Who maintains genetic diversity and how: Implications for on-farm conservation and utilisation
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Who maintains genetic diversity and how: Implications for on-farm conservation and utilisation A. Subedi, P Chaudhary, B K Baniya, R B Rana, R K Tiwari, D K Rijal and B R Sthapit Background We know that: • Different levels of diversity exist in most non-commercial production areas • Farmers are conserving and managing diversity • Informal seed system is one of the important management strategies that is creating diversity on-farm But, what we still need to know is: • Mechanism of informal flow of genetic materials in a community • How the diversity is maintained onfarm? • Who and what type of community members play significant role in informal seed flow and in maintaining diversity? A Study was, therefore, carried out to: • Understand the informal flow of genetic materials and processes involved in maintaining diversity on-farm • Identify key farmers who maintain diversity on-farm so as to strengthen onfarm conservation and utilisation • Case of Rice crop Study Area Begnas (Middle hill) Bara (Plains) Methodology • Network analysis • Sociometric survey • Snowball sampling - three stages ´First stage sampling: 24 (stratified random sampling based on wealth and gender categories) ´ Second stage: 30 (identified after 1st stage) ´ Third stage: 24 (identified after 2nd stage) ´Total sample size: 78 in each study site n = 203 (Begnas) & 206 (Kachorwa) • Data analysis: ´ Network mapping - manual ´Key (nodal) farmers identified using criteria such as seed source, knowledge source, diversity status and network position ´ Simple statistical analysis Findings 1. Number of cultivars involved in the flow Site Landrace MVs Total Begnas 32 (76%) 10 (24%) 42 (100%) Kachorwa 10 (29%) 25 (71%) 35 (100%) 2a. Means of seed flow Mechanisms % Flow of genetic materials Begnas Kachorwa Exchange* 53 64 Gift 31 17 Purchase 16 9 Others - 10 * Exchange involved bartering with grain for seed Or seed for seed 2b. Number of flows of landrace and MVs in rice crop through farmers' networks Mechanisms % Flow Begnas Landrace Kachorwa MV Landrace MV 6 94 Exchange 67 Gift 79 21 3 97 Purchase 84 16 14 86 Others 100 0 0 100 Overall 74 26 6 94 33 Rice landraces grown in large area by many households Thulo Gurdi (24) 6.4% Pahenle (23) 7.0% Jetho Budho (43) 8.6% Rice landraces grown in large area by few households Jhinuwa Ghaiya (23) 3.5% Ekle (87) 32.0% Gurdi (9 ) 49.6% Sano Madhise (6 50.4% Kathe Gurdi (47) 10.5% Mansara (43) 14.3% Madhise (48) 17.8% Jyele Rato ghaiya (1) 1.1% Basmati (5) 1.1% Ramani (4) 1.2% Seto Anadi (54) 31.4% Rato Anadi (71) 34.9% Naltumme (3) 1.3% 8 Others 6.3% Kaude (1) Lahare Gurdi (7) 1.6% 12.3% Gauriya (1) 1.6% Thulo Madhise (4) Pakhe Jarneli (2) 10.2% 1.7% Manamuri (2) 1.9% Sano Gurdi (4) 10.1% Gurdi ghaiya (4) 2.0% Kalo Gurdi (2) Bicharo Ghaiya (4) 5.7% 2.4% Naulo Madhise (3) Seto Gurdi (1) Jarneli (16) 12.0% Anga (9) 10.0% 3.0% Tunde (7) Bayarni (11) 11.7% 