Higher Education, Innovation
and Entrepreneurship
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
Japanese National Commission of UNESCO
UNU/UNESCO International Conference
Pathways towards a Shared Future:
Changing Roles of Higher Education in a Globalized World
29 – 30 August 2007, UNU Tokyo
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Contents
(1) Why do we need Innovative Entrepreneur?
(2) Innovation Process
(3) New Disciplines in Science
(4) Synthesis-oriented Education in Engineering
(5) Entrepreneurship
There are various factors which we need consider for educating
innovative entrepreneurs.
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(1) Why do we need Innovations?
In the process of realizing sustainability, we must
solve various problems which we have never
experienced in the past. As progresses along
continuous path do not solve them, we must take a
step toward unknown space. It is innovation.
HY
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Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development by G.H.Brundtland (1987)
= (Sustain the earth) ^ (Develop Less-developed Regions)
Sustainability
(+)
Sustainable Development
(-)
(+) Development
Sc
ie
nc
e
Present
Feasible
Solutions
(-)
HY
an
d
Te
ch
no
lo
gy
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Making a Shift toward Sustainability
“Industrial Transformation by Innovations”
Traditional development:
development at the expense of environment
Development
Sustainable development:
concurrent realization of
development and preservation
by industrial transformation
Traditional environmental preservation:
preservation by suppressing growth
Environment
5
Move of Centre of Gravity of Industries (Japan)
Preliminary Metrics by AIST
Direction of
Improvement
Value added (million yen)
100,000,000
Service
Industry
Expansion
of Size
10,000,000
Manufacturing
Industry
Raw-material
Industry
1,000,000
Diminution
of Size
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000
持続性に向けた産業科学技術委員会(AIST)
Emission of CO2(tons)
1990-1995-2000
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From Observation to Action
We have successfully observed changes of global environment by science
and technology. Now, we should make more scientific and technological
efforts toward actions to prevent the growth of and to protect us
from the deterioration of sustainability.
We shall discuss manufacturing industry here, that is based upon science
and technology and the most useful to develop less developed regions and,
on the other hand, the most crucial to influence the global environment,
and try to find a way for society to realize sustainable development
by industry.
HY
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Actions in Society
Information Cycle for Sustainable Evolution
Useful knowledge for
sustainability
(Utilization Knowledge,
Factual knowledge)
Actions for
sustainability
Actors *
Society
Social State
Engineering
Scientists
Values
Environment
Science
Community
Data
(Judgment of
goodness for
sustainability)
Observing
Scientists
Facts
in Society
*Actors
are:
statesmen,
policymakers,
business humans,
administrators,
engineers,
educators,
writers,
artists,
journalists,
etc…
who move society.
We must design evolutional loops in society for sustainability.
HY
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Elaboration of Actions in Manufacturing
Production planning/management,
Production Facilities,
Processing
Revised design
of products
Analysis of use,
Design of products,
Preparation of
manufacturing,
Material selection/
processing/ supply
Manufacturing
Inverse
Use
Judge of
products
Products
Use
Inverse
Manufacturing
Distribution,
Selection,
Utilization,
Pause,
Maintenance,
Termination
Used products,
Record of use
Extraction of data of use,
Waste management (reuse/recycle),
Waste-processing facilities,
Processing
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(2) Innovation Process
Innovation is not realized within a single discipline.
Whenever an action is innovative, it is based upon
the integration of diversified disciplines. Normally,
it takes years to integrate them.
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An Economical Innovation to Eradicate Poverty
Yunus of Grameen Bank
1974
1980
1990
1974 Conception
2000
2006
2006 2100 Branches
1976 Experiment, Bangladesh University of Chittagong
2006 Nobel Prize
1979 First success, Village of Jobra
1983 Legislated, Independent Bank
Dr.Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank has successfully developed a bank which
encourages women and ameliorated the poverty in Bangladesh. The bank is innovative.
It is interesting to investigate the process of development after conception.
