
1.76998
-3.63E-05
0.37042
2.21104
-4.46E-05
0.34003
1.7409
5.0 Mortality Model
All species in the KT variant use the Prognosis-type mortality model (Wykoff and others 1982 and
Hamilton 1986) that is described in detail in section 7.3.1 of Essential FVS: A User’s Guide to the Forest
Vegetation Simulator (Dixon 2002, abbreviated EFVS). This model independently calculates two
mortality rates and then weights them to form the final mortality rate applied to an individual tree
record.
The first mortality rate estimate, RA, predicts individual tree mortality based on habitat type, species,
diameter, diameter increment, estimated potential diameter increment, stand basal area, and a trees’
diameter relative to the average stand diameter. The equation used to calculate the first mortality rate
for all species is shown in equation set {5.0.1}.
{5.0.1}
RA = [1 / (1 + exp(X))] * RADJ
X = (b0 + 2.76253 + 0.22231 * √DBH + -0.0460508 * √BA + 11.2007 * G + 0.246301 * RDBH + ((0.55442 + 6.07129 * G) / DBH))
Bounded -70 < X < 70
where:
RA
RADJ
DBH
BA
RDBH
DG
G
I
b0
is the estimated annual mortality rate
is a factor based on Reineke’s (1933) Stand Density Index that accounts for
expected differences in mortality rates on different habitat types and National
Forests where:
for DBH > 5.0”: RADJ = (1 – ( (0.20 + (0.05 * I)) /20 + 1)^-1.605) / 0.06821
for DBH < 5.0”: RADJ = (1 – ( (0.20 + (0.05 * I)) + 1)^-1.605) / 0.86610
is tree diameter at breast height
is total stand basal area
is the ratio of tree DBH to the arithmetic mean stand d.b.h.
is periodic annual d.b.h. increment for the previous growth period
is periodic annual d.b.h. increment for the previous growth period adjusted for
Differences in potential annual d.b.h. increment indexed by habitat type and National
Forest where:
for DBH > 5.0”: G = 0.90 / (0.20 + (0.05 * I)) * DG
for DBH < 5.0”: G = 2.50 / (0.20 + (0.05 * I)) * DG
is a diameter growth index value determined by habitat type and location code
for I values of trees with DBH > 5.0”, see table 5.0.2
for I values of trees with DBH < 5.0”, see table 5.0.3
is a species-specific coefficient shown in table 5.0.1
Table 5.0.1 b0 values used in the mortality equation set {5.0.1} in the KT variant.
Species
Code
WP
WL
b0
0
-0.17603
31
Species
Code
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
b0
0.317888
0.317888
0.607725
1.57976
-0.12057
0.94019
0.21180
0.21180
0
Table 5.0.2 I values for trees with DBH > 5.0” used in equation set {5.0.1} in the KT variant.
Habitat Codes
10 - 140
160 - 190
210 - 250, 380
200, 260, 430
280
290
310, 370
320, 340, 350
330, 360, 910
400 - 420
440, 470, 480
505 - 515, 590
500, 516 - 529
501, 530, 545, 555
540
550, 560
502, 565 - 575
610
620, 635, 675, 685
450, 640, 650, 920
630, 660, 930
670, 740
680
579, 600, 690, 750, 780, 925,
950
701, 710
“I” values by
Region 1
National Forest
104 110 114
15
9
9
15
9
9
15
9
9
15
9
9
14
9
8
14
9
9
12
7
7
14
8
8
13
8
7
14
8
8
14
9
8
15
9
8
15
9
9
17
11
11
15
10
10
15
10
10
16
10
10
15
10
10
15
11
10
11
7
7
16
5
5
11
6
6
9
4
5
12
12
7
7
7
7
32
Habitat Codes
720
700, 730, 770, 790, 900, 940
800, 810, 830, 840
460, 820, 850 - 890
999
“I” values by
Region 1
National Forest
104 110 114
15
9
9
12
8
8
7
3
3
10
6
6
15
9
9
Table 5.0.3 I values for trees with DBH < 5.0” used in equation set {5.0.1} in the KT variant.
