Department of History and Political Science A baccalaureate degree in history or political science offers excellent preparation for careers in government and education, further study in graduate school or law school, and careers in the private sector of the economy. The baccalaureate degree in public history prepares students for careers in historic preservation as well as museum and archive management. Students interested in becoming teachers may also elect to work toward social studies secondary teaching licensure. In addition, the department offers minors in geography, history, philosophy, political science, strategic studies and pre-law. Students must complete 120 hours for graduation with a degree in history, political science or public history. For the curriculum in Social Studies for teacher licensure, see Curriculum in Secondary Education. Dr. Jeff Woods, Head Witherspoon Hall, Room 255 (479) 968-0265 jwoods@atu.edu Professors: Busch, DeBlack, Dykema, Jenkins, Mitchell, Moses, Roberts, Tarver, Woods Associate Professors: Gleason, Link, Rogers Assistant Professors: Housenick, McArthur, Neel, Pearson, Swain History The history degree requires thirty nine semester hours in courses in addition to the required General Education courses. In the General Education requirements, history majors are required to take the two-course sequence in World Civilization (HIST 1503, HIST 1513), and the two-course sequence in American history (HIST 2003, HIST 2013). The thirty nine semester hours required for the history degree include the introductory courses in political science and economics (POLS 2003, ECON 2003). Regional Geography of the World (GEOG 2013), three hours of a foreign language or speech, the introduction to anthropology or sociology (ANTH 2003 or SOC 1003), Historical Methods (HIST 2513), Arkansas History (HIST 4153), and Senior Seminar (HIST 4963). Fifteen additional semester hours must be 3000-4000 level history courses with at least six hours in U.S. History and six hours in World/European History. Curriculum in History ENGL 10131,T Degree Completion Plan Beginning in Fall Semester Sophomore Spring Fall 3 ENGL 10231,T 3 Fine Arts & Humanities1,T Science with Lab1,T 4 Science with Lab1,T 4 3 POLS 2003 3 1 T 3 Freshman Fall 1,T Mathematics TECH 1001 T HIST 1513 T HIST 1503 3 Total Hours Junior Fall 14 Total Hours Elective HIST Elective (3000-4000 level)3 HIST Elective (3000-4000 level)4 Elective2 Total Hours Spring HIST 2013T 3 ANTH 2003 or SOC 1003 3 HIST 2513 ECON 2003 3 GEOG 2013 3 HIST 2003 T 3 Foreign Lang or SPH Elective 3 HIST Elective (3000-4000 level) 16 Total Hours Senior Fall HIST Elective (3000-4000 3-4 level)3 HIST Elective (3000-4000 3 level)4 3 Elective2 8-9 Elective2 Spring Fine Arts & Humanities1,T 3 3 T Elective 3 9 3 15 Total Hours 15 Spring 3 HIST 4153 3 3 HIST 4963 3 9 Elective2 9 6 Freshman Spring 1,T ENGL 1013 Science with Lab1,T 1,T Mathematics 15 Total Hours 15 Total Hours Degree Completion Plan Beginning in Spring Semester Sophomore Fall Spring 3 ENGL 10231,T 3 Fine Arts & Humanities1,T 15 Total Hours 15 Fall 3 HIST 2013T 3 4 Science with Lab1,T 4 ANTH 2003 or SOC 1003 3 HIST 2513 3 3 POLS 2003 3 ECON 2003 3 ElectiveT 9 TECH 1001 1 T 3 HIST 1513T 3 T Elective 14 Total Hours HIST 1503 Total Hours Junior Spring HIST Elective (3000-4000 level)3 HIST Elective (3000-4000 level)4 Elective2 Total Hours 3 T 3 Foreign Lang or SPH Elective 3 HIST Elective (3000-4000 level) HIST 2003 16 Total Hours Senior Spring HIST Elective (3000-4000 3-4 level)3 HIST Elective (3000-4000 3 level)4 3 Elective2 Fall Fine Arts & Humanities1,T GEOG 2013 3 3 15 Total Hours 15 Fall 3 HIST 4153 3 3 HIST 4963 3 8-9 Elective2 9 Elective2 9 15 Total Hours 15 Total Hours 15 6 15 Total Hours 1 See appropriate alternatives or substitutions in "General Education Requirements" At least 40 of the total hours required for graduation must be 3000 - 4000 level courses. 3 HIST class must be in the sub-field of United States History. 4 HIST class must be in the sub-field of European or World History. T Designates a block of courses that would provide for a seamless transfer into this program if equivalent courses are taken at another college or university. 