5.7% 2.5% Rato Ghaiya (4) 3.2% Jhauri (2) 5.2% Ghaiya (3) 5.0% Seto Ghaiya (4) 3.3% Jire ghaiya (3) Rice landraces grown in small area by many households Rice landraces grown in small area by few households Figure 1. Categorization of rice landraces of Begnas Kaski based on area coverage and number of farmers growing them. (figures in the parenthesis represent number of households) Percentage distribution of seed flow of cultivars by area coverage and households (n=203 in Begnas & 223 in Kachorwa) Area Begnas % Kachorwa Landrace 43 MV Few HH Small Area Begnas % Kachorwa 3 11 1 0 65 0 0 Landrace 6 0 14 2 MV 18 1 8 28 HH Many HH Large Area Cultivar Type % % 3. Reasons for seed exchange • Poor quality in own’s retention seed • Shortage of seed • Observed better cultivar elsewhere so keen to test • To overcome problem in existing cultivar • Wanted to grow additional cultivar 4. Farmers’ networks • A few larger networks involving several individuals • Many smaller networks • Mixed men and women farmers in the same network • Mixed wealth category members in the same network su li Pu rch as e M an wa np Gi ft 7 Radha se Purcha 121 116 le Ek t f Gi 188 171 a7 dh Ra hase rc Pu Exchange Radha 7 Ekle Exchange 60 43 Wage 95 li mansu Naulo ge n a h c x E Madhese Mansuli Exchange Exchange Madhese 97 OS se he ad e m g lo an au xch E 96 Ekle Purchase e hang Exc le Ek ase rch MP aduhe Purch se ase 56 177 Ekle GiftM Gi ft an sa 189 ra 186 155 N OS P 178 Gift 180 146 190 52 ti Madhese Gift le ase Ek urch ma Bas e Exchang K. gurdi 12 le Ek t if G wa eg ur di an v ge Anga Gift do o bu Jeth change x E 179 Mansara 57 e Ekl ge han Exc 117 147 e P. jarnel i Gift 45 Ex ch 71 Ka th Exchange ch Ekl e an g Exch ange eli Pakhe jarn 118 Ex Ekle Exchange ati e s m an g a B ch Ex 99 Gift OS M ad he ha ng se e Mansuli Exchange OS Gift J. budho 20 112 19 6 li nsu ange Ma h Ex c 9 Radha 62 Ex Ekle cha ng e Ma nsa ra Ex cha ng e Jhinu 49 191 127 Exchange Ex c ge an ch x E J hi nu wa Ex c h ange rdi gu ge e an th ch x 161Ka E Ekle 74 39 Exchange di 194 Pakhe jarneli 162 ur eg Rato anadi Exchange 58 adi An nge cha Ex 113 dh o J. bu hange JE. bxcud ho Excha nge 61 eli rn Ja 54 th Ka Makwanpur Exchange i mat B as t f i G 184 98 de ge an ch Ex 183 Pu Gur d rc ha i se Gurdi Exchange h a Madhese nge Exchan ge 119 Ba sm ati Ex ch an ge OS un M ak Ex c OS ur 193 T an M Radha 9 Ma Exchange n su li Gi ft M a Ex dhes ch e an ge 32 OS su li ase rch PuMadhese Exchange Ra Ex dh ch a7 an ge 107 106 169 170 Fig 2a. Farmers’ network on rice seed flow in Begnas eco-site (Network I) Exchange Seto gurdi K. gurdi Exchange Mad hese Purc hase m m e G i ft ad h Gi e ft OS 205 dh a9 Ex ch an ge M Ra d h Ex c a 9 han ge 204 Ra Exc han ge Thu Gift Radha 9 Purchase N al tu su li 163 a M an Gi ft OS g ra in h Rad 207 han ge R ad Ex ha ch an ge 78 OS ri Sabit Gift Radha 9 41 R ad Exchange ha Ex 9 Food grain ch an Fge ge 76 EExcxchan ood ge han Exc Naltumme Gift ge 206 Ex Man ch s an uli ge OS 4 al um h K ft Gi a9 16 90 dh Ex c han ge an ch 111 lo m ansu li