Name
Date
MiniLab
11.1
Class
Predicting
Transcribe and Translate
Molecules of DNA carry the genetic instructions for protein formation.
Converting these DNA instructions into proteins requires a series of coordinated
steps in transcription and translation.
Procedure
! Use the data table below.
@ Complete column B by writing the correct mRNA codon for each sequence of DNA
bases listed in the column marked DNA Base Sequence. Use the letters A, U, C, or G.
# Identify the process responsible by writing its name on the arrow in column A.
$ Complete column D by writing the correct anticodon that bonds to each codon from column B.
% Identify the process responsible by writing its name on the arrow in column C.
^ Complete column E by writing the name of the correct amino acid that is coded by each
base sequence. Use Table 11.1 on page 292 of your text to translate the mRNA base
sequences to amino acids.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Data Table
DNA
base sequence
A
B
C
D
Process
mRNA
codon
Process
tRNA
anticodon
E
Amino acid
AAT
GGG
ATA
AAA
GTT
UNIT 4
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
39
Name
Date
MiniLab
11.1
Class
Transcribe and Translate, continued
Analysis
1. Where within the cell:
a. are the DNA instructions located?
b. does transcription occur?
c. does translation occur?
2. Describe the structure of a tRNA molecule.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Explain why specific base pairing is essential to the processes of transcription and translation.
40
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
UNIT 4
Name
Date
MiniLab
11.2
Class
Making and Using Tables
Gene Mutations and
Proteins
Gene mutations often have serious effects on proteins. In this activity, you will
demonstrate how such mutations affect protein synthesis.
Procedure
! Use the following base sequence of one strand of an imaginary DNA molecule:
AATGCCAGTGGTTCGCAC.
@ Write the base sequence for an mRNA strand that would be transcribed from the given
DNA sequence.
# Use Table 11.1 on page 292 of your text to determine the sequence of amino acids in the
resulting protein fragment.
$ If the fourth base in the original DNA strand were changed from G to C, how would this
affect the resulting protein fragment?
% If a G were added to the original DNA strand after the third base, what would the resulting mRNA look like? How would this addition affect the protein?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Analysis
1. Which change in DNA was a point mutation? Which was a frameshift mutation?
2. In what way did the point mutation affect the protein?
3. How did the frameshift mutation affect the protein?
UNIT 4
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
41
Name
Date
Class
Basic Concepts
Master
18
RNA Translation
AA
Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.2
Amino
acid
Chain of RNA
nucleotides
Ribosome
A U G G C A U A C
U
C
A
Transfer RNA
molecule
Anticodon
mRNA codon
Peptide bond
tRNA
anticodon
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
A A
C G A
G U U
Alanine
Methionine
U A C
A U G G C A U A C
A A
C G A
G U U
U A
C G U
C
G C A U A C
A U G
A A
C G A
G U U
Alanine
Methionine
Peptide
bond
U A
C
C G U
G C
A U G
UNIT 4
Stop
codon
A U A C
A A C
A A
C G A
G U U
A U G G C
A U A
C A A U U G U A A
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
65
Name
Date
Class
Basic Concepts
Worksheet
18
RNA Translation
Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.2
1. Compare and contrast the structure of tRNA and mRNA.
2. What is the function of tRNA?
3. What is an anticodon?
4. Which mRNA codon usually signals the beginning of protein synthesis?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. How are amino acids joined together to form a protein?
6. Which anticodon bonds with the mRNA codon CCA? Which amino acid does this
tRNA carry?
7. What is the function of a stop codon?
66
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
UNIT 4
Name
Date
Basic Concepts
Worksheet
16
Class
DNA Replication
Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.1
1. What is the first step in the process of DNA replication?
2. How does each separated strand begin to rebuild a new strand?
3. What is the origin of each strand in the replicated DNA?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. What kind of substance facilitates the hydrogen bonding of nucleotides into a new DNA
molecule?
5. If the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA is C-A-A-G-T, what is the sequence of
bases on the matching strand?
6. What is the result of the replication of one molecule of DNA?
7. Explain how DNA replication ensures continuity of form and function from one cell
generation to the next.
62
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
UNIT 4
Name
Date
Basic Concepts
Master
17
Class
DNA Transcription
Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.2
G
P
T
D
A
C
P
A
R
D
U
A
P
R
T
D
C
C
P
RNA
strand
P
D
G
R
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
P
G
P
A
P
C
R
G
DNA
strand
U
P
R
RNA
T
C
DNA
strand
= DNA backbone
= RNA backbone
UNIT 4
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
63
Name
Date
Class
Basic Concepts
Worksheet
17
DNA Transcription
Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.2
1. How many strands of mRNA are transcribed from the two “unzipped” strands of DNA?
2. What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide?
3. How does base pairing differ in RNA and DNA?
4. What is the function of mRNA?
5. What is a codon?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. If a sequence of codons on a DNA strand is AAC TAG GGT, what is the corresponding
sequence in a strand of mRNA?
7. Describe what occurs after the process of base pairing is completed.
8. Describe what occurs when a molecule of DNA “unzips.”
64
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
UNIT 4
Name
Date
Class
Section Focus
Master
28
Nitrogenous Base Sequence
Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.3
U U C
U
tRNA
G
A
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
C
U
G
C
U
C
A
A A
A G
A A A
C
G G
U U U U
A
U
G
U U U
mRNA
A A
U
Stop codon
1 What would be the resulting sequence of amino acids in this growing
protein chain, based on the sequence of bases in the illustrated
messenger RNA?
2 Why is this exact base sequence important?
UNIT 4
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
59
Name
Date
Critical Thinking
Chapter
11
Class
DNA and Genes
Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.2
Why Did Caesar Die?