2 International Studies The International Studies program is interdisciplinary. The Degree Program in International Studies requires thirty-seven hours of General Education coursework, thirty-four hours of courses that comprise the Common Core, thirty-three hours in the area of concentration, and sufficient electives to complete one hundred and twenty hours with a minimum of forty hours of upper division courses. Students will select either Political Affairs or Cultural Affairs as the area of concentration. Students must follow the established course sequence and prerequisite requirements already defined in the catalog. International Studies majors must select a foreign language as part of the Common Core and complete sixteen hours in the language. Students with previous foreign language experience may petition the Department of English and World Languages for advanced placement and credit. Petitioners will be given written and/or oral examinations by a foreign language faculty member who will then recommend an appropriate foreign language placement level based on university policy. The department head and dean must approve the determined placement level. Students who have omitted one or more courses in the basic language sequence will receive credit for omitted courses when they have validated their advanced placement by passing the course into which they are placed with a grade of "C" or better. Curriculum in Cultural Affairs Concentration Freshman Fall Spring Suggested Sequence of Courses Sophomore Fall ENGL 10131,5,T 3 ENGL 10231,5,T 3 PHIL 2013T Science with Lab1,T 4 Science with Lab1,T Mathematics1,5,T 3 HIST 1513T 4 POLS 2403 or POLS 2413T FR 2014, GER 2014, JPN 3 2014 or SPAN 20142,3,T TECH 1001 FR 1024, GER 1024, JPN 1 1024 or 4 Electives4 SPAN 10242,3,T FR 1014, GER 1014, JPN 1014 or 4 SPAN 10142,3,T Total Hours 15 Total Hours Junior 14 Total Hours Senior Spring Fine Arts & 3 Humanities1,T 3 3 GEOG 2013 3 4 POLS 2003T 3 6 POLS 2403 or POLS 2413T FR 2024, GER 2024, JPN 2024 or SPAN 20242,3,T 16 Total Hours 3 4 16 Fall Spring Fall HIST 3703 or HIST 3803 3 HIST 4503 3 SOC 4073 POLS 3433 3 GEOG 3303 or GEOG 3413 or GEOG 3703 3 PHIL 3063/POLS 3063 FR 3003, GER 3003 or SPAN 30033 3 FR 3013, GER 3013 or SPAN 3013 3 Electives4 6 Electives4 Spring HIST 3603 or HIST 3 3323 3 ANTH 2003T FR 3113, GER 3113, SPAN MUS 4853 or ENGL 3 3123 or SPAN 3133 4283 6 Electives4 6 ENGL 2003T 4 Total Hours 15 Total Hours 15 Total Hours Electives 15 Total Hours 3 3 3 3 2 14 1 See appropriate alternatives or substitutions in "General Education Requirements". Students with previous study in a foreign language should refer to Foreign Language Advanced Placement and Credit under Credit by Examination. 3 Lab attendance is required for the beginning and intermediate foreign language courses. 4 At least 40 of the total hours required for graduation must be 3000-4000 level. 5 Students must complete course with a grade of C or better. T Designates a block of courses that would provide for a seamless transfer into this program if equivalent courses are taken at another college or university. 2 Curriculum in Political Affairs Concentration ENGL 1013 Suggested Sequence of Courses Sophomore Spring Fall 3 ENGL 10231,5,T 3 GEOG 2013T Science with Lab1,T 4 Science with Lab1,T 4 Mathematics1,5,T 3 EAM 1003 3 EAM 1013 TECH 1001 FR 1024, GER 1024, 1 JPN 1024 or SPAN 10242,3,T 4 HIST 1513T Freshman Fall 1,5,T FR 1014, GER 1014, JPN 1014 or SPAN 10142,3,T Total Hours Junior Fall 1,T 4 15 Total Hours Spring POLS 2403 or POLS 2413T Fine Arts & Humanities HIST 3703 or HIST 3803 HIST 3083 3 PHIL 3063/POLS 3063 3 HIST 3513 3 HIST 4483 3 HIST 4083 3 Electives4 POLS 3433 3 Total Hours Electives4 15 Total Hours 1 3 Electives4 FR 2014, GER 2014, JPN 4 2014 or SPAN 20142,3,T 14 Total Hours 16 Total Hours Senior Fall Spring 6 EAM 3243 POLS 3013 or POLS 3473 Spring 3 POLS 2003T POLS 2403 or POLS 3 2413T FR 2024, GER 2024, 3 JPN 2024 or SPAN 20242,3,T 3 3 4 6 16 3 ANTH 2003T 3 HIST 3323 8 HIST 3603 3 Electives4 6 14 Total Hours 15 3 3 3 15 Total Hours See appropriate alternatives or substitutions in "General Education Requirements". Students with previous study in a foreign language should refer to Foreign Language Advanced Placement and Credit under Credit by Examination. 