Water Sensitive Cities:
Cities
a road map for cities’ adaptation to climate and
population pressures on urban water
Tony Wong
urbanisation
b i ti
Emerging Challenges in Urban Environments
climate
li t change
h
An era of complexity
Tailoring solutions to respond to the complex challenges of the contemporary world.
Climatic Extremes and Denser Urban Environments
“how do we enhance and sustain
the world’s built, natural and social environments…”
A Socio-Technical Approach
– Trans-disciplinary & across Faculties
A Vision for Water Sensitive Cities
Cities as a Water Supply Catchment
Melbourne Future Water Demands
DSE (2008) Augmentation of the
Melbourne Water Supply System:
Analysis of Potential System Behaviour
Stage 1 restriction
from 2036
DSE (2008) Augmentation of the
Melbourne Water Supply System:
Analysis of Potential System
Behaviour
Cities as a Water Supply Catchment
Melbourne Future System storage levels
An additional 60GL required to 2055
Can we find alternative water sources within next 27
years to meet growing water demands to delay
construction of 2nd desalination plant?
60GL
2036
Cities as Water Supply Catchments
Supplementing Desalinated Water
S
Stormwater
Harvesting
Brownfield, 36%
• Brownfield ~ 35% reduction (minimum)
• Greenfield ~ 22% reduction (minimum)
Dispersed, 20%
Reduction in 2036 Water Demand
• Brownfield – 19 GL reduction
• Greenfield – 15 GL reduction
Greenfield, 44%
Source: Department of Planning and
Community Development (2005), Regional
Housing Statements
• Gain of 34GL byy 2036
Stormwater Harvesting in Future Developments only
Can we
• gain a further 20GL (~6%) from
the 350GL of stormwater runoff in
current built up areas by 2047 ?
•
Recycle wastewater and/or
implement decentralised
greywater/blackwater reuse ?
2036
Cities as Water Supply Catchments
Supplementing Desalinated Water
2047
DSE (2008) Augmentation of the
Melbourne Water Supply System:
Analysis of Potential System
Behaviour
‰ There is a window of at least 27 years to secure alternative water
sources to supplement Melbourne’s water supply in a long-term
sustainable solution to ensure Melbourne’s resilience into the future.
‰ Strengthening current planning policies for stormwater harvesting and
recycled wastewater covering all new greenfield and brownfield
developments can defer augmentation of the desalination plant by at
least 11 years (~ $1.7B savings).
A window of opportunity
Our knowledge of the traditional ‘values’
values of open spaces and landscape
features needs to be bolstered with an understanding of the ‘ecological
functioning’ of the urban landscapes that capture the essences of
sustainable water management
management, micro-climate influences
influences, facilitation of
carbon sinks and use for food production.
Ecological Landscapes
‰ water quality improvement
‰ management of stormwater as a resource
‰ flood mitigation
‰ buffering aquatic ecosystems from the effects of catchment urbanisation and
climate change
‰ influencing urban micro-climates
Cities providing Ecosystem Services
Ecological functioning
Alexander and Arblaster, IJoC (accepted)
Time Series of Extremes for the Australian Region
1870-2099
Melbourne, Saturday 7th Feb 2009
Melbourne’s all-time weather record has been broken and the city is sweltering under the twin effects of
high temperatures and hot north-west winds.
The city hit 46.4
46 4 degrees at 3.04pm
3 04pm - the hottest day since the Bureau of Meteorology started keeping
records 150 years ago.
The previous record was 45.6, set on January 13, 1939 - a day otherwise known as Black Friday …
– City swelters,
swelters records tumble in heat (2009-Feb-07)
(2009 Feb 07) [The Age]
January 2009 heat wave bodies to State Morgue
60
Bodies
Maximum Temperature
50
o
Temperature ( C) & Bodies
50
45.1
44.3
43.4
40
37
30.5
28
30
20
19
10
0
28/1
29/1
28-31 January, 2009
The Melbourne Heatwave
30/1
31/1
Source: Ishida 1993 (AIJ)
Centre for Water Sensitive Cities
‰ To consolidates all of Monash University’s research and
development efforts in advancing water sensitive cities to built
resilient to current and future challenges
‰ Think City – Plan Neighbourhoods & Precincts
‰
Liveable & affordable urban renewal/greenfield developments
‰
Resilience to floods – retreat/defence/control – an adaptive approach
‰
Resilience to droughts – diversity of water sources & enabling infrastructure
‰
Nexus between Water & Energy
‰
Delivering Ecological Landscapes – flood management, water harvesting, flora
and fauna bio-diversity, productive landscapes, carbon sink, micro-climate etc.
