Joan G. Lynam
Chemical & Materials Engineering Dept, Univ. of Nevada, Reno
Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department
Seminar October 30, 2015
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
1
Biomass Carbon Cycle
CO2 once stored in the
biomass is returned to
the atmosphere.
Biomass absorbs CO2
through photosynthesis.
CO2
CO2
Cellulosic ethanol
C
C
The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA):
 Set goals to reduce fossil fuels and greenhouse gas (GHG) by increasing
cellulosic ethanol use from 250 million gallons in 2011 to 16 billion by 2022
No cellulosic ethanol was produced in 2011 and 0.2 million gallons was
produced in the first quarter of 2015
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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 Lignocellulosic Biomass
 Not
 Ionic Liquids
 Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
 Rice hull pretreatment
 Loblolly pine pretreatment
 Characterization
 Recycling Diluted Ionic Liquid
 Conclusions/Future Work
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Biorefinery
Pretreatment
Ionic
Liquid
Solvent
Separation
Ethanol
Butanol
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Lignin
Recycle
Fuel
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Chemicals
4
Biorefinery
Pretreatment
Ionic
Liquid
Solvent
Separation
Ethanol
Butanol
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Lignin
Recycle
Fuel
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Chemicals
5
p-hydroxyphenyl (H)
guaiacyl (G), and
syringyl (S)
Lignin shields
cellulose from
use.
Hemicelluloses
are easiest to
remove.
Mannose and Xylose, hemicellulosic monomers of
galactoglucomannan and arabinoglucuronoxylan
https://www.detip.upc.edu/recerca/fotos-projectes/projecte1
Cellulose, Hemicellulose
Lignin
Outcome
Biofuels, Polymers
Pretreatment
Platform Chemicals
Separation
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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❶Molten salts – melting point < 100 ̊C
Ionic
Liquid
Solvent
❷Large cation – ionic structure poorly coordinated
❸Extremely low vapor pressure (unlike VOCs) “green”
❹Can be recycled
❺Can dissolve lignin in lignocellulosic biomass!
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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_
Cl can produce HCl gas if IL is decomposed
S containing anions can produce SO2 gas if IL is
decomposed
F containing anions can produce HF if IL is
decomposed
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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_
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
_
12
+
-
Or
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These have high Kamlet-Taft ẞ values
ẞ => ability to be hydrogen bond acceptor
+
+
Kamlet-Taft ẞ values greater than 0.8
can dissolve cellulose
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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+
-
But they are costly!
Or
$$$$
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H2O
Biomass
precipitates out
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$$$$
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Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel
production and is about 18¢/kg
(8¢/lb).
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Biomass Pretreatment Procedure
Biomass Ionic Liquid
Hulls
+ Glycerol
110 ̊C or
140 ̊C
3 hours
Orbital
Shaker
200 RPM
HPLC
Glucose
Xylose
Pretreated Biomass
Antisolvent
Analysis of sugars
Biomacromolecules
Cellulase, Hemicellulase
Recycle Precipitate
Cellobiase, Na citrate buffer(4.8 pH)
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Biomass Pretreatment Procedure
Biomass Ionic Liquid
Hulls
+ Glycerol
110 ̊C or
140 ̊C
3 hours
Pretreated biomass rinsed, filtered and
dried. to determine which have
been liberated by the process from
the biomass.
Water
Orbital
HPLC
Shaker
Glucose
200 RPM
Xylose
Antisolvent
Analysis of sugars
Biomacromolecules
Cellulase, Hemicellulase
Recycle Precipitate
Cellobiase, Na citrate buffer(4.8 pH)
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Biomass Pretreatment Procedure
Biomass Ionic Liquid
Hulls
+ Glycerol
110 ̊C or
140 ̊C
3 hours
Biomass is enzymatically hydrolyzed
and HPLC used to determine glucose and
hemicellulosic sugars liberated from
the biomass.
Water
Orbital
HPLC
Shaker
Glucose
200 RPM
Xylose
Antisolvent
Analysis of sugars
Biomacromolecules
Cellulase, Hemicellulase
Recycle Precipitate
Cellobiase, Na citrate buffer(4.8 pH)
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Biomass Pretreatment Procedure
Biomass Ionic Liquid
Hulls
+ Glycerol
110 ̊C or
140 ̊C
3 hours
Glucose and xylose yields as a % of initial
cellulose & hemicellulose sugar content
used to determine pretreatment
efficiency.
Water
Orbital
HPLC
Shaker
Glucose
200 RPM
Xylose
Antisolvent
Analysis of sugars
Biomacromolecules
Cellulase, Hemicellulase
Recycle Precipitate
Cellobiase, Na citrate buffer(4.8 pH)
(Ran experiments in triplicate)
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Yield Glucose = Glucose produced after enzymatic hydrolysis x 100%
Glucose existing in cellulose in raw biomass
The yields of glucose and hemicellulosic sugars were used to
determine biomass pretreatment efficacy.
