Chapter 30: Electromagnetic Induction PHY2049: Chapter 30 1 Topics ÎElectromagnetic Induction Magnetic flux Induced emf Faraday’s Law Lenz’s Law Motional emf Magnetic energy Inductance RL circuits Generators and transformers PHY2049: Chapter 30 2 Reading Quiz 1 ÎMagnetic 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) flux through a wire loop depends on: thickness of the wire resistivity of the wire geometrical layout of the wire material that the wire is made of none of the above Φ B = ∫ B ⋅ dA Flux depends only on geometrical properties A PHY2049: Chapter 30 3 Reading Quiz 2 ÎAn induced emf produced in a motionless circuit is due to 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) a static (steady) magnetic field a changing magnetic field Faraday’s law a strong magnetic field the Earth’s magnetic field a zero magnetic field PHY2049: Chapter 30 4 Reading Quiz 3 ÎMotional which is: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) emf relates to an induced emf in a conductor long sad stationary insulated moving Potential difference proportional to velocity PHY2049: Chapter 30 5 Reading Quiz 4 ÎFaraday’s law says that a) an emf is induced in a loop when it moves through an electric field b) the induced emf produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the original change c) the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux Faraday’s law PHY2049: Chapter 30 6 Reading Quiz 5 ÎA generator is a device that: a) transforms mechanical into electrical energy b) transforms electrical into mechanical energy c) transforms low voltage to high voltage PHY2049: Chapter 30 7 Electromagnetic Induction ÎFaraday discovered that a changing magnetic flux leads to a voltage in a wire loop Induced voltage (emf) causes a current to flow !! ÎSymmetry: electricity electric current magnetic field ÎWe magnetism magnetic field electric current can express this symmetry directly in terms of fields Changing E field Changing B field ÎThese B field (“displacement current”) E field (Faraday’s law) & other relations expressed in Maxwell’s 4 equations (Other 2 are Gauss’ law for E fields and B fields) Summarizes all of electromagnetism See Chapter 32 PHY2049: Chapter 30 8 Experimental Observation of Induction This effect can be quantified by Faraday’s Law PHY2049: Chapter 30 9 Magnetic Flux Î Define magnetic flux ΦB Φ B = B ⋅ A = BA cosθ θ is angle between B and the normal to the plane Flux units are T-m2 = “webers” Î When B field is not constant or area is not flat Integrate over area Φ B = ∫ B ⋅ dA A PHY2049: Chapter 30 10 Φ B = B ⋅ A = BA cosθ ΦB = 0 ΦB = 1 2 BA PHY2049: Chapter 30 Φ B = BA 11 Faraday’s Law of Induction dΦB E = −N dt rate of change of flux with time induced emf number of loops ¾ The faster the change, the larger the induced emf ¾ Flux change caused by changing B, area, or orientation ¾ The induced emf is a voltage PHY2049: Chapter 30 12 Faraday’s Law & Flux Change Î Rotating coil Φ B = BA cos ωt dΦB E = −N = N ω BA sin ωt dt φB is maximum when coil faces up E is maximum when coil faces sideways Î Stretched coil B constant, θ constant Area shrinks ⇒ Flux decreases PHY2049: Chapter 30 13 Faraday’s Law of Induction dΦB E = −N dt induced emf rate of change of flux with time number of loops ¾ ¾ Minus sign from Lenz’s Law: Induced current produces a magnetic field which opposes the original change in flux PHY2049: Chapter 30 14 Comment on Lenz’s Law ÎWhy does the induced current oppose the change in flux? ÎConsider the alternative If the induced current reinforced the change, then the change would get bigger, which would then induce a larger current, and then the change would get even bigger, and so on . . . This leads to a clear violation of conservation of energy!! PHY2049: Chapter 30 15 Direction of Induced Current Bar magnet moves through coil ¾ Current induced in coil Reverse pole ¾ Induced current changes sign A S N B N S v v v Coil moves past fixed bar magnet ¾ C S N D S N Current induced in coil as in (A) Bar magnet stationary inside coil ¾ No current induced in coil PHY2049: Chapter 30 16 ConcepTest: Lenz’s Law ÎIf a North pole moves towards the loop from above the page, in what direction is the induced current? (a) clockwise (b) counter-clockwise (c) no induced current Must counter flux change in downward direction with upward B field PHY2049: Chapter 30 17 ConcepTest: Induced Currents ÎA wire loop is being pulled through a uniform magnetic field. What is the direction of the