‰ B
Building
ildi sustainable/’self-sufficient’
t i bl /’ lf ffi i t’ communities
iti th
thatt are
‘connected’
A Water Sensitive
Future
‰ Building Flexibility & Adaptability in its water sources
“Cities as Water Supply Catchments”
‰ Green Infrastructure
“Cities providing Ecosystem Services”
‰ Building
B ildi social
i l and
d institutional
i tit ti
l capital
it l
“A Sophisticated City attuned to a Ecologically Sustainable Lifestyle”
Water Sensitive Cities
– Key Guiding Principles
Curreent
Co
ompleted
d
RESEARCH TO DELIVER THE SCIENCE‐
RESEARCH TO DELIVER THE SCIENCE‐POLICY POLICY INNOVATION INNOVATION PATHWAY
PATHWAY
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
2005‐09 NUWGP, ARTS
2009‐12 Urban Water Governance, ARTS
APPLIED RESEARCH
INDUSTRY OUTREACH 2008‐09 ARTS‐IWC
ARTS
IWC
WSC Sem.
2005‐09 FAWB, ENG
2004 09
2004‐09 ISWR, ENG 2007‐012 Socio‐Technical Modelling
EU FR7, ENG & ARTS
2008‐11 Biofilter
Commercialisation, ENG
2010‐15 Cities as Water Supply Catchments
Citi
W t S
l C t h
t
ENG, ARTS, SCI, Bus & Eco
2010‐12 Biofilter Demo in Israel
2010‐12 2010
12
Clearwater Water Sensitive Cities Capacity Building Partnership
Building Flexibility &
Adaptability in its
water sources
“Cities as Water
Supply Catchments”
Green Infrastructure
“Cities providing
Ecosystem Services”
Building social and
institutional capital
“A Sophisticated City
attuned to a
Ecologically
Sustainable Lifestyle”
Urban Stormwater
P1 – Sustainable Technologies
P2 – Climate Change
Implications
P3 – Green Cities and
Micro-Climate
P6 – Society and
Institutions
P5 – Risks and Health
P4 – Stream Ecology
P7 – Economic Valuations
P8 – Integration and Demonstration through Urban Design
Cities as Water Supply Catchments
P1: Sustainable Technology
Professor
P f
Ana
A D
Deletic
l ti (Monash
(M
h University)
U i
it )
P2: Climate Change Implications
P f Christian
Prof.
Ch i ti Jacob
J
b (Monash
(M
h University)
U i
it )
We will:‰ develop a procedure for dynamic downscaling of global
and regional climatic forecast
‰ develop a sound methodology for the assessment of
uncertainties in urban rainfall and evaporation in the
context of a highly variable future climate
Sources of uncertainties
Global
Climate
model
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Regional Predicted
Rainfall/Runoff
Climate Rainfall & PET
Models
Models
Time
Pollution
Generation
Models
Treatment
Models
Predicted
distribution
of efficiency
Sources of uncertainties: input data, model structure, model parameters, etc
P5: Risks and Health
D Ch
Dr
Christoph
i t h Ort
O t (Univ.
(Univ
(U i . off Q
Queensland)
l d)
‰ We will resolve outstanding
g issues related to safe
harvesting of general urban stormwater for both potable
and non-potable uses on three urban scales:
™ (1) allotment (2) street and (3) precinct.
P3: Green Cities and Micro
Micro--Climate
P f Nigel
Prof.
Ni l Tapper
T
&A
Assoc. P
Prof.
f Jason
J
B
Berringer
i
(M
(Monash
h
University)
‰ We will identify the local climatic advantages of
households, streetscapes, and precinct-scale ecological
l d
landscapes
& urban
b water
t managementt by
b comparison
i
to
t
standard/existing approaches to urban design.
P4: Stream Ecology
Assoc. Prof. Tim Fletcher (Monash University)
Assoc.. Prof. Chris Walsh (Univ. of Melbourne)
Assoc
We will
‰ determine the impact of stormwater
harvesting on the hydrology and water
quality in waterways
waterways, and assess the
subsequent ecological response
‰ establish
t bli h th
the appropriate
i t “operating
“
ti
rules” for stormwater harvesting will
be developed.
P6: Society and Institutions
Assoc. Prof. Rebekah Brown (Monash University)
‰ We will develop template of new governance and policy
mechanisms to expedite a water sensitive city and the
servicing
g models for p
practical application
pp
of decentralised
urban water servicing.
P7: Economic Valuation
A
Assoc.
P
Proff Vi
Vivek
k Ch
Chaudhri
dh i (Monash
(M
h University)
U i
it )
We will develop a framework
for economic valuation of
decentralised urban water
solutions as multi-purpose
solutions,
urban assets for current and
future economic contexts of
Australian cities.
P8: Demonstration & Integration
through Urban Design
Ross Allen & Leanne Hodyl (AECOM)
We will demonstrate applications of a elements of a
Water Sensitive City at three scales, and solve
problems
bl
off their
th i integration
i t
ti iinto
t th
the urban
b fform.
allotment
streetscape
Precinct