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis
25
Must be generated to produce food
Already removed from field to processing centers
Rice hulls
1200
800
400
Ash(~21%)
0
Faostat 2013
Rice hulls are ~20% of the seed
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Glucose
yield as a
percentage
of cellulose
in original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Control
is raw
rice hulls
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ẞ => ability to be hydrogen bond acceptor
Control
is raw
rice hulls
Also, EMIM Form has a higher lattice potential energy, so it is more
tightly bonded to itself.
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If 25% glycerol
added
Control
is raw
rice hulls
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Xylose yield
as a
percentage
of hemicellulose in
original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Control
is raw
rice hulls
30
If 25% glycerol
added
Control
is raw
rice hulls
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If 50% glycerol
added
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Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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50% or 75%
glycerol
added
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Loblolly Pine
Second most common species of
tree in the US
Rapid growth
Commercially Important for pulp
and paper industry
High in guaiacyl lignin
30%
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
recalcitrant
Changed to 140 °C
Pretreatment
(Lignin’s Tg )
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Klason
Lignin
HPLC
FTIR
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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EMIM Ac results
Glucose
yield as a
percentage
of cellulose
in original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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12 x yield
compared to
raw pine
Glucose
yield as a
percentage
of cellulose
in original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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15 x yield for
raw pine
Mannose/
xylose yield as
a percentage
of
hemicellulose
in original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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yield for
1315x xyield
raw pine to
compared
raw pine
Mannose/
xylose yield as
a percentage
of
hemicellulose
in original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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EMIM Form results
Glucose
yield as a
percentage
of cellulose
in original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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18 x yield
compared to
raw pine
Glucose
yield as a
percentage
of cellulose
in original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Mannose/
xylose yield as
a percentage
of
hemicellulose
in original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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15 x yield
compared to
raw pine
Mannose/
xylose yield as
a percentage
of
hemicellulose
in original
biomass
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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FTIR-ATR
shows:
❶ Pretreated pine has less lignin.
❷ Pretreated pine has more
amorphous or type II cellulose.
❸ Material precipitated out of IL
by ethanol is lignin rich.
❹ Enzymatically
hydrolyzed pine
has more lignin
and less cellulose
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Lignin
Cellulose
Lignin
Cellulose
Enzymatically
Hydrolyzed Pine
Lignin
47
35
Raw pine
30
25
% Klason 20
lignin in
pretreated 15
sample
EMIM form
EMIM Ac
10
5
0
0%
25%
50%
75%
%IL in IL-glycerol mixture
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Raw loblolly pine
Pine after pretreatment in
50% EMIM Form had
pulpy
“cotton – like” texture
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Raw Loblolly
50%
EMIM
Form
Glycerol
Pretreated
75%
EMIM
Form
EMIM Form: Lignin removed between
wood cell walls (middle lamella)
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Why does EMIM Form with glycerol pretreatment
work better than EMIM Ac with glycerol?
Why does EMIM Form’s performance improve
with glycerol dilution?
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Why does EMIM Form with glycerol pretreatment
work better than EMIM Acet with glycerol?
Why does EMIM Form’s performance improve with
glycerol dilution?
To figure it out I investigated
pH, viscosity, and density.
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Higher pH solutions generally better at dissolving
lignin
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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0
25
90 100 110 120 130 140
Temperature (° C)
[C2mim][OAc] (EMIM Ac) mole fractions: (♦) 0 (all glycerol),
(■) 0.153 (25% IL), (▲) 0.351 (50% IL), (●) 0.619 (75% IL),
(○) 1.0 (all EMIM Ac) .
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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0
25
90 100 110 120 130 140
Temperature (° C)
[C2mim][O2CH] (EMIM Form) mole fractions: (♦) 0 (all glycerol),
(■) 0.164 (25% IL), (▲) 0.371 (50% IL), (●) 0.638 (75% IL),
(○) 1.0 (all EMIM Form) .
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Is higher viscosity
requiring greater
energy for mixing
causing particle
shearing or
fragmentation?
0
25
90 100 110 120 130 140
Temperature (° C)
[C2mim][O2CH] (EMIM Form) mole fractions: (♦) 0 (all glycerol),
(■) 0.164 (25% IL), (▲) 0.371 (50% IL), (●) 0.638 (75% IL),
(○) 1.0 (all EMIM Form) .