Habitat Codes
10 - 140
160 - 190
210 - 250, 380
200, 260, 430
280
290
310, 370
320, 340, 350
330, 360, 910
400 - 420
440, 470, 480
505 - 515, 590
500, 516 - 529
501, 530, 545, 555
540
550, 560
502, 565 - 575
610
620, 635, 675, 685
450, 640, 650, 920
630, 660, 930
670, 740
680
579, 600, 690, 750, 780, 925,
950
701, 710
720
700, 730, 770, 790, 900, 940
“I” values by
Region 1
National Forest
104 110 114
50
38
38
49
37
37
49
37
37
49
37
37
48
36
37
48
36
37
47
36
37
52
38
41
46
36
33
47
35
37
48
37
37
53
41
41
54
41
41
54
41
42
52
40
39
52
40
39
54
41
41
50
40
40
51
40
40
41
33
33
39
32
32
44
32
33
43
32
33
44
44
50
53
34
33
38
35
34
33
38
35
33
Habitat Codes
800, 810, 830, 840
460, 820, 850 - 890
999
“I” values by
Region 1
National Forest
104 110 114
36
26
28
37
28
32
50
38
38
The second mortality rate estimate, RB, is dependent on the proximity of stand basal area to the site
maximum (see section 3.5 of this variant overview), and the rate of basal area increment. As stand
basal area approaches the maximum for the site, RB approaches 1. The calculation of RB is described in
section 7.3.1.2 of EFVS (Dixon 2002) and is not shown here.
The mortality rate applied to a tree record is a weighted average of RA and RB with the weight also
dependent on the proximity of stand basal area to the maximum for the site. This is also described in
section 7.3.1.3 of EFVS (Dixon 2002), and is not shown here. The combined estimate is adjusted to the
length of the cycle using a compound interest formula as shown in equation {5.0.2}.
{5.0.2} RT = (1 – (1 – RC)^Y)
where:
RT
RC
Y
is the mortality rate applied to an individual tree record for the growth period
is the combined estimate of the annual mortality rate for the tree record
is length of the current projection cycle in years
34
6.0 Regeneration
The KT variant contains a full establishment model which is explained in section 5.4.2 of the Essential
FVS Users Guide (Dixon 2002). In short, the full establishment model automatically adds regeneration
following significant stand disturbances and adds ingrowth periodically during the simulation. Users
may also input regeneration and ingrowth into simulations manually through the establishment model
keywords as explained in section 5.4.3 of the Essential FVS Users Guide (Dixon 2002). The following
description applies to entering regeneration and ingrowth through keywords.
The regeneration model is used to simulate stand establishment from bare ground, or to bring
seedlings and sprouts into a simulation with existing trees. There are no sprouting species in the KT
variant. Regeneration of seedlings may be specified by using PLANT or NATURAL keywords. Height of
the seedlings is estimated in two steps. First, the height is estimated when a tree is 5 years old (or the
end of the cycle – whichever comes first) by using the small-tree height growth equations found in
section 4.6.1. Users may override this value by entering a height in field 6 of the PLANT or NATURAL
keyword; however the height entered in field 6 is not subject to minimum height restrictions and
seedlings as small as 0.05 feet may be established. The second step also uses the equations in section
4.6.1, which grow the trees in height from the point five years after establishment to the end of the
cycle.
Seedlings are passed to the main FVS model at the end of the growth cycle in which regeneration is
established. Unless noted above, seedlings being passed are subject to minimum and maximum height
constraints and a minimum budwidth constraint shown in table 6.0.1. After seedling height is
estimated, diameter growth is estimated using equations described in section 4.6.2. Crown ratios on
newly established trees are estimated as described in section 4.3.1.
Regenerated trees and sprouts can be identified in the treelist output file with tree identification
numbers beginning with the letters “ES”.
Table 6.0.1 Regeneration parameters by species in the KT variant.
Species
Code
WP
WL
DF
GF
WH
RC
LP
ES
AF
PP
OT
Sprouting
Species
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Minimum Bud
Width (in)
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.2
Minimum Tree
Height (ft)
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
0.5
35
Maximum Tree
Height (ft)
23.0
27.0
21.0
21.0
22.0
20.0
24.0
18.0
18.0
17.0
22.0
7.0 Volume
Volume is calculated for three merchantability standards: total stem cubic feet, merchantable stem
cubic feet, and merchantable stem board feet (Scribner Decimal C). Volume estimation is based on
methods contained in the National Volume Estimator Library maintained by the Forest Products
Measurements group in the Forest Management Service Center (Volume Estimator Library Equations
2009). The default merchantability standards and equation numbers for the KT variant are shown in
tables 7.0.1-7.0.3.
