Environmental Impacts of Energy Production in Finland – a Life Cycle Approach
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Finnish – Swedish Flame Days 2009 January 28-29, 2009, Naantali Environmental Impacts of Energy Production in Finland – a Life Cycle Approach Sirkka Koskela and Laura Sokka Finnish Environment Institute Content of the presentation • • • • • Life cycle and LCA methodology Finnish energy profile Import of fuels Life cycle of hard coal energy Impacts of energy production and use in the Finnish economy A life cycle of a product Manufacturing Extraction of natural resources Retailing Disposal Use of products Two methodological approaches • Traditional bottom-up approach • Input-output top-down approach Imports Envimat model = hybrid model Life cycle assessment (LCA) • • Inventory of environmental loads – emissions, waste, land use, biodiversity’ Impact assessment (characterisation). Impact categories: 1. climate change 2. acidification 3. tropospheric ozone formation 4. aquatic eutrophication 5. terrestrial eutrophication 6. particulate matter 7. ecotoxicity 8. human toxicity 9. depletion of natural resources 10. impacts on biodiversity 11. land use Finnish electricity profile in 2005 Source: Statistics Finland 2006 Domestic life cycle energy demand of the Finnish final products in 2002 divided to consumption, investments and export. Products of agriculture, hunting and Products of forestry and logging Products from mining and quarrying Food products, beverages, tobacco Products of forest industry Products of chemical industry Products of metal industry Electrical equipment Other manufactured goods Electrical energy, gas, steam and water Construction work Trade, hotel and restaurant services Transport and communication services Real estate services Other services Households 27% Consumption Investments Export 20% Export 47% 0 100 200 PJ Source: Envimat 2009 300 400 The greatest material flows of the Finnish import, 2002. Materials Mass 1000 tons Share of total import (%) Fuels 26 913 43 Ores and concentrates 5 227 8 Oil 11 746 18.6 Coal 5 789 9.2 Decidious pulpwood 5 569 8.8 Iron ores 3 779 6.0 Natural gas 3 149 5.0 TOP 5 Domestic peat 9 176 000 tons, 5 000 tons from foreign countries. Source: Envimat 2009 Life cycle energy mineral use of the Finnish final products in 2002. Maa-, riista- jahunting kalatalouden Agriculture, andtuotteet fishin Forestry and logging Metsätalouden tuotteet Kaivostoiminnan ja louhinnan tuotteet Mining and quarrying Food products, to Elintarvikkeet,beverages, juomat, tupakka Metsäteollisuuden tuotteet Products of forest industry tuotteet ProductsKemianteollisuuden of chemical industry Metalliteollisuuden tuotteet Products of metal industry Electrical equipment Sähkötekniset tuotteet Other manufactured goods Muut tehdasvalmisteet ö, kaasu,gas, höyrysteam ja ves i ElectricalSähk energy, Rakentaminen Construction work Kauppa, hotellija ravintolapalvelut Trade, hotel and restaurant Kuljetusja tietoliikennepalvelut Transport and communication Kiinteistöalan palvelut Real estate services Muut palvelut Other services 0 Öljy Oil Hard coal Kivihiili Ruskohiili Brown coal Natural gas Maakaasu Turve Peat ulkomaa foreign Turve Peat kotimaa domestic 5000 10000 Miljoona tonnia Million tons Source: Envimat 2009 15000 Shares of total life cycle impact category results caused by foreign fuel production (import) and domestic energy use in 2005. Climate change Res piratory effects Human toxicity Use Terrestrial ecotoxicity Import Freshwater ecotoxicity Tropospheric ozone formation Eutrophication Acidification 0 Source: Hilden et.al 2008 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Life cycle of bioenergy Production of auxiliary materials and energy Production of raw-material • Forestry • round wood • logging residues • Agriculture • cereal • oil plants • energy plants • Waste • agriculture • forestry • industry • municipalities Harvesting, pre-treatment, storage, transportation Source: Antikainen et al. Production of biofuels • Main products • By-produts Transportation and storage Use of by-products Use • Transport • Electricity • Heat Life cycle stages of hard coal electricity Hard coal (fuel) Natural gas Hard coal Lignite Hydro power PL heat P L e l e c t r i Heavy fuel oil Steel pipe Diesel Aluminium NaOH Mining Hot rolled coil Particle board Cold rolled coil Sawn timber Tinplated coil Steel wire Methane Cement Soda Finnish electricity and heat CaO Mining Polish electricity and heat Power plant Power plant raw materials Tin Conveyor belt Raw materials Recovered materials Transportation Zn plated steel Copper products Tap water FI electricity NH3 FI heat Flying ash, CE Heavy fuel oil Flying ash, EM Power plant CaCO3 Gypsum NaOH HCl