induced current? (a) clockwise (b) counter-clockwise (c) no induced current No change in flux, no induced current x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x PHY2049: Chapter 30 18 ConcepTest: Induced Currents x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xNone x x (max x x xflux, Counter None x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xsox not x xchanging) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 3x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 2 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x In each of the 3 cases above, what is the direction of the induced current? (Magnetic field is into the page and has no boundaries) PHY2049: Chapter 30 (a) clockwise (b) counter-clockwise (c) no induced current 19 ConcepTest: Lenz’s Law ÎIf a coil is shrinking in a B field pointing into the page, in what direction is the induced current? (a) clockwise (b) counter-clockwise (c) no induced current Downward flux is decreasing, so need to create downward B field PHY2049: Chapter 30 20 Induced currents 1 ÎA circular loop in the plane of the paper lies in a 3.0 T magnetic field pointing into the paper. The loop’s diameter changes from 100 cm to 60 cm in 0.5 s What is the magnitude of the average induced emf? What is the direction of the induced current? If the coil resistance is 0.05Ω , what is the average induced current? dΦB V = = 3.0 × dt Direction Current ( π 0.32 − 0.52 0.5 ) = 3.016 Volts = clockwise (Lenz’s law) = 3.016 / 0.05 = 60.3 A PHY2049: Chapter 30 21 ConcepTest: Induced Currents ÎA wire loop is pulled away from a current-carrying wire. What is the direction of the induced current in the loop? (a) clockwise (b) counter-clockwise (c) no induced current Downward flux through loop decreases, so need to create downward field I PHY2049: Chapter 30 22 ConcepTest: Induced Currents ÎA wire loop is moved in the direction of the current. What is the direction of the induced current in the loop? (a) clockwise (b) counter-clockwise (c) no induced current Flux does not change when moved along wire I PHY2049: Chapter 30 23 ConcepTest: Lenz’s Law Î If the B field pointing out of the page suddenly drops to zero, in what direction is the induced current? (a) clockwise (b) counter-clockwise (c) no induced current Upward flux through loop decreases, so need to create upward field Î If a coil is rotated as shown, in a B field pointing to the left, in what direction is the induced current? (a) clockwise (b) counter-clockwise (c) no induced current Flux into loop is increasing, so need to create field out of loop PHY2049: Chapter 30 24 ConcepTest: Induced Currents ÎWire #1 (length L) forms a one-turn loop, and a bar magnet is dropped through. Wire #2 (length 2L) forms a two-turn loop, and the same magnet is dropped through. Compare the magnitude of the induced currents in these two cases. (a) I1 (b) I2 = 2 I2 Voltage doubles, but R also = 2 I1 doubles, leaving current the same (c) I1 = I2 ≠ 0 (d) I1 = I2 = 0 (e) Depends on the strength of the magnetic field PHY2049: Chapter 30 25 Motional EMF ÎConsider a conducting rod moving on metal rails in a uniform magnetic field: ε d Φ B d ( BA) d ( BLx ) dx = = = = BL dt dt dt dt Current will flow counter-clockwise in this “circuit”. Why? x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x v L ε = BLv x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x PHY2049: Chapter 30 26 Force and Motional EMF Î Pull conducting rod out of B field Î Current is clockwise. Why? ε i= BLv = R R Î Current within B field causes force B 2 L2 v F = iLB = R Force opposes pull (RHR) Also follows from Lenz’s law Î We must pull with this force to maintain constant velocity PHY2049: Chapter 30 27 Power and Motional EMF B 2 L2 v ÎForce required to pull loop: F = iLB = R B 2 L2 v 2 ÎPower required to pull loop: P = Fv = R ÎEnergy dissipation through resistance 2 2 2 2 BLv B Lv ⎛ ⎞ 2 P=i R=⎜ ⎟ R= R ⎝ R ⎠ ÎSame as pulling power! So power is dissipated as heat Kinetic energy is constant, so energy has to go somewhere Rod heats up as you pull it PHY2049: Chapter 30 28 Example ÎPull a 30cm x 30cm conducting loop of aluminum through a 2T B field at 30cm/sec. Assume it is 1cm thick. Circumference = 120cm = 1.2m, cross sectional area = 10-4 m2 R = ρL/A = 2.75 x 10-8 * 1.2 / 10-4 = 3.3 x 10-4Ω ÎEMF ε = BLv = 2 × 0.3 × 0.3 = 0.18V ÎCurrent i = ε / R = 0.18 / 3.3 × 10−4 = 545A ÎForce F = iLB = 545 × 0.3 × 2 = 327 N ÎPower P = i R = 98 W 2 74 lbs! About 0.330 C