Table 7.0.1 Default volume merchantability standards for the KT variant.
Merchantable Cubic Foot Volume Specifications:
Minimum DBH / Top Diameter
LP
All location codes
6.0 / 4.5 inches
Stump Height
1.0 foot
Merchantable Board Foot Volume Specifications:
Minimum DBH / Top Diameter
LP
All location codes
6.0 / 4.5 inches
Stump Height
1.0 foot
All Other Species
7.0 / 4.5 inches
1.0 foot
All Other Species
7.0 / 4.5 inches
1.0 foot
Table 7.0.2 Volume equation defaults for each species, at specific location codes, with model name.
Common Name
Location Code Equation Number
western white pine
All
I00FW2W119
western larch
All Region 1
I00FW2W073
western larch
621
I11FW2W073
Douglas-fir
All Region 1
I00FW2W202
Douglas-fir
621
I11FW2W202
grand fir
All Region 1
I00FW2W017
grand fir
621
I11FW2W017
western hemlock
All Region 1
I00FW2W260
western hemlock
621
I11FW2W017
western redcedar
All Region 1
I00FW2W242
western redcedar
621
I11FW2W242
lodgepole pine
All Region 1
I00FW2W108
lodgepole pine
621
I11FW2W108
Engelmann spruce
All Region 1
I00FW2W093
Engelmann spruce
621
I13FW2W093
subalpine fir
All Region 1
I00FW2W019
subalpine fir
621
I11FW2W202
ponderosa pine
All Region 1
I00FW2W122
ponderosa pine
621
I12FW2W122
other species
All Region 1
I00FW2W260
other species
621
616BEHW999
36
Reference
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Flewelling's 2-Point Profile Model
Table 7.0.3 Citations by Volume Model
Model Name
Flewelling 2Point Profile
Model
Citation
Unpublished. Based on work presented by Flewelling and Raynes. 1993. Variableshape stem-profile predictions for western hemlock. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research Vol 23. Part I and Part II.
37
8.0 Fire and Fuels Extension (FFE-FVS)
The Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FFE-FVS) (Reinhardt and Crookston
2003) integrates FVS with models of fire behavior, fire effects, and fuel and snag dynamics. This allows
users to simulate various management scenarios and compare their effect on potential fire hazard,
surface fuel loading, snag levels, and stored carbon over time. Users can also simulate prescribed
burns and wildfires and get estimates of the associated fire effects such as tree mortality, fuel
consumption, and smoke production, as well as see their effect on future stand characteristics. FFEFVS, like FVS, is run on individual stands, but it can be used to provide estimates of stand
characteristics such as canopy base height and canopy bulk density when needed for landscape-level
fire models.
For more information on FFE-FVS and how it is calibrated for the KT variant, refer to the updated FFEFVS model documentation (Rebain, comp. 2010) available on the FVS website.
38
9.0 Insect and Disease Extensions
FVS Insect and Pathogen models have been developed through the participation and contribution of
various organizations led by Forest Health Protection. The models are maintained by the Forest Health
Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) and regional Forest Health Protection specialists. A complete list
of the available insect and disease models for the KT variant is located in table 9.0.1. The dwarf
mistletoe model is available in the base FVS variant, while the other models are available through the
insect and disease extension of the KT variant available on the FVS website. Additional details
regarding each model may be found in chapter 8 of the Essential FVS Users Guide (Dixon 2002); for
more detailed information, users can download the individual model guides from the FHTET website.
Table 9.0.1 Available insect and disease extensions for the KT variant.
Insect and Disease Models
Dwarf Mistletoe
Lodgepole Mountain Pine Beetle
Western Root Disease
39
10.0 Literature Cited
Cole, D. M.; Stage, A. R. 1972. Estimating future diameters of lodgepole pine. Res. Pap. INT-131. Ogden,
UT: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station. 20p.
Crookston, Nicholas L. 2003. Internal document on file. Data provided from Region 1. Moscow, ID:
Forest Service.
Dixon, Gary E. comp. 2002 (revised frequently). Essential FVS: A user’s guide to the Forest Vegetation
Simulator. Internal Rep. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest
Management Service Center.