Mansuli Exchange Exchange OS Ra i jarnel Pakhe nge Excha 199 167 38 126 110 Madhese Exchange Ex 9 Gift a Panhele Exchange 67 Exchange 151 9 8 ch Ex mad hese Purc hase ha Rad t Gif ese adh m lo Thu t Gif dha Ra nge Mana muri 159 Exchange 37 Mans u li 158 nge Madhese Kathe gurdi 23 Sano 47 R Exc adha han ge 157 Ra Ex dh a ch an Mix ge ed g rain Exc ha i nel jar e h Pak ase rch Pu 156 144 rdi Kath OS 125 152 Ekle t GifGurdi Excha gne 26 e gu OS 173 Exchange nge dho Gift o bu ft Gi Jeth OS he 53 i ad an to ft Gi k Pa ese Madh e h rc as EPku l Pu e rch ase Ra se Purcha 172 adi , an e l e Ek ang chMadhese x 48 E Kathe gurdi Gurdi 115 Exc ha Pu rch Ekle ase Mansara 182 Purchase 181 Du dh ea na Gi di ft 81 40 Radh a9 Exch ange 164 165 Fig 2b. Farmers’ network on rice seed flow in Begnas eco-site (Network II) Ma Exch sula ange OS Ind S. Ex man c h su an li ge ps e ng ha 24 u la g e as M han c Ex Basmati Exchange 118 113 Ind Mas ula Excha nge Sabitri Exchange ang e Exc h Sab it ri 170 58 49 4 i na ow Ch Borr Jiri Borrow li nsu ma . ift K BG Ex asma cha ti ng e 169 168 OS OS OS 77 Gift P Sona 68 suli Exchan ge B 44 Gift S. man OS P Ind lli c Ex a4 Chin ange Exch OS i Ph 114 Lalsar Exchange ti ma bas e h as urc Ind 116 115 mans uli Pur cha se Rad ha 3 2 ch as e 14 42 Pu r BG RS li S. mansu Gift S. m a Gi nsul i ft 45 Son a man s ul i Exch ange pur mansuli RS Ram Trial e 44 ng B ha xc 4 ChEina S. m S. Exchange ans Exman Gift uli s ch u l an i ge u li ans S. m hange Exc RS 154 K. Ex mans cha u ng li e Sabitri Purchase li an s u S. m chase r u P Borrow OS u sa Exchange 100 Kan chh im ansu li Gif t Chin a ang e Ex ch a4 Ch in Borrow 84 Ind 2 171 172 159 u la Mas change Ex Masula Gift 81 Kanchhi mansuli e ang h Exc Ma 173 OS 70 83 174 54 OS e ram hang Fa RampExc ur ma n Gift suli 3 129 li ansu K. m ange li su an m ge na an So ch E17 xch Sabi Ex ang tri e 82 130 Masula ange Exch BG 14 Gi 42 ft Exch itri am Sab an s nge u li P ur ch a c ha Ex se Sab itri Exc han ge Masula s Pu rc h ip ill Ph as e u s la 56 101 la if t a LGajhi N60 e SPurchas Bo abitri rro w Sab it Bo ri rro w China 4 OS ina Chandange Exch u as tm OS tri bi e Sa ang ch Ex Exch ange 64 179 195 a4 Chin ange Exch China 4 Jaya Exchange 16 la su e ma ng t a Ch cha N x Ex i n E a4 ch an ge 34 120 Mutmur Exchange 75 97 Gift su ge an an m . m xch SS. an E suli Exchange 119 OS Masula li Nat mas Exc ul a han ge a l as u g e tm an Na xch E 4 Exc hang e e Masula 50 25 197 Exchange Gift Masula Ch Ex ina ch 4 an ge 41 Ind 90 196 s Ind illip , Ph na 4 ift i h C G Na uli tm mans asu Ex Sona ch a la ge n a h ng e 11 ExcSabitri Exchange li Gift 4 88 li n su Ma nge cha Ex Son Masula e Exchang S. mansuli Exchange li su an m ft S. Gi 121 li su an m na ge So han c Ex OS 65 184 se a ya ase s ul a , ma Ja h nsulage a rc m u P Sona Exchan So na Ex m ch an an su ge li Ex ch an g e Gift China 4 127 OS 102 Ind ha 144 sul nsu ma S. 5 Sabit ri Exch ange on i si e l ev e ng 181T ha c Ex 160 Ex J a ch ya an . masula ge 182 ENxc hange Jaya ange 183 Exch eli masino CPhokhr i na