3 Lab attendance is required for the beginning and intermediate foreign language courses. 4 At least 40 of the total hours required for graduation must be 3000-4000 level. 5 Students must complete course with a grade of C or better. T Designates a block of courses that would provide for a seamless transfer into this program if equivalent courses are taken at another college or university. 2 3 Political Science The political science degree requires thirty nine additional semester hours beyond the General Education requirements. ; In the General Education requirements, political science majors are required to take the two-course sequence in American history (HIST 2003,HIST 2013), World Civilization (HIST 1513), and an introductory course in sociology, psychology or economics (SOC 1003, PSY 2003, ECON 2003) ; The thirty nine semester hours required for the political science degree include the introductory course (POLS 2003), Western Political Thought (POLS 2253), Research Design (POLS 2513), either American Political Behavior (POLS 3123) or Congress (POLS 3133), and either Comparative Government (POLS 2403) or International Relations (POLS 2413). Majors also choose one course from each of the four political science blocks: Research Methods, Political Theory, International Relations, and American Politics; Nine semester hours of electives, six of which must be 3000-4000 level and Senior Seminar (POLS 4963) complete the major requirements. Curriculum in Political Science Freshman Fall Degree Completion Plan Beginning in Fall Semester Sophomore Spring Fall ENGL 10131,T 3 ENGL 10231,T 3 HIST 2013T 3 Fine Arts & Humanities1,T 3 Science with Lab1,T 4 Science with Lab1,T 4 Mathematics1,T 3 HIST 2003 3 POLS 2253 3 T HIST 1513 SOC 1003, PSY 2003, or ECON 2003 TECH 1001 Total Hours Junior Fall 3 POLS 2003 3 POLS 2513 3 3 Elective2 3 Elective2,T 3 1 16 Total Hours 16 Total Hours Senior Spring Fall International Relations American Politics 3 Block5 Block6 American Politics POLS Elective (30003 4000 level) Block6 Spring Fine Arts & Humanities1,T Research Methods Block3 POLS ElectiveT 2,T 16 Total Hours 15 Spring POLS 2403 or POLS 2413 3 Elective2 Total Hours 9 Elective2 6 Elective2 15 Total Hours 15 Total Hours 15 Total Hours Degree Completion Plan Beginning in Spring Semester Sophomore Fall Spring Fall Fine Arts & 3 ENGL 10231,T 3 HIST 2013T 3 Humanities1,T Research Methods 3 Science with Lab1,T 4 Science with Lab1,T 4 Block3 Fine Arts & Humanities1,T Mathematics1,T T HIST 1513 SOC 1003, PSY 2003, or ECON 2003 TECH 1001 Total Hours Junior Spring POLS 2403 or POLS 2413 3 5-6 3 ENGL 10131,T 3-4 Elective Political Theory Block4 Freshman Spring 3 3 POLS 4963 3 6 Elective2 9 9 3 3 POLS 2253T POLS 2513 3 Elective2,T 3 3 HIST 2003 3 3 POLS 2003 3 Elective1,T 1 16 Total Hours 3 3 Fall American Politics Block6 16 Total Hours Senior Spring American Politics 3 Block6 3 3 POLS ElectiveT 2,T 12 3 3-4 3 Elective 5-6 16 Total Hours 15 Fall 3 6 POLS 4963 3 9 Political Theory Block4 International Relations Block5 Elective2 Total Hours Elective2 POLS Elective (30004000 level) Elective2 15 Total Hours Elective2 15 Total Hours 9 9 6 15 Total Hours 12 1 See appropriate alternatives or substitutions in "General Education Requirements" 2 At least 40 of the total hours required for graduation must be 3000 - 4000 level courses. 3 The Research Methods choices include: POLS 3513; or grade of C or better in any FL 2024 course; or appropriate methodology course approved by Department Head. 4 The Political Theory choices include POLS 3063; or POLS 3253; or appropriate political theory or philosophy course approved by Department Head. 5 The International Relations choices include POLS 3013; or POLS 3433; or POLS 3473; or appropriate international relations or comparative government course approved by Department Head. 6 The American Politics choices include POLS 3023; or POLS 3033; or POLS 3053; or POLS 3083; or POLS 3093; or POLS 3123; or POLS 3133; or POLS 3143; or POLS 4043; or appropriate American politics course approved by Department Head. T Designates a block of courses that would provide for a seamless transfer into this program if equivalent courses are taken at another college or university. Public History The public history degree requires fifty