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Less dense means
greater volume
per mole
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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EMIM Ac – small VmE
EMIM Ac mole fractionEMIM
EMIM Form – large,
positive
VmE
Particularly at 140° C
EMIM Form mole fraction
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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 Dissociation of positive and negative ions
VmE
Disruption of hydrogen bonding network in molecular solvent
VmE
Anions may hydrogen bond with the molecular solvent
VmE
Molecules from molecular solvent may fit in the interstices of IL
VmE
EMIM Ac has smaller VmE and less positive VmE :
effects &
effects may counteract each other
EMIM Form has larger VmE and positive VmE :
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
effects outweigh
effects
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Tighter structure
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EMIM Form
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Loose structure
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Biorefinery
Pretreatment
Ionic
Liquid
Solvent
Separation
Ethanol
Butanol
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Lignin
Recycle
Fuel
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Chemicals
64
Biorefinery
Pretreatment
Ionic
Liquid
Solvent
Separation
Ethanol
Butanol
Enzymatic
Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Lignin
Recycle
Fuel
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Chemicals
65
Recycling Diluted Ionic Liquids
Water
Biomass has to be rinsed after ionic
liquid pretreatment
Water is an anti-solvent excluding biomass
and diluting ionic liquid
H2O
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Recycling Diluted Ionic Liquids
Water
Biomass has to be rinsed after ionic
liquid pretreatment
Water is an anti-solvent excluding biomass
and diluting ionic liquid
H2O
Ionic liquids
are expensive
and need to
be recycled
$$$$
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Standard Distillation –Energy Intensive: High Temperature or
Low Pressure
Boiling point elevation
with ions from ionic
liquid
Pervaporation – Vacuum Use
Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) - Ambient
Pressure
http://library.thinkquest.org/C006669/data/Chem/colligative.html
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD)
Uses lower temperatures (30 – 90 °C) so waste heat can be
used
Uses vapor pressure difference of the solution at different
temperatures
Ambient pressure
Hydrophobic membrane – Ionic Liquid will not wet it.
Water gas molecules will pass through hydrophobic
membrane, but ionic liquid (salt) does not vaporize.
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015





5% Ionic Liquid Feed at either 40 °C or 50 °C
Water Distillate at 20 °C
∆T = 20 °C or 30 °C
Flat-sheet Membrane with 78 cm2 of surface area
Cross Flow Velocity of 0.12 m/s
Run at least 45 minutes
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Ran until
Feed was
used up
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Ran until
Feed was
used up
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
60
50
40
% IL
Ran until
Feed was
used up
30
20
10
0
Time
Able to concentrate ILs from 5 % to 50%
Further concentration possible
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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 IL – Glycerol mixtures can be used to pretreat
recalcitrant biomass for hydrolysis to glucose
and hemicellulosic sugars
 Higher temperatures and more equal IL:
Glycerol ratios may increase excess molar
volume in the mixtures
 Higher molar volumes may increase lignin
removal, enhancing sugar yields
 Diluted ionic liquids can be concentrated using
direct contact membrane distillation
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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 Optimize temperature, dissolutions times,
and particle diameters
 Pretreat corn stover or other easier-todeconstruct biomass with IL - glycerol
mixtures
 Investigate direct contact membrane
distillation for IL-glycerol mixtures
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
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This material is based upon work supported
by the National Institute of Food and
Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
under Agreement No. 2013-67011-21011
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or
recommendations expressed in this
publication are those of the author(s) and do
not necessarily reflect the view of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture.
79
This material is based upon work supported
by the National Institute of Food and
Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
under Agreement No. 2013-67011-21011
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
Questions?
80
Seminar Boise State Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department October 30, 2015
81
Questions?
Joan G Lynam Publications (all in peer-reviewed journals):
1. Joan G Lynam and Charles J Coronella, Glycerol as an ionic liquid co-solvent for pretreatment of rice hulls to
enhance glucose and xylose yield, Bioresource Technology 2014. Volume 166: 471-478.
2. Joan G. Lynam, M. Toufiq Reza, Wei Yan, Charles J. Coronella*, Victor R. Vásquez, Hydrothermal
carbonization of various lignocellulosic biomass. Biomass Conversion Biorefinery 2014
3. Lisha Yang, Ji Su, Sarah Carl, Joan G. Lynam, Xiaokun Yang, Hongfei Lin, Catalytic conversion of
hemicellulosic biomass to lactic acid in pH neutral aqueous phase media, Applied Catalysis B Environmental
2015. Volume 162: 149-157.
4. M. Toufiq Reza*, Janet Andert, Benjamin Wirth, Daniela Busch, Judith Pielert, Joan G. Lynam, Jan Mumme
2014. Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass for Energy and Crop Production. Applied Bioenergy 2014.
Volume 1: 11-29.