Exchange Gi 4 ft 91 180 126 146 Ma e ng cha Hy cha brid se China 4 Gift 4 ina Ch Gift u rc Ex Ind Pur 89 a Chin OS Excha ng K. ma ns Ind a ul nge a as M x ch E 145 P 6 Jay a Mansuli Purchase 31 uli Exchange K OSEx . mansuli chang e aj nk pa t i n Gif Ra Gift China 4 e Exchang OS a4 Chin Gift China 4 China 4 71 OS 4 i na t Ch Gif 37 Exchange China 4 Ind a sul Ma nge cha Ex 136 Chin Excha a 4 nge 4 ina ge Ch chan Ex 137 OS OS itri Sab ange h Exc OS 119 188 121 120 Fig 3a. Farmers’ network on rice seed flow in Kachorwa eco-site (Network I) Nat man s u li Gif t Masula Exchange Ind 18 148 li su an ft M Gi China 4 Exchange 102 117 Sabi tri 163 nge 22 128C 112 China 4 Exchange 118 122 106 ite 2 Cha ift G 125 30 Ch Purch andina ase Jaya ange Ex c h Masula Exchange la Ma s u e an g h c x E 111 hina 4 se Purcha 33 124 ina 164 nge 28 110 Ch Pu Soka rch n ase Exch a u li ans am n o t S Gif 200 N. mansuli Exchange Exch a Excha nge Ja ya Ex ch an ge Jaya change x xch E Jaya ang e 72 Shop Chia n4 106 Jaya a ge Jay han c x E Sabi tri OS 165 57 E 64 199 166 a Jay ge han Exc Jaya Exchange Purc hase 108 109 tri bi ge Sa han c Ex 27 103 ina C ha nd ase Purch ya ge Ja han c Ex N. s a ro Purc hase 20 167 Jaya ange Ex c h 107 Mansuli Gift Chandina Exchange 21 Jaya ange Exch N Ex at m ch ag an s u ne li n io evis Tel nge 1099 Excha 96 li R. Mansu change Ex ExChi ch na an 4 ge 78 104 105 Masula Exchange 4 Ex ch an ge RS 19 99 e ansu li hang e Exc 43 149 la Masu ange Ex c h a ul ge as M han c Ex S. M li n su ma S. e ng cha Ex 4 ge OS Ind u li ans S . m if t G R. m asuli Purc hase a in n ha ge han Exc Masula Exchange a4 Purchase Ch c Ex OS P 98 1) m (7 Fara ange Ex c h OS 10 92 Ex ch an g 7 15 12 K. m ans u li Exc han ge 87 OS a bi anj 8 Ch in Purc hase Cha ndi na B or r ow Rampur masuli Gift masu li Nat 79 201 ro h i sa Nak ange h Exc ina ow Ex ch an ge M as ul a 4 80 Ind 86 a n d in Cha ow r r Bo and Ch Ind 1 la Masu ange Ex c h 202 85 a ul ge as M han c Ex na 4 Chi ift G 59 ite 4 Ch a Gift 67 OS a iy e ah ng ip D ha c Ex rr Bo 187 RS li su an im hh nc Ka ge an ch Ex S. m a s ul i Exch ange Masula 186 OS 62 Chaite 2 Trial Fig 3b. Farmers’ network on rice seed flow in Kachorwa eco-site (Network II) RS 5. Nodal farmers in the networks • Certain individuals occupying key positions in the network - “Nodal Farmers” • Mainly from rich wealth category • Some of them are women farmers • They are spatially distributed within the community • Mainly High Diversity Maintaining group - “Diversity-Minded” Exchange Seto gurdi K. gurdi Exchange Mad hese Purc hase m m e G i ft ad h Gi e ft OS 205 dh a9 Ex ch an ge M Ra d h Ex c a 9 han ge 204 Ra Exc han ge Thu Gift Radha 9 Purchase N al tu su li 163 a M an Gi ft OS g ra in h Rad 207 han ge R ad Ex ha ch an ge 78 OS ri Sabit Gift Radha 9 41 R ad Exchange ha Ex 9 Food grain ch an Fge ge 76 EExcxchan ood ge han Exc Naltumme Gift ge 206 Ex Man ch s an uli ge OS 4 al um h K ft Gi a9 16 90 dh Ex c han ge an ch 111 lo m ansu li Mansuli Exchange Exchange OS Ra i jarnel Pakhe nge Excha 199 167 