United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
Private-Sector Standards and
National Schemes for Good Agricultural Practices:
Implications for Exports of
Fresh Fruit and Vegetables from sub-Saharan Africa
Experiences of Ghana, Kenya, and Uganda
United Nations
New York and Geneva, 2008
Note
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This publication has been edited by Ulrich Hoffmann, UNCTAD secretariat, and René Vossenaar,
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and processors to ensure that their exported produce is properly documented and complies with the
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Contents
Foreword iii
Acronyms viii
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I. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
%DFNJURXQG 2UJDQL]DWLRQRIWKLVVWXG\ II. EXPORTS OF FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES (FFV) FROM
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (SSA).................................................................................................. 7
Composition and direction of FFV exports from SSA Recent trends in FFV exports from SSA 9
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III. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR SSA EXPORTERS OF FFV................ 15
Tariff preferences 5HJXODWLRQVLQNH\H[SRUWPDUNHWV 3ULYDWHYROXQWDU\VWDQGDUGV Changing characteristics of FFV trade with Europe ........................................................................... 19
Impacts of supply chain governance .................................................................................................... 21
Small-scale growers ............................................................................................................................. 22
Implications of private-sector GAP standards ..................................................................................... 25
Local supermarkets .............................................................................................................................. 26
Costs of EurepGAP compliance ........................................................................................................... 27
3URDFWLYHUHVSRQVHV 28
National GAP initiatives ...................................................................................................................... 28
2SWLRQVIRUDFKLHYLQJ(XUHS*$3FHUWL¿FDWLRQ .................................................................................... 29
Role of governments and other stakeholders in GAP development and implementation .................... 31
Alternative markets............................................................................................................................... 32
The Least Developed Countries’ perspective ....................................................................................... 33
Discussions at the international level World Trade Organization.................................................................................................................... 34
The process of private-sector standard setting..................................................................................... 35
IV. GHANA................................................................................................................................... 37
,QWURGXFWLRQ 3URGXFWLRQDQGH[SRUWRI))9 3URGXFWDQGSURGXFHUSUR¿OHV ,PSOLFDWLRQVRI(XUHS*$3 1DWLRQDO*$3LQLWLDWLYH Challenges to be addressed to make GAP implementation successful................................................. 41
6SHFL¿FFRQFHUQVDQGUHTXLUHPHQWVRIVPDOOKROGHUV ........................................................................... 42
([WHQVLRQVHUYLFHV 6XSSRUWVHUYLFHVIRU*$3LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ *RYHUQPHQW¶VUROHLQQDWLRQDO*$3GHYHORSPHQWDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ The private sector Donor activities 2SWLRQVIRU(XUHS*$3FHUWL¿FDWLRQ Conclusions and recommendations vi
V. KENYA ..................................................................................................................................... 51
,QWURGXFWLRQ Compliance and competitiveness 7KHIUXLWDQGYHJHWDEOHVHFWRU 3URGXFWDQGSURGXFHUSUR¿OHV 6PDOOVFDOHJURZHUV 7UDGHLPSOLFDWLRQVRI(XUHS*$3 1DWLRQDO*$3LQLWLDWLYHV )DFWRUVWREHUHÀHFWHGLQDQDWLRQDOSURJUDPPHRQJRRGDJULFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHV 2SWLRQVIRU(XUHS*$3FHUWL¿FDWLRQ &HUWL¿FDWLRQLVVXHV Donor activities Conclusions VI. UGANDA................................................................................................................................ 63
,QWURGXFWLRQ 3URGXFWLRQDQGH[SRUWVRI))9 Production ............................................................................................................................................ 64
Exports ................................................................................................................................................. 65
,PSOLFDWLRQVRI(XUHS*$3 Quality systems for horticultural production 2SWLRQVIRU(XUHS*$3FHUWL¿FDWLRQ 'HYHORSLQJDQDWLRQDO*$3VFKHPH Institutional issues, roles of the government and other stakeholders .................................................. 69
Involving smallholders ......................................................................................................................... 69
Extension services ................................................................................................................................ 71
5HJLRQDOFRRSHUDWLRQ Conclusions and recommendations VII. HORTICULTURE IN EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA (ESA):
ZAMBIA AND ETHIOPIA ........................................................................................................ 75
,QWURGXFWLRQ 2YHUYLHZRIWKHKRUWLFXOWXUHVHFWRU 7UDGHÀRZV Standards 3RWHQWLDOLPSDFWVRIDQ(FRQRPLF3DUWQHUVKLS$JUHHPHQW(3$=DPELDDQG(WKLRSLD 80
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Conclusions VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................... 85
Conclusions Recommendations ANNEX620('(9(/230(176,1))9(;32576)5206(/(&7('66$&28175,(6 89
References STATISTICAL ANNEX 99
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Exports of fresh fruit and vegetables
7
II. EXPORTS OF FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLES (FFV) FROM
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Challenges and opportunities for exporters of fresh fruit and vegetables
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III. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR
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