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Classifying Facial Action
to 22 x 32 and 66 x 96, respectively. Since the muscle contractions are frequently
asymmetric about the face, we doubled the size of our data set by reflecting each
image about the vertical axis, giving a total of 800 images.
Figure 1: Example action sequences from the database.
Figure 2: Examples of the six actions used in this study. AU 1: Inner brow raiser.
2: Outer brow raiser. 4: Brow lower. 5: Upper lid raiser (widening the eyes). 6:
Cheek raiser. 7: Lid tightener (partial squint).
3
HOLISTIC SPATIAL ANALYSIS
The Eigenface (Turk & Pentland, 1991) and Holon (Cottrell & Metcalfe, 1991)
representations are holistic representations based on principal components, which
can be extracted by feed forward networks trained by back propagation. Previous
work in our lab and others has demonstrated that feed forward networks taking such
holistic representations as input can successfully classify gender from facial images
(Cottrell & Metcalfe, 1991; Golomb, Lawrence, & Sejnowski, 1991). We evaluated
the ability of a back propagation network to classify facial actions given principal
components of graylevel images as input.
The primary difference between the present approach and the work referenced above
is that we take the principal components of a set of difference images, which we
obtained by subtracting the first image in the sequence from the subsequent images
(see Figure 3). The variability in our data set is therefore due t o the facial distortions
and individual differences in facial distortion, and we have removed variability due
to surface-level differences in appearance.
We projected the difference images onto the first N principal components of the
dataset, and these projections comprised the input to a 3 layer neural network with
10 hidden units, and six output units, one per action (Figure 3.) The network is feed
forward and fully connected with a hyperbolic tangent transfer function, and was
trained with conjugate gradient descent. The output of the network was determined
using winner take all, and generalization to novel subjects was determined by using
the leave-one-out, or jackknife, procedure in which we trained the network on 19
subjects and reserved all of the images from one subject for testing. This process
was repeated for each of the subjects t o obtain a mean generalization performance
across 20 test cases.
BARTLETI', VIOLA. SETNOWSKI, GOLOMB, LARSEN. HAGER, EKMAN
We obtained the best performance with 50 component projections, which gave 88.6%
correct across subjects. The benefit obtained by using principal components over
the 704-dimensional difference images themselves is not large. Feeding the difference
images directly into the network gave a performance of 84% correct.
Figure 3: Left: Example difference image. Input values of -1 are mapped to black
and 1 to white. Right: Architecture of the feed forward network.
4
FEATURE MEASUREMENT
We turned next t o explicit measurement of local image features associated with
these actions. The presence of wrinkles in specific regions of the face is a salient
cue t o the contraction of specific facial muscles. We measured wrinkling at the four
facial positions marked in Figure 4a, which are located in the image automatically
from the eye position information. Figure 4b shows pixel intensities along the line
segment labeled A, and two major wrinkles are evident.
We defined a wrinkle measure P as the sum of the squared derivative of the intensity
values along the segment (Figure 4c.) Figure 4d shows P values along line segment
A, for a subject performing each of the six actions. Only AU 1 produces wrinkles
in the center of the forehead. The P values remain at zero except for AU 1, for
which it increases with increases in action intensity. We also defined an eye opening
measure as the area of the visible sclera lateral to the iris. Since we were interested
in changes in these measures from baseline, we subtract the measures obtained from
the neutral image.
Image in Seqence
Figure 4: a) Wrinkling was measured a t four image locations, A-D. b) Smoothed
pixel intensities along the line labeled A. c) Wrinkle measure. d) P measured a t
image location A for one subject performing each of the six actions.
We classified the actions from these five feature measures using a 3-layer neural net
with 15 hidden units. This method performs well for some subjects but not for
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