Unpublished. Based on work presented by Flewelling and Raynes. 1993. Variable-shape stem-profile
predictions for western hemlock. Canadian Journal of Forest Research Vol 23. Part I and Part II.
Hamilton, D. A., Jr. 1986. A logistic model of mortality in thinned and unthinned mixed conifer stands
of northern Idaho. Forest Science 32(4): 989-1000.
Krajicek, J.; Brinkman, K.; Gingrich, S. 1961. Crown competition – a measure of density. Forest Science.
7(1):35-42
Pfister, R. D.; Kovalchik, B. L.; Arno, S. F.; Presby, R. C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Gen.
Tech. Rep. INT-34. Ogden, UT: Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 38p.
Rebain, Stephanie A. comp. 2010 (revised frequently). The Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest
Vegetation Simulator: Updated Model Documentation. Internal Rep. Fort Collins, CO: U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Management Service Center. 379 p.
Reinhardt, Elizabeth; Crookston, Nicholas L. (Technical Editors). 2003. The Fire and Fuels Extension to
the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-116. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 209 p.
Stage, A. R. 1973. Prognosis Model for stand development. Res. Paper INT-137. Ogden, UT: U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
32p.
Van Dyck, Michael G.; Smith-Mateja, Erin E., comps. 2000 (revised frequently). Keyword reference
guide for the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Internal Rep. Fort Collins, CO: U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Management Service Center.
Wykoff, W. R. 1990. A basal area increment model for individual conifers in the northern Rocky
Mountains. For. Science 36(4): 1077-1104.
Wykoff, William R., Crookston, Nicholas L., and Stage, Albert R. 1982. User’s guide to the Stand
Prognosis Model. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-133. Ogden, UT: Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 112p.
-----. 2009(revised frequently). Volume Estimator Library Equations. Internal Rep. Fort Collins, CO: U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Management Service Center.
40
41
11.0 Appendices
11.1 Appendix A. Habitat Codes
Table 11.1.1 KT variant habitat type codes and their corresponding original NI variant habitat type
codes recognized in the KT variant (Pfister 1977).
KT
Habitat Type
Code
10
65
70
74
79
91
92
93
95
100
110
120
130
140
141
161
170
Original NI
Habitat
Type Code
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
170
170
Abbreviation
SCREE
GRASS
FORB
SAL
POTRI
PIFL/AGSP
PIFL/FEID
PIFL/FEID-FEID
PIFL/JUCO
PIPO
PIPO/AND
PIPO/STCO
PIPO/AGSP
PIPO/FEID
PIPO/FEID-FEID
PIPO/PUTR-AGSP
PIPO/SYAL
171
170
PIPO/SYAL-SYAL
172
180
181
170
170
170
PIPO/SYAL-BERE
PIPO/PRVI
PIPO/PRVI-PRVI
182
200
210
220
221
230
250
260
261
170
260
130
130
130
130
250
260
260
PIPO/PRVI-SHCA
PSME
PSME/AGSP
PSME/FEID
PSME/FEID-FEID
PSME/FESC
PSME/VACA
PSME/PHMA
PSME/PHMA-PHMA
42
Habitat Type Name
Scree
Grass type
Forb type
Willow
Balsam poplar series
Limber pine/bluebunch wheatgrass
Limber pine/Idaho fescue
Limber pine/Idaho fescue/Idaho fescue
Limber pine/common juniper
Ponderosa pine series