5. M. Toufiq Reza, Joan G. Lynam, M. Helal Uddin, and Charles J. Coronella, Engineered Pellets from Dry
Torrefied and HTC Biochar Blends, Biomass and Bioenergy 2014. Volume: 63: 229-238.
6. M. Toufiq Reza, Wei Yan, M. Helal Uddin, Joan G. Lynam, S. Kent Hoekman, Charles J. Coronella*, and Victor
R. Vásquez, Reaction Kinetics of Hydrothermal Carbonization of Loblolly Pine. Bioresour. Tech. 2013. Volume
139: 161-169.
7. M. Toufiq Reza, Joan G. Lynam, M. Helal Uddin, and Charles J. Coronella, Hydrothermal carbonization: Fate
of Inorganics, Biomass and Bioenergy 2013. Volume 49: 86-94.
8. M. Helal Uddin, M. Toufiq Reza, Joan G. Lynam, and Charles J. Coronella, Effects of water recycling in
hydrothermal carbonization of loblolly pine. Envir. Prog and Sust. Energy 2013. Volume 33: 1309-1315.
9. Joan G. Lynam, M. Toufiq Reza, Victor R. Vasquez, Charles J. Coronella*,. Pretreatment of rice hulls by ionic
liquid dissolution. Bioresource Technology 2012. Volume 114: 629-636.
10. Joan G. Lynam, Charles J. Coronella*,, Mohammad T. Reza, and Victor R. Vasquez, Effect of Salt Addition on
Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignocellulosic Biomass. Fuel 2012. Volume 99: 271-273.
11. M. Toufiq Reza, Joan G. Lynam, Victor R. Vasquez and Charles J. Coronella*, 2012. Pelletization of biochar
from hydrothermally carbonized wood. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 2012. Volume 31:
12. Joan G. Lynam, M. Toufiq Reza, Victor R. Vasquez, Charles J. Coronella*, 2012. Effects of acetic acid and LiCl
on lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Tech. 2012. Volume 114: 629-636.
13. Prepared for submission to Biotechnology for Biofuels: Joan G Lynam and Charles J Coronella, Loblolly pine
pretreatment by ionic liquid-glycerol mixtures, May 2015.
Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
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Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
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Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
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Kamlet Taft beta The solvatochromic probe
molecules 4-nitroanisole (1), 4-nitrophenol
(2), and 2,6-diphenyl-4-[2,4,6triphenylpyridinio]phenolate inner salt
(Reichardt’s Dye) (3) in uv-visible light.
Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
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Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
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Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
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SI Figure 1 FTIR-ATR spectra for (top
to bottom) washed raw loblolly pine,
pine pretreated in 100% glycerol, pine
pretreated in 25% EMIM Form-75%
glycerol mixture, pine pretreated in
50% EMIM Form-50% glycerol
mixture, and pine pretreated in 75%
EMIM Form-25% glycerol mixture.
Three spectra of a given condition
were averaged for each line, and
spectra were normalized using the
2300 cm-1 plateau baseline and the
1030 cm-1 peak, since it has lignin,
cellulose, and hemicellulose
components (Colom X, Carrillo F,
Nogues F and Garriga P (2003)
Structural analysis of photodegraded
wood by means of FTIR spectroscopy.
Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 80:543-549).
Wavenumber 1160 corresponds to peak for cellulose type I and type II noticeably increases with higher
IL % pretreatment (reduced lignin means higher cellulose concentration).
Wavenumber 1262
corresponds to lignin guaiacyl methoxyl group. Peak decreases with higher IL % pretreatment.
Wavenumber 1457 corresponds to lignin and xylan. Peak decreases with higher IL % pretreatment.
Wavenumber 1510 corresponds to lignin. Peak decreases with higher IL % pretreatment. Wavenumber
896 corresponds to amorphous cellulose. Peak increases with higher IL % pretreatment.
Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
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http://www.intechopen.com/books/sustainable-degradation-o
lignocellulosic-biomass-techniques-applications-andcommercialization/hydrolysis-of-biomass-mediated-by-cellula
for-the-production-of-sugars
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/116102016/20
Swelling of cellulose fibres in Alkali solutions
http://www.celignis.com/chemistry.php
Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
It must be clear that mercerization involves disruption of
crystalline part of cellulose. For this to happen, alkali
solutions of sufficiently high concentrations which can
form alkali hydrates of such sizes which can enter the
crystalline phase must be employed. Swelling occurs
during mercerization but it is not the sufficient condition
for mercerization to take place.
May 7, 2015
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Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
90
(P+ a*n^2/V^2)(V-nb) = nRT
(a) is attractive force, (b) is volume of exclusion
Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
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Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
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Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel
production and is about 18¢/kg
(8¢/lb).
Biomass Pretreatment using Ionic Liquid – Glycerol Mixtures
Dissertation Defense
May 7, 2015
93