38 126 110 Madhese Exchange Ex 9 Gift e ang Panhele Exchange 67 Exchange 151 9 8 ch Ex mad hese Purc hase ha Rad t Gif ese adh m lo Thu t Gif Ra dha Mana muri 159 Exchange 37 Mans u li 158 nge Madhese Kathe gurdi 23 Sano 47 R Exc adha han ge 157 Ra Ex dh a ch an Mix ge ed g rain Exc ha i nel jar e h Pak ase rch Pu 156 144 rdi Kath OS 125 152 Ekle t GifGurdi Excha gne 26 e gu OS 173 Exchange nge dho Gift o bu ft Gi Jeth OS he 53 i ad an to ft Gi k Pa ese Madh e h rc as EPku l Pu e rch ase Ra se Purcha 172 adi , an e l e Ek ang chMadhese x 48 E Kathe gurdi Gurdi 115 Exc ha Pu rch Ekle ase Mansara 182 Purchase 181 Du dh ea na Gi di ft 81 40 Radh a9 Exch ange Fig 4a. Nodal farmers in Begnas eco-site 164 165 Ind 159 Gift S. Ex man c h su an li ge ps e ng ha 24 u la g e as M han c Ex Basmati Exchange 118 113 Ind e 44 ng B ha xc 4 ChEina S. m S. Exchange ans Exman Gift uli s ch u l an i ge 119 Mas ula Excha nge Sabitri Exchange ang e 58 49 188 121 120 Fig 4b. Nodal farmers in Kachorwa eco-site 4 i na ow Ch Borr Jiri Borrow li nsu ma . ift K BG Ex asma cha ti ng e OS 77 Gift P Sona 68 suli Exchan ge B 44 Gift S. man OS P Ind lli c Ex a4 Chin ange Exch OS i Ph 114 Lalsar Exchange ti ma bas e h as urc Ind 116 115 mans uli Pur cha se Rad ha 3 2 ch as e RS li S. mansu Gift S. m a Gi nsul i ft 45 Son a man s ul i Exch ange pur mansuli RS Ram Trial u li ans S. m hange Exc RS 154 Sab it ang e OS uli Ex c Sabithriang e Purchase li an s u S. m chase r u P 170 Exc h OS K. ma ns Kanchhi mansuli 84 Ind 2 171 172 u sa Exchange 14 42 BG OS Ex ch a4 Borrow Sab it Bo ri rro w China 4 e ang h Exc Ma s Pu rc h ip ill Ph as e u s la Masula 100 Masula Gift 81 li ansu K. m ange itri am Sab an s nge u li P ur ch a c ha Ex se Sab itri Exc han ge 54 70 83 174 u la Mas change Ex OS Exch li su an m ge na an So ch E17 xch Sabi Ex ang tri e e ram hang Fa RampExc ur ma n Gift suli 3 173 Pu r Jaya 56 101 Ch in u as m if t LGajhi 60 SPa urchase Bo bitri rro w t Na 129 Kan chh im ansu li Gif t Mutmur Exchange 82 tri bi e Sa ang ch Ex Exch ange la OS Masula 120 130 Masula ange Exch BG 14 Gi 42 ft a4 Chin ange Exch China 4 64 OS ina Chandange Exch 179 la su e ma ng t a Ch cha N x Ex i n E a4 ch an ge 34 ri 119 Ma Exch sula ange 195 Borrow Ind 75 97 4 Exc hang e e Masula su ge an an m . m xch SS. an E suli Exchange Nat mas Exc ul a han ge a l as u g e tm an Na xch E OS Exchange Gift Masula Ch Ex ina ch 4 an ge li li Gift E Exchange xchange 50 25 197 Chin a Gift China 4 4 88 li n su Ma nge cha Ex Son 121 li su an m na ge So han c Ex OS S. mansuli Exchange li su an m ft S. Gi 90 OS 102 41 ya ase s ul a , ma Ja h nsulage a rc m u P Sona Exchan So na Ex m ch an an su ge li 65 184 Masula e Exchang 196 s Ind illip , Ph na 4 ift i h C G Na uli tm mans asu Ex Sona ch a la ge n a h ng e 11 ExcSabitri Exchange 16 Sabit ri Exch ange on i si e lev e ng 181T ha c Ex 160 Ind se a nsu ma S. 180 127 eli masino CPhokhr i na Exchange Gi 4 ft 5 91 Ex J a ch ya an . masula ge 182 ENxc hange Jaya ange 183 Exch ha 144 sul e ng cha Hy cha brid se China 4 