Ponderosa pine/bluestem
Ponderosa pine/western needlegrass
ponderosa pine/ bluebunch wheatgrass
Ponderosa pine/Idaho fescue
Ponderosa pine/Idaho fescue/Idaho fescue
Ponderosa pine/bitterbrush/Idaho fescue
Ponderosa pine/Common snowberry
Ponderosa pine/common snowberry/common
snowberry
Ponderosa pine/common snowberry/creeping
barberry
Ponderosa pine/chokecherry
Ponderosa pine/chokecherry/chokecherry
Ponderosa pine/chokecherry/russet
buffaloberry
Douglas-fir series
Douglas-fir/Bluebench wheatgrass
Douglas-fir/Idaho fescue
Douglas-fir/Idaho fescue/Idaho fescue
Douglas-fir/altai fescue
Douglas-fir/Dwarf huckleberry
Douglas-fir/ninebark
Douglas-fir/ninebark/ninebark
KT
Habitat Type
Code
262
263
280
Original NI
Habitat
Type Code
260
260
280
Abbreviation
PSME/PHMA-CARU
PSME/PHMA-SMST
PSME/VAGL
281
282
280
280
PSME/VAGL-VAGL
PSME/VAGL-ARUV
283
290
291
292
293
310
280
290
290
290
290
310
PSME/VAGL-XETE
PSME/LIBO
PSME/LIBO-SYAL
PSME/LIBO-CARU
PSME/LIBO-VAGL
PSME/SYAL
311
312
310
310
PSME/SYAL-AGSP
PSME/SYAL-CARU
313
310
PSME/SYAL-SYAL
315
320
321
322
323
324
330
331
332
340
350
360
370
371
400
410
420
421
422
430
310
320
320
320
320
320
330
330
330
320
320
330
310
310
420
420
420
420
420
260
PSME/SYAL-PIPO
PSME/CARU
PSME/CARU-AGSP
PSME/CARU-ARUV
PSME/CARU-CARU
PSME/CARU-PIPO
PSME/CAGE
PSME/CAGE-CAGE
PSME/CAGE-SYOR
PSME/SPBE
PSME/ARUV
PSME/JUCO
PSME/ARCO
PSME/ARCO-ARCO
PICEA
PICEA/EQAR
PICEA/CLUN
PICEA/CLUN-VACA
PICEA/CLUN-CLUN
PICEA/PHMA
43
Habitat Type Name
Douglas-fir/ninebark/pinegrass
Douglas-fir/ninebark/false solomon’s-seal
Douglas-fir/blue huckleberry
Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry/thinleaf
huckleberry
Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry/kinnikinnick
Douglas-fir/thinleaf huckleberry/common
beargrass
Douglas-fir/twinflower
Douglas-fir/twinflower/common snowberry
Douglas-fir/twinflower/thinleaf huckleberry
Douglas-fir/twinflower/thinleaf huckleberry
Douglas-fir/common snowberry
Douglas-fir/common snowberry/bluebunch
wheatgrass
Douglas-fir/common snowberry/pinegrass
Douglas-fir/common snowberry/common
snowberry
Douglas-fir/common snowberry/ponderosa
pine
Douglas-fir/pinegrass
Douglas-fir/pinegrass/bluebunch wheatgrass
Douglas-fir/pinegrass/kinnikinnick
Douglas-fir/pinegrass/pinegrass
Douglas-fir/pinegrass/ponderosa pine
Douglas-fir/elk sedge
Douglas-fir/elk sedge/elk sedge
Douglas-fir/elk sedge/mountain snowberry
Douglas-fir/white spirea
Douglas-fir/kinnikinnick
Douglas-fir/common juniper
Douglas-fir/Heartleaf arnica
Douglas-fir/Heartleaf arnica/heartleaf arnica
Spruce series
Spruce/common horsetail
Spruce/bride's bonnet
Spruce/bride's bonnet/dwarf bilberry
Spruce/bride's bonnet/bride's bonnet
Spruce/mallow ninebark
KT
Habitat Type
Code
440
450
460
461
470
480
500
501
502
505
507
508
510
511
515
520
521
522
523
524
529
530
Original NI
Habitat
Type Code
470
640
850
850
470
470
520
530
570
510
510
510
510
510
510
520
520
520
520
520
520
530
Abbreviation
PICEA/GATR
PICEA/VACA
PICEA/SEST
PICEA/SEST-PSME
PICEA/LIBO
PICEA/SMST
ABGR
THPL
TSHE
ABGR/SPBE
ABGR/PHMA-COOC
ABGR/PHMA-PHMA
ABGR/XETE
ABGR/XETE-COOC
ABGR/VAGL
ABGR/CLUN
ABGR/CLUN-CLUN
ABGR/CLUN-ARNU
ABGR/CLUN-XETE
ABGR/CLUN-PHMA
ABGR/SETR