six additional semester hours beyond the General Education requirements. In the General Education requirements, public history majors are required to take the two-course sequence in World Civilization (HIST 1503, HIST 1513), and the two-course sequence in American history (HIST 2003, HIST 2013). The fifty nine semester hours required for the public history degree include introductory courses in political science (POLS 2003), historical geography or economic geography (GEOG 3803 or GEOG 4203), cultural anthropology (ANTH 2003), an introduction to public history (HIST 2203), sources and methods in history (HIST 2513), local and oral history HIST 3223), grant writing (HIST 3281), archive and manuscript management (HIST 3243), historical editing (HIST 3283), Arkansas history (HIST 4153), Native American History (HIST 4143), historic preservation (HIST 4293), museum methods (HIST 4403), as well as a practicum and internship (HIST 3291,HIST 4973). Twelve additional semester hours must be 30004000 level history courses with at least six hours in U.S. History and six hours in World/European History. Curriculum in Public History Degree Completion Plan Beginning in Fall Semester Sophomore Spring Fall Spring Freshman Fall ENGL 10131,T 3 1,T Fine Arts & Humanities 1,T 3 ENGL 10231,T 3 Science with Lab 1,T 4 Science with Lab 2 Mathematics TECH 1001 3 1 ANTH 2003 POLS 2003 3 3 HIST 1503T 3 HIST 1513T 3 2 Elective Total Hours Junior Fall GEOG 3803 OR GEOG 4203 HIST 2003 Elective 3 Spring HIST 3283 HIST 3223 3 HIST 3291 1 HIST 3281 HIST 4143 HIST 4153 3 3 HIST 4403 3 3 HIST 4293 Total Hours Freshman 3 Fine Arts & Humanities1,T 3 4 HIST 2013T 3 8 HIST 2203 HIST 2513 3 3 Elective2 3 15 Total Hours 15 1 3 16 Total Hours Senior Fall 3 HIST 3243 HIST Electives4 1,T 16 Total Hours HIST Elective 3 HIST Elective 3 3 Spring HIST 4973 2 Electives 3 9 3 3 3 Electives 5 HIST Electives4 Elective 3 15 Total Hours 16 Total Hours 15 Total Hours Degree Completion Plan Beginning in Spring Semester Sophomore 3 12 Spring Fall ENGL 10131,T 3 1,T Fine Arts & Humanities 1,T Mathematics TECH 1001 T HIST 1503 2 Elective Total Hours Junior Spring GEOG 3803 or GEOG 4203 Spring ENGL 10231,T 3 1,T 3 Science with Lab 3 ANTH 2003 3 1 POLS 2003 3 3 T 3 HIST 1513 4 Fall HIST 2003 Science with Lab 2 Electives 3 1,T Fine Arts & Humanities1,T T 3 4 HIST 2013 3 8 HIST 2203 3 HIST 2513 3 2 Electives 3 16 Total Hours Senior Spring 3 HIST 3243 15 Total Hours 15 3 16 Total Hours 3 Fall HIST 3283 3 Fall HIST 4973 HIST 3223 3 HIST 3291 1 HIST 3281 1 Electives2 9 HIST 4143 3 HIST 4403 3 HIST 4293 3 HIST 4153 3 HIST Elective3 3 HIST Elective3 3 3 4 3 Electives 5 15 Total Hours 12 4 HIST Elective Total Hours HIST Elective Elective 15 Total Hours 3 16 Total Hours 3 1 See appropriate alternatives or substitutions in "General Education Requirements" At least 40 of the total hours required for graduation must be 3000-4000 level courses. 3 HIST class must be in the sub-field of United States History. 4 HIST class must be in the sub-field of European or World History. T Designates a block of courses that would provide for a seamless transfer into this program if equivalent courses are taken at another college or university. 2 Minor Geography The minor in geography is designed to allow students who have successfully completed eighteen or more hours in Geography the opportunity to have his/her transcript noted with a statement certifying such accomplishment. Students must have a minimum 2.00 grade point in their Geography courses to be eligible for a Geography minor. Students wishing to obtain a minor in geography must complete: GEOG 2013 Regional Geography of the World GEOG 2023 Human Geography GEOG Electives (12 hours with no more than 3 hours in GEOG 4993, Special Problems in Geography) Minor History The minor in history is designed for those students majoring in other disciplines who wish to increase the breadth and depth of their knowledge of the human past. This minor is particularly well suited for students who are interested in criminal justice, international studies, and foreign languages. The discipline of history satisfies our shared desire to know more about ourselves, and students can tailor the curriculum of the minor to meet their specific