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Dreams, Nightmares and Reality
General pattern of science-technology based innovation process
People’s
interest
Social
support
Time for research and development →
Dream
(scientific
discovery,
epoch-making
invention)
Nightmare
Reality
1985 J.Hatvany, H.Yoshikawa
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Integration of Disciplines is Necessary
Thought process within
their own disciplines
Dream Research
Thought process in
“intersection” of
many disciplines
Nightmare Research
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Conceptual picture of full research
in life science for health
Universities
Basic researches in
physics,
chemistry,
material science,
computer science,
etc
Basic Research in
Life Science
Enterprises
Hospital
Pharmacy
Medical Instrument
Collaboration
among disciplines
Food
Synthetic researches in
mechanical,
electrical,
environmental,
computational,
sociological,
economical, etc
Type-1
Basic Research
Agriculture
Type-2
Basic Research
Housing
Gymnastics
Environmental Remedy
etc
Product Realization
Research
Independent Agencies ( AIST etc)
Production
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Full Research
People’s
reaction
Dream
Type-1 Basic Research
Nightmare
Type-2 Basic Research
Universities
Reality
Product Realization
Industries
National Research Institutes
(ex. AIST)
Full Research
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University-Industry Cooperation through Full Research
A Method to Implement the Network of Excellence
Product Realization
Type-2
University
Industry
Type-1
Type-1
Type-1
Type-2
Type-1
Product Realization
Type-1 Type-2 P.P.R*
Full Research
at AIST or other
Research Institutes
* P.P.R : Product Realization Research
Product Realization
Start-ups
Start-ups
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(3) New Disciplines in Science
In order to realize sustainability scientifically, we need
new engineering knowledge based on new disciplines
in science. Universities and research institutes must
pioneer for them and professors of different disciplines
should make collaboration.
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Knowledge Integration for Sustainable Science
Fact + Use + Meaning
Integrated Knowledge
in Real World
(indigenous knowledge)
Fact
Use
Meaning
Abstraction
(1)Modern masters
Separate Knowledge
in Abstract World
(Science)
Natural
Science
Design
Science
Social
Science
(2)Collaboration of
different scientists
Integration
Integrated Knowledge
in Abstract World
(Integrated Science)
(3)Theoretical study
on disciplinary integration
Integrated
Science
New Disciplines?
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(4) Synthesis-oriented Education
in Engineering
Two cases of education for innovation at University
and Research Institute will be shown. The case of
University of Tokyo is based on general design
theory, which is extracting the commonality from
disciplines of diversified conventional engineering
departments. The case of AIST is education for post
doctoral fellows, which offers opportunity of type-2
research.
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(4) Synthesis-oriented Education in Engineering
Traditional Departmental Curricula
which educate disciplinary specialists
Engineering knowledge
Manufacturing Practice
Design Practice
Optimization technique
Theory
Departmental knowledge
Biological Eng.
Metallurgy
Chemical Eng.
HY
Electrical Eng.
( Methods for synthesis )
Mechanical Eng.
Mathematics
( Factual knowledge )
Laws
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An Inverted Curriculum
Mathematics
HY
Systematic factual laws
Biological Eng.
Laws
Chemical Eng.
Theory
Metallurgy
Optimization
Engineering knowledge
Electrical Eng.
Design Practice
Mechanical Eng.
Manufacturing Practice
General theory of synthesis
education for sustainable development (ESD of UNESCO)
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A curriculum
named
“Flames”
SUSTAINABLE
SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
SOCIETY
炎のカリキュラム
(Factual Laws
and Methods of
Synthesis)
Actually practiced at
the Precision Engineering
Department,
University of Tokyo
for 1975 -1994.
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(5) Entrepreneurship
In Japan, social and economical condition for
young people to challenge for entrepreneur is
not good. We are now developing it in the system
of education and university-industry cooperation.
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Development of Types
of University-Industry Cooperation
Three dimensional
cooperation
Two dimensional
cooperation
University
Company
University
Company
Type-A Univ. in Company
University
Company
Type-B Company in Univ.
Researchers from university and company live and work
together within a laboratory.
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Architects in 3-dimensional Interface
between University and Industry
3-dimentional interface between
University and Industry
Architects
Supplier of Knowledge
(University and
Research Institute)
as connector
User of Knowledge
(Industry)
Innovation Architect
Industrial architect
Information architect
Robotics architect
Architects know both research frontiers and user’s demands (like building architects).
Architects are either employed by or independent of research institutes.
Architects who are matured may run their own companies.
Architects are educated in the 3-dimensional interface.
HY
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Education for Innovators in AIST
AIST SCHOOL of INNOVATION
Professors are Heads of Unit of AIST
Project
employment
Post Doctoral
Researchers
in University
University
Doctoral
Course
Post Doctoral
Researchers
In AIST
Researchers
in Companies
Innovators in
Companies
Education
for Innovators
High-tech
Start-ups
Institute
employment
Post Doctoral
Researchers
in AIST
Permanent
Researchers
in AIST
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Schools for Innovative Entrepreneurs
AIST
AIST SCHOOL
SCHOOL of
of INNOVATION
INNOVATION
Post Doctoral
Researchers
in University
Post Doctoral
Researchers
In AIST
Education
for Innovators
Entrepreneurs from schools
(Innovation Architects)
will make:
Innovations
University
Doctoral
Course
School
School of
of Innovation
Innovation
in
Economical Research Institute
Science-technology based,
Economical,
Social,
Cultural,
in Society and Industry,
and for Sustainability
School
School of
of Innovation
Innovation
in
Social Research Institute
etc
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end
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