THPL/CLUN
531
530
THPL/CLUN-CLUN
532
533
530
530
THPL/CLUN-ARNU
THPL/CLUN-MEFE
534
540
530
540
THPL/CLUN-XETE
THPL/ATFI
542
545
550
565
570
540
530
550
570
570
THPL/ATFI-ATFI
THPL/ASCA
THPL/OPHO
TSHE/GYDR
TSHE/CLUN
571
570
TSHE/CLUN-CLUN
572
570
TSHE/CLUN-ARNU
44
Habitat Type Name
Spruce/sweetscented bedstraw
Spruce/dwarf bilberry
Spruce/rocky mountain groundsel
Spruce/rocky mountain groundsel/douglas-fir
Spruce/twinflower
Spruce/starry false lily of the valley
Grand fir series
Western red cedar series
Western hemlock series
Grand fir/white spiraea
Grand fir/ninebark/Idaho goldthread
Grand fir/ninebark/ninebark
Grand fir/beargrass
Grand fir/western goldthread
Grand fir/blue huckleberry
Grand fir/bride's bonnet
Grand fir/bride's bonnet/bride's bonnet
Grand fir/bride's bonnet/wild sarsaparilla
Grand fir/bride's bonnet/common beargrass
Grand fir/bride's bonnet/ninebark
Grand fir/
Western red cedar/bride's bonnet
Western red cedar/bride's bonnet/bride's
bonnet
Western red cedar/bride's bonnet/wild
sarsaparilla
Western red cedar/bride's bonnet/menziesia
Western red cedar/bride's bonnet/common
beargrass
Western red cedar/common ladyfern
Western red cedar/common
ladyfern/common ladyfern
Western red cedar/
Western red cedar/devilsclub
Western red cedar/
Western hemlock/bride's bonnet
Western hemlock/bride's bonnet/bride's
bonnet
Western hemlock/bride's bonnet/wild
sarsparilla
KT
Habitat Type
Code
Original NI
Habitat
Type Code
Abbreviation
573
574
575
570
570
570
TSHE/CLUN-XETE
TSHE/CLUN-MEFE
TSHE/ASCA
577
570
TSHE/ASCA-MEFE
578
579
580
585
590
591
592
610
620
621
622
623
624
625
630
570
690
690
690
510
510
510
610
620
620
620
620
620
620
660
TSHE/ASCA-ASCA
TSHE/MEFE
ABGR/VACA
ABGR/CARU
ABGR/LIBO
ABGR/LIBO-LIBO
ABGR/LIBO-XETE
ABLA/OPHO
ABLA/CLUN
ABLA/CLUN-CLUN
ABLA/CLUN-ARNU
ABLA/CLUN-VACA
ABLA/CLUN-XETE
ABLA/CLUN-MEFE
ABLA/GATR
632
635
636
640
660
620
620
640
ABLA/GATR3/VASC
ABLA/STAM
ABLA/STAM-MEFE
ABLA/VACA
641
642
650
651
652
653
654
655
660
661
662
640
640
640
640
640
640
640
640
660
660
660
ABLA/VACA-VACA
ABLA/VACA-CACA
ABLA/CACA
ABLA/CACA-CACA
ABLA/CACA-LICA
ABLA/CACA-GATR
ABLA/CACA-VACA
ABLA/CACA-LEGL
ABLA/LIBO
ABLA/LIBO-LIBO
ABLA/LIBO-XETE
45
Habitat Type Name
Western hemlock/bride's bonnet/common
beargrass
Western hemlock/bride's bonnet/menziesia
Western hemlock/Canadian wildginger
Western hemlock/Canadian
wildginger/menziesia
Western hemlock/Canadian
wildginger/Canadian wildginger
Western hemlock/menziesia
Grand fir/dwarf huckleberry
Grand fir/pinegrass
Grand fir/twinflower
Grand-fir/twinflower/twinflower
Grand-fir/twinflower/beargrass
Subalpine fir/devilsclub
Subalpine fir/twisted stalk
Subalpine fir/bride's bonnet/bride's bonnet
Subalpine fir/bride's bonnet/wild sarsaparilla
Subalpine fir/bride's bonnet/dwarf bilberry
Subalpine fir/twisted stalk/beargrass
Subalpine fir/twisted stalk/menziesia
Subalpine fir/fragrant bedstraw
Subalpine fir/fragrant bedstraw/grouse
whortleberry
Subalpine fir/twisted-stalk
Subalpine fir/menziesia
Subalpine fir/dwarf huckleberry
Subalpine fir/dwarf huckleberry/dwarf
huckleberry
Subalpine fir/dwarf huckleberry/bluejoint
Subalpine fir/bluejoint
Subalpine fir/bluejoint/bluejoint
Subalpine fir/canby’s ligusticum