interests. Students must have a minimum of 2.00 grade point in History courses to be eligible for a History minor. The minor in history requires 18 hours of courses: HIST 1503 World Civilization I or HIST 1513 World Civilization II HIST 2003 U. S. History I or HIST 2013 U. S. History II HIST Electives (12 hours of 3000 - 4000 level) Minor Military Science The minor in military science is awarded to students who complete the Reserve Officer's Training Corps (ROTC) Program at Arkansas Tech University. The objective of the program is to provide a basic military education and, in conjunction with the goals of the University, to develop individual attributes essential to an Army officer. Instruction covers military fundamentals common to all branches of the military service. Students must have a minimum of a 2.00 grade point average in the required 21 hours to be eligible for a Military Science minor. Students wishing to obtain a minor in Military Science must complete: MS 1101 Leadership I MS 1111 Leadership II MS 2312 Military Organization/Tactics I MS 2402 Military Organization/Tactics II MS 3503 Advanced Leadership and Tactics I MS 3603 Advanced Leadership and Tactics II MS 4703 Applied Leadership and Management I MS 4803 Applied Leadership and Management II and MS 4013 United States Military History or HIST 4013 United States Military History Minor Philosophy The minor in philosophy is designed for those students who wish to broaden their study of the nature of knowledge. This minor is particularly well suited for students who wish to prepare for graduate work or law school. In addition to the academic benefits, the study of philosophy can make an important contribution to the well-lived life. Students can tailor the curriculum of the minor to meet their specific interests. Students must have a minimum 2.00 grade point in their Philosophy courses to be eligible for a Philosophy minor. The minor in philosophy requires 18 hours of courses: PHIL 3103 Logic and 6 hours selected from the following: PHIL 2013 Religions of the World PHIL 3023 Ethics PHIL 3033 Esthetics PHIL 3053 Philosophy of Religion PHIL 3063 Modern Political Thought PHIL 3253 Classical Political Thought PHIL 4103 Advanced Logic and 6 hours selected from the following: PHIL 3003 Ancient Philosophy PHIL 3013 Modern Philosophy PHIL 3113 Contemporary Philosophy PHIL 3203 Medieval Philosophy PHIL 4093 American Philosophy and 3 hours in any additional Philosophy courses Minor Political Science The minor in political science is designed for anyone interested in politics, law, and government and is particularly well suited for students who are interested in criminal justice, international studies, journalism, business, and emergency management. Students can tailor the curriculum of the minor along either a national or international focus. Students must have a minimum 2.00 grade point in their Political Science courses to be eligible for a Political Science minor. The minor in political science requires 18 hours of courses: POLS 2253 Survey of Western Political Thought POLS 2413 International Relations or POLS 2403 Comparative Government POLS 2513 Research Design POLS 3123 American Political Behavior or POLS 3133 United States Congress or POLS 3143 The United States Presidency 6 hours in any 3000 or 4000 level Political Science courses Minor Pre-Law The Pre-Law minor program's objective is to prepare students for entrance to and advanced study at law school or alternative careers in the legal profession (e.g. legal aide, court reporter, paralegal, etc.) upon graduation through the development of writing, analytic, logical reasoning, and research skills key to the study and practice of law. The minor in pre-law requires 21 hours of courses: ENGL 2053Technical Writing PHIL 3103 Logic POLS 3023/CJ 3023 Judicial Process or POLS 3043 Judicial Politics POLS 4043 American Constitutional Law SPH 2003 Public Speaking and 3 hours selected from the following: HIST 3023 American Revolution and Founding Era HIST 4183 American Legal History and 3 hours selected from the following: BLAW 2033 Legal Environments of Business CJ 4023 Law and the Legal System MGMT 3123 Business Ethics PHIL 3023 Ethics Minor Religious Studies The minor in religious studies is designed