NH4OH Source: Sokka et.al. 2005. Bottom ash, EM Grid electricity Climate change 800 PP = power plant 600 CH4 400 N2O 200 CO2 EH _F RM I _P P RW _F I PP T_ S T_ O -200 T_ ET 0 M EH I _P L RM _M RW I _P L kg CO2 eq / MWh 1000 Acidification MI = Hard coal mining and processing 0.6 EH_PL = Polish energy eq / MWh 0.5 0.4 NH3 0.3 NO2 0.2 T_ET = Electric train transportation in Poland SO2 0.1 Source: Seppälä et al. 2007 EH _F RM I _P P RW _F I PP T_ O T_ S T_ ET -0.1 M EH I _P L RM _M RW I _P L 0 T_S = sea transportation Terrestrial eutrophication 0.012 1 0.01 0.8 0.004 0.002 0.6 0.2 0 -0.002 -0.2 M EH I _ RM PL _ RW MI _P T_ L ET T_ S T_ O PP EH _ RM FI _P RW P _F I 0 PP = power plant T_S = sea transportation Source: Seppälä et al. 2007 NH3 NOx 0.4 _P RM L _ RW MI _P L T_ ET T_ S T_ O PP EH _ RM FI _P RW P _F I 0.006 MI N(W) P(W) NH3 NOx EH 0.008 eq / M W h kg PO 4 eq / M W h Aquatic eutrophication Particles: PM2.5 0.01 kg / MWh 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 MI = Hard coal mining and processing EH_PL = Polish energy EH _F RM I _P P RW _F I PP T_ O T_ S M -0.002 I EH _P L RM _M RW I _P L T_ ET 0 T_ET = Electric train transportation in Poland T_S = sea transportation RW_FI = Recovered wastes treated as by-products in Finland Source: Seppälä et al. 2007 PP = power plant RM_PP = Raw materials to the power plant General remarks on other energy sources (1) • Natural gas – combustion phase: NOx 10 times higher than nuclear power -> acidification, eutrophication, sedondary particles • Oil – climate change impacts, NOx -> acidification, eutrophication, impacts caused by particles during combustion phase • Peat – Combustion causes the same level of climate change impacts than coal, land transformation from peat extraction, biodiversity • Bioenergy – Production of biomass: – Forest: Land occupation, eutrophication, biodiversity – Cultivation field: additionally ecotoxicity General remarks on other energy sources (2) • Mixed municipal waste – hazardous substances in ashes, accidental releases (dioxines, Hg), impacts caused by particles • Hydropower – No emissions from use phase, land use • Wind power – No emissions from use phase,use of metals in construction phase, noise, landscape changes • Nuclear power – Radioactive substances in mining and waste disposal, risks are much higher than other energy production systems . Direct climate change impacts of the Finnish industries in 2002 and 2005. Agriculture, and f Maa-, riista-hunting & kalatalous Forestry and logging Metsätalous Mineraalien kaivu Mining and quarrying Elintarvikkeiden Food products, valmistus beverage Metsäteollisuus Forest industry Kemian teollisuus Chemical industry Metalliteollisuus Metal industry Sähkötekninen teollisuus Electrical equipment 2002 2005 tehdasteollisuus OtherMuu manufactured good Sähkö-energy, ja lämpöhuolto Electrical gas, st Rakentaminen Construction work Trade, hotel and Kauppa, maj.-restaura & rav.t. Transport communic Kuljetus and ja tietoliikenne Kiinteistöalan palvelut Real estate services Other Muut services palvelut Kotitalouksien suorat Households 0 Source: Envimat 2009 5,000 10,000 15,000 Gg CO2 ekv 20,000 25,000 30,000 Direct domestic total environmental impacts (Finland model). Kotimaan toimintojen suorat kokonaisympäristövaikutukset, Suomi-malli Maa-, riista& kalatalous Agriculture Metsätalous Foresty MiningMineraalien and quarrin kaivu Food products Elintarvikkeiden valmistus Metsäteollisuus Forest industry Kemian teollisuus Chemical industry Metalliteollisuus Metal industry Sähkötekninen teollisuus Electrical equipme Ilmastonmuutos Climate change Happamoituminen Acidification Rehevöityminen, vesiympäristö Eutrophication, water Rehevöityminen, maaympäristö Eutrophication, ground Alailmakehän otsonin muod., terveys Tropospheric ozone form., health Alailmakehän otsonin muod., kasvillisuus Tropospheric ozone form., veg. Ekotoksisuus, Ecotoxicity, vesiympäristö water Ekotoksisuus, Ecotoxicity, maaympäristö ground Toksisuusvaikutukset Human toxicity ihmiseen Particles Pienhiukkaset Biodiversity Luonnon monimuotoisuus Muu manufactur tehdasteollisuus Other Sähkö- jaenergy, lämpöhuoltog Electrical Rakentaminen Construction work Kauppa, maj.-and & rav.t. Trade, hotel re Kuljetus ja tietoliikenne Transport and com Kiinteistöalan palvelut Real estate servic Other Muut services palvelut Kotitalouksiendirect suorat Households 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 Ekoindeksi Source: Envimat 2009 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 Finally • More accurate data for resource extraction abroad • Country-specific profiles for electricity production • Energy and climate strategy -> more renewable energy -> better understanding their life cycle impacts Thank you