T
he Roman emperor Claudius Caesar
(10 B.C.–A.D. 54) had an appetite for the delicate
taste of mushrooms. Historians believe that Caesar’s
wife, Agrippina, wanted to poison him. She mixed
into Caesar’s favorite dish of mushrooms a few of the
poisonous species Amanita caesarea. These poisonous
mushrooms contain a substance that blocks the
activity of an enzyme required for the cells to transcribe messenger RNA from DNA. For the first
10 hours after Caesar ate the mushrooms, all seemed
well as the mushroom poisons entered the blood
stream and were absorbed by the liver and kidneys.
About 15 hours after eating the mushrooms, Caesar’s
liver cells stopped functioning. Nausea, diarrhea,
and delirium affected him as his liver and kidneys
could no longer filter and detoxify wastes and other
harmful substances from the blood. He died two
days later from liver failure.
1. What are the functions of mRNA?
2. What are the functions of the proteins that mRNA helps to produce?
3. How could a substance that stops the synthesis of mRNA cause the liver to stop functioning (the death of
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
liver cells)?
4. Why do you suppose that it took two days for Caesar to die?
56
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
UNIT 4
Name
Date
Class
Section Focus
Master
26
DNA Structure
Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.1
Nitrogen
base
N
O
NH2
Phosphate
C
C
N
CH
O
HO
P
HO
O
O
CH2
C
H
H
C
C
OH
H
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
H
C
C
H
H
Deoxyribose
sugar
DNA nucleotide
1 What are the three components of this DNA nucleotide?
2 What is the function of DNA in the cell?
UNIT 4
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
57
Name
Date
Reinforcement and Study Guide
Chapter
11
Class
DNA and Genes
Section 11.1 DNA: The Molecule of Heredity
In your textbook, read about what DNA is and the replication of DNA.
Label the diagram. Use these choices: nucleotide, deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous
base, hydrogen bonds, base pair.
1. __________________
2. __________________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. __________________
6. ____________________
Complete each statement.
7. __________________ , guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) are the four __________________
in DNA.
8. In DNA, __________________ always forms hydrogen bonds with guanine (G).
9. The sequence of __________________ carries the genetic information of an organism.
10. The process of __________________ produces a new copy of an organism’s genetic information,
which is passed on to a new cell.
11. The double-coiled shape of DNA is called a __________________ .
UNIT 4
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
47
Name
Date
Chapter
11
DNA and Genes, continued
Class
Reinforcement and Study Guide
Section 11.2 From DNA to Protein
In your textbook, read about genes and proteins and RNA.
Complete the chart on the three chemical differences between DNA and RNA.
Structure
DNA
RNA
1. strand of nucleotides
a.
b.
2. sugar
a.
b.
3. nitrogenous base
a.
b.
In your textbook, read about the genetic code.
Complete each statement.
4. Proteins are made up of __________________________ .
5. There are twenty different types of __________________________ .
6. The message of the DNA code is information for building __________________________ .
__________________________ .
8. The amino acid __________________________ is represented by the mRNA codon ACA.
9. ________________________ and ________________________ are mRNA codons for phenylalanine.
10. There can be more than one __________________________ for the same amino acid.
11. For any one codon, there can be only one __________________________ .
12. The genetic code is said to be universal because a codon represents the same
__________________________ in almost all organisms.
13. ______________________ , _____________________ , and _____________________ are stop codons.
14. ____________________________ and __________________________ are amino acids that are each
represented by only one codon.
48
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
UNIT 4
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7. Each set of three nitrogenous bases that codes for an amino acid is known as a
Name
Date
Chapter
11
Class
Reinforcement and Study Guide
DNA and Genes, continued
Section 11.2 From DNA to Protein
In your textbook, read about transcription from DNA to mRNA.
Complete each statement.
15. Proteins are made in the cytoplasm of a cell, whereas DNA is found only in the
__________________________ .
16. The process of making RNA from DNA is called __________________________ .
17. The process of transcription is similar to the process of DNA __________________________ .
18. __________________________ carries information from the DNA in the nucleus out into the cyto-
plasm of the cell.
19. mRNA carries the information for making proteins to the __________________________ .
In your textbook, read about translation from mRNA to protein.
Label the diagram. Use these choices: transfer RNA (tRNA), amino acid, amino acid chain, codon,
anticodon, messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosome.
21. _____________________________
G
LY
PH
E
ARG
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
20. __________________
23. ___________________
Y
GL
R
TH
Y
GL
E
PH
25. __________________
26. __________________
UNIT 4
C
A
C
G
G
U
A
U
A
U
A
U
G C
C
G
G
C
G
C
G
C
A U
U A
G C
A
U
G
G
U
U
U
U
22. __________________________
24. __________________
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
49
Name
Date
Worksheet
18
Translation:
From RNA to Protein
Class
Reteaching Skills
Use with Chapter 11, Section 11.2
1. Where does mRNA come from?
2. Where does translation take place in a eukaryotic cell?
3. What is the role of the mRNA codon?
4. What is the role of the tRNA anticodon?
5. What is the role of ribosomes in protein production?
(1)
(6)
(11)
(2)
(7)
(12)
(3)
(8)
(13)
(4)
(9)
(14)
(5)
(10)
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Number the mRNA codons in the transparency from left to right. Write down the
anticodon each codon pairs with. Then translate each codon into the amino acid it codes
for. Use the chart in your text to help with your translation.
7. What binds amino acids together in a protein?
8. Why is the genetic code called a “universal” code?
68
CHAPTER 11 DNA and Genes
UNIT 4