to provide students with the opportunity to learn about religion in cross-cultural and historical perspectives. The required courses are designed to provide a comparative perspective on world religions and to develop an appreciation of both the origins and contemporary expressions of different religions. This minor is particularly well suited for students in the humanities and social sciences as well as students in other disciplines who want to deepen their understanding of the role of religion in contemporary life. Students must have a minimum of 2.00 grade point in the required 18 hours to be eligible for a Religious Studies minor: ANTH 2003 Cultural Anthropology HIST 1503 World Civilization I HIST 4503 History of Christianity PHIL 2013 Religions of the World PHIL 3053 Philosophy of Religion SOC 4073 Sociology of Religion Minor Strategic Studies The minor in strategic studies is designed for those students who wish to increase the breadth and depth of their knowledge of the principles that have played a major role in shaping our understanding of foreign and security policy. This minor is particularly well suited for students who are interested in international studies, emergency management, political science, diplomatic history, military science, and international law. Students wishing to obtain a minor in Strategic Studies must complete: POLS 2153: Introduction to Strategic Studies POLS 2413: International Relations POLS 3013: Recent American Foreign and Military Policy POLS 3473: National Security Policy and any two of the following courses: EAM 3013: Public Policy Issues in Emergency Management EAM 3243: Introduction to Terrorism ECON 4093: International Economics and Finance GEOG 4803: Seminar in Global Studies HIST 4013: American Military History HIST 4023: Vietnam War HIST 4083: American Diplomatic History, 1912 to the Present HIST 4813: World War II Students must have a minimum 2.00 grade point in the required 18 hours to be eligible for a Strategic Studies minor. Pre-Law Pre-Professional Program Accredited law schools have not, in general, adopted specific requirements for prePre-Law Advisors law courses. However, in most cases, courses of value to those planning the study Witherspoon Room 255 of law include: history, economics, political science, philosophy, psychology, sociology, English composition, and literature, as well as courses in the natural sciences, mathematics, and accounting. A broad cultural background is of prime importance. Rather than attempt to prescribe the specific contents of courses to be taken by pre-law students, Arkansas Tech University considers the individual intellectual interests of students of prime importance, encouraging development of the ability to read and comprehend accurately, rapidly, and thoroughly; to think logically; to analyze and weigh situations and materials; to speak and write clearly; and to develop a critical approach and mature study habits. The pre-professional curriculum is not a major in itself. Pre-law students must declare a major for graduation selected from any degree currently offered at Arkansas Tech University. Among general electives in the chosen major, or in excess of the 120 hours required for graduation, pre-law majors are urged to take the courses listed below to prepare them for the LSAT and law school. Many pre-law students choose to major in History and Political Science, and pre-law advisors are located in that department. Students should consult these listed pre-law advisors regardless of their chosen major, as these advisors specifically help students design a good pre-law curriculum. A pre-law library has been set up in Witherspoon 242 for student use. Suggested Curriculum in Pre-Law BLAW 2033 Legal Environment of Business CJ 2043/SOC 2043 Crime and Delinquency CJ 4023 Law and the Legal System CJ 4053 Criminal Law and the Constitution ENGL 3043 Advanced Composition JOUR 4123 Laws of Communication PHIL 3023 Ethics PHIL 3063/POLS 3063 Modern Political Thought PHIL 3103 Logic POLS 2003 American Government POLS 3023/CJ 3023 Judicial Process POLS 4043 American Constitutional Law PSY 2003 General Psychology SPH 2003 Public Speaking SPH 2111-SPH 2121 Debate Practicum SPH 4153 Persuasive Theory and Audience Analysis