per sec (from specific heat, density) PHY2049: Chapter 30 29 Electric Generators ÎRotate a loop of wire in a uniform magnetic field: θ ⇒ changing flux ⇒ induced emf = B A cos θ = B A cos(ωt) changing ΦB Rotation: PHY2049: Chapter 30 θ = ωt 30 Electric Generators ÎFlux is changing in a sinusoidal manner Leads ε to an alternating emf (AC generator) dΦB d cos(ωt ) =N = NBA = NBAω sin(ωt ) dt dt ¾ This is how electricity is generated ¾ Water or steam (mechanical power) turns the blades of a turbine which rotates a loop ¾ Mechanical power converted to electrical power PHY2049: Chapter 30 31 ConcepTest: Generators ÎA generator has a coil of wire rotating in a magnetic field. If the B field stays constant and the area of the coil remains constant, but the rotation rate increases, how is the maximum output voltage of the generator affected? ε (a) Increases (b) Decreases (c) Stays the same (d) Varies sinusoidally PHY2049: Chapter 30 = NBAω sin(ω t ) 32 Induction in Stationary Circuit ÎSwitch closed (or opened) Current ÎSteady No induced in coil B (directions as shown) state current in coil A current induced in coil B A B PHY2049: Chapter 30 33 Inductance NΦB ÎInductance in a coil of wire defined by L = i ÎCan also be written Li = NΦB ÎFrom Faraday’s law This ε d ΦB di = −N = −L dt dt is a more useful way to understand inductance ÎInductors changing! play an important role in circuits when current is PHY2049: Chapter 30 34 Self - Inductance ÎConsider a single isolated coil: Current (red) starts to flow clockwise due to the battery But the buildup of current leads to changing flux in loop Induced emf (green) opposes the change This is a self-induced emf (also called “back” emf) ε dΦ di = −N = −L dt dt 12V L is the self-inductance units = “Henry (H)” PHY2049: Chapter 30 induced emf 35 Inductance of Solenoid ÎTotal flux (length l) B = μ 0in N Φ B = ( n l )( B A ) = μ 0 n 2 A li ε dΦB di di 2 = −N = − μ0n Al = − L dt dt dt L = μ0n Al 2 To make large inductance: ¾ Lots of windings ¾ Big area ¾ Long PHY2049: Chapter 30 36 LR Circuits ÎInductance ÎStart and resistor in series with battery of EMF V with no initial current in circuit Close switch at t = 0 Current is initially 0 (initial increase causes voltage drop across inductor) ÎFind i(t) ΔV = Ri Inductor: ΔV = L di/dt Resistor: V R L V − Ri − Ldi / dt = 0 PHY2049: Chapter 30 37 Analysis of LR Circuit ÎDifferential ÎGeneral equation is solution: di / dt + i ( R / L ) = V / R i = V / R + Ke −tR / L (Check and see!) K = −V/R (necessary to make i = 0 at t = 0) ( V −tR / L i = 1− e R ) Rise from 0 with time constant τ = L / R Final current (maximum) PHY2049: Chapter 30 38 Current vs Time in RL Circuit (Initially Zero Current in Inductor) ( i ( t ) = imax 1 − e−tR / L PHY2049: Chapter 30 ) 39 L-R Circuits (2) ÎSwitch off battery: Find i(t) if current starts at i0 0 = Ldi / dt + Ri i = i0e −tR / L Exponential fall to 0 with time constant τ = L / R Initial current (maximum) PHY2049: Chapter 30 40 Current vs Time in RL Circuit (For Initial Current imax in Inductor) i ( t ) = i0e PHY2049: Chapter 30 −t ( R / L ) 41 Exponential Behavior Îτ = L/R is the “characteristic time” of any RL circuit Only Ît t / τ is meaningful =τ Current falls to 1/e = 37% of maximum value Current rises to 63% of maximum value Ît =2τ Current falls to 1/e2 = 13.5% of maximum value Current rises to 86.5% of maximum value Ît =3τ Current falls to 1/e3 = 5% of maximum value Current rises to 95% of maximum value Ît =5τ Current falls to 1/e5 = 0.7% of maximum value Current rises to 99.3% of maximum value PHY2049: Chapter 30 42 ConcepTest: Generators and Motors ÎA current begins to flow in a wire loop placed in a magnetic field as shown. What does the loop do? (a) moves to the right (b) moves up (c) rotates around horizontal axis (d) rotates around vertical axis (e) moves out of the page B This is how a motor works !! PHY2049: Chapter 30 43 Electric Motors ¾ Current is supplied from an external source of emf (battery or power supply) ¾ Forces act to rotate the wire loop ¾ A motor is essentially a generator operated in reverse! PHY2049: Chapter 30 44 Motor Î Forces act to rotate the loop towards the vertical. Î When loop is vertical, current switches sign and the forces reverse, in order to keep the loop in rotation. Î This is why alternating current is necessary for a motor to operate. PHY2049: Chapter 30 45 Motors Generators Electrical ⇒ mechanical energy Mechanical ⇒ electrical energy PHY2049: Chapter 30 46