Gift 4 ina Ch Gift 126 146 Ma Ex Ind Pur 89 a Chin OS u rc Ex ch an g K. ma ns Ind a ul nge a as M x ch E 145 P 6 Jay a Mansuli Purchase 31 uli Exchange K OSEx . mansuli chang e aj nk pa t i n Gif Ra Gift China 4 e Exchang OS a4 Chin Gift China 4 China 4 71 OS 4 i na t Ch Gif 37 Exchange China 4 Ind a sul Ma nge cha Ex 136 Chin Excha a 4 nge 4 ina ge Ch chan Ex 137 OS OS itri Sab ange h Exc OS 169 168 OS OS • Nodal farmers are also perceived as the most knowledgeable persons in the community in terms of: - Seed related matters - Selection of planting materials - Production environments for different cultivars in the area - Research mindedness • They are playing important role in the flow of genetic materials - Bringing in materials from within and outside the community - Giving out materials to others in the community • Constantly looking for new cultivars for their variable farm environments 6. What do we understand from these results? • Farmers’ seed flow systems occurring through social networks play important role in maintaining the dynamic process of crop diversity on-farm • Along with the genetic materials, knowledge-based non-material information also flows in the community. This helps in conserving the associated knowledge of the cultivars • Certain members of the community act as nodal farmers in the maintenance of crop diversity on-farm and managing the processes involved in it • They also influence other network members on the decision making processes for crop diversity maintenance • Nodal farmers tend to address diversity Needs of the community members • Network analysis as an effective approach to trace the flow of genetic materials and associated knowledge along with the identification of nodal farmers 7. Implications for on-farm conservation and utilization strategy A. Diversity deployment - Expertise of the nodal farmers in selection and maintenance of genetic materials can be effectively used in diversity deployment/PPB while enhancing natural farmer-to-farmer dissemination of PPB materials B. Strengthening on-farm conservation of crop diversity - A network of nodal farmers can be conservation farmers and act as “Community Gene Bank”, effectively involve in CBR, and involve in public awareness C. Strengthening seed supply system - Nodal farmers can be involved in strengthening informal seed systems including seed production and distribution D. Training and development • Nodal farmers can be effectively involved as resource persons for farmer - to - farmer training and source of information on local crop diversity • They can be used in the development of training and extension materials on local cultivars and their associated knowledge And Finally The informal seed systems of crop diversity are based on barter economy. As the cash-based economy develops, such systems may decline. Hence, ways to strengthen the local informal system (such as CBR, diversity fair) through farmers networks and nodal farmers should be found out
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