Subalpine fir/bluejoint/fragrant bedstraw
Subalpine fir/bluejoint/dwarf huckleberry
Subalpine fir/bluejoint/Labrador tea
Subalpine fir/twinflower
Subalpine fir/twinflower/twinflower
Subalpine fir/twinflower/beargrass
KT
Habitat Type
Code
663
670
671
672
673
674
680
690
691
692
693
700
710
Original NI
Habitat
Type Code
660
670
670
670
670
670
680
690
690
690
690
730
710
Abbreviation
ABLA/LIBO-VASC
ABLA/MEFE
ABLA/MEFE-COOL
ABLA/MEFE-LUHI
ABLA/MEFE-XETE
ABLA/MEFE-VASC
TSME/MEFE
ABLA/XETE
ABLA/XETE-VAGL
ABLA/XETE-VASC
ABLA/XETE-COOC
TSME
TSME/XETE
712
720
730
731
710
720
730
730
TSME/XETE-VAGL
ABLA/VAGL
ABLA/VASC
ABLA/VASC-CARU
732
730
ABLA/VASC-VASC
733
734
740
750
751
761
770
780
790
791
792
810
730
730
670
690
690
690
730
690
730
730
730
830
ABLA/VASC-THOC
ABLA/VASC-PIAL
ABLA/ALSI
ABLA/CARU
ABLA/CARU-CARU
ABLA/OSCH-PAMY
ABLA/CLPS
ABLA/ARCO
ABLA/CAGE
ABLA/CAGE-CAGE
ABLA/CAGE-PSME
ABLA/RIMO
820
830
850
830
ABLA-PIAL/VASC
ABLA/LUHI
831
830
ABLA/LUHI-VASC
832
830
ABLA/LUHI-MEFE
Habitat Type Name
Subalpine fir/twinflower/grouse whortleberry
Subalpine fir/menziesia
Subalpine fir/western goldthread
Subalpine fir/menziesia
Subalpine fir/menziesia/common beargrass
Subalpine fir/menziesia/grouse whortleberry
Mountain hemlock/menziesia
Subalpine fir/beargrass
Subalpine fir/beargrass/blue huckleberry
Subalpine fir/beargrass/grouse whortleberry
Subalpine fir/beargrass/Idaho goldthread
Subalpine fir, lower subalpine
Mountain hemlock/beargrass
Mountain hemlock/beargrass/blue
huckleberry
Subalpine fir/blue huckleberry
Subalpine fir/grouse whortleberry
Subalpine fir/grouse whortleberry/pinegrass
Subalpine fir/grouse whortleberry/grouse
whortleberry
Subalpine fir/grouse whortleberry/western
meadow rue
Subalpine fir/whitebark pine phase
Subalpine fir/sitka alder
Subalpine fir/pinegrass
Subalpine fir/pinegrass/pinegrass
Subalpine fir/sweetcicely/Oregon boxleaf
Subalpine fir/rock clematis
Subalpine fir/heartleaf arnica
Subalpine fir/elk sedge
Subalpine fir/elk sedge/elk sedge
Subalpine fir/elk sedge/douglas-fir
Subalpine fir/mountain gooseberry
Subalpine fir/whitebark pine/grouse
whortleberry
Subalpine fir/smooth woodrush
Subalpine fir/smooth woodrush/grouse
whortleberry
Subalpine fir/smooth woodrush/rusty
menziesia
46
KT
Habitat Type
Code
850
860
870
900
910
920
930
940
950
Original NI
Habitat
Type Code
850
850
850
730
330
640
660
730
570
Abbreviation
PIAL-ABLA
LALY-ABLA
PIAL
PICO
PICO/PUTR
PICO/VACA
PICO/LIBO
PICO/VASC
PICO/CARU
Habitat Type Name
Whitebark pine-subalpine fir
Alpine larch-subalpine fir
Whitebark pine
Lodgepole pine
Lodgepole pine/antelope bitterbrush
Lodgepole pine/dwarf huckleberry
Lodgepole pine/twinflower
Lodgepole pine/grouse whortleberry
Lodgepole pine/pinegrass
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on
the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation,
or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities
who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print,
audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).
To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten
Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or
TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
48