A presentation by the Committee on Private‐Public Sector Collaboration to Enhance Community Disaster Resilience
William H. Hooke, PhD, chair John R. Harrald, PhD Lynne Kidder
Randolph H. Rowel, PhD
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
February 11, 2011
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Statement of Task
Assess the current state‐of‐art in private‐public collaboration to strengthen community resilience, identify gaps in knowledge and practice, and recommend research areas for investment.
• Identify components of a framework for private‐public collaboration dedicated to strengthening community resilience.
•Develop guidelines for private sector engagement in the development of a framework for enhancing community resilience.
•Examine models of existing collaborations ranging from centralized to decentralized approaches, and make recommendations for a structure to further private and public sector collaboration to enhance community resilience.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Sponsor
Department of Homeland Security
Human Factors Behavioral Sciences Division
conducted under the auspices of the NRC Board on Earth Sciences and Resources
Geographical Sciences Committee
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Committee
William H. Hooke, Chair, American Meteorological Society
Arrietta Chakos, Urban Resilience Policy
Ann‐Margaret Esnard, Florida Atlantic University
John R. Harrald, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Lynne Kidder, Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
Michael T. Lesnick, Meridian Institute
Ines Pearce, Pearce Global Partners
Randolph H. Rowel, Morgan State University
Kathleen J. Tierney, University of Colorado
Brent H. Woodworth, Los Angeles Emergency Preparedness Foundation
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
What is Resilience?
The continued ability of individuals, groups, or systems
to function during or after stress such as disaster.
Based on Norris and others (2008)
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Disaster Resilience
Linked
Community Resilience
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
What is Resilience‐Focused
Private‐Public Collaboration?
Cooperation between private and public sectors representing the full fabric of the community
to prepare for, mitigate, respond to, and recover from disaster.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Presumptive Principles
Developed organizing themes to drive information gathering:
Collaboration is essential for community disaster resilience.
Private‐public collaboration implies interjurisdictional
organizations, diverse industry sectors, NGOs, and all elements of the community
Community disaster resilience implies planning and action from disaster mitigation through long‐term recovery
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Information Gathering
Current literature in emergency management, resilience, homeland security, public health, organizational structure, economics, etc.
Information‐gathering workshop: 60+ participants from the private and public sectors, researchers, and existing partnerships
Panel discussions during committee meetings
Expertise and extensive experience of the committee members
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Definition of Community
A group of people for whom a domain of interest is relevant.
(Etienne Wenger, 1998)
Includes the full fabric of the community and all its partners
•Private and public sectors
•NGOs, FBOs
All elements of the population including minorities, impoverished, disenfranchised, children, elderly
“domain of interest” = community resilience
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Participants
Operations
and
Processes
Synergy and
other
Intermediate
Outcomes
Community
Change
Outcomes
Increased
resilience
Community Factors
Community Factors
Major Elements of Collaboration
Implementation Principles and Strategies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
External factors that must be taken into account including jurisdictional challenges, political climate, public policies, levels of trust, liability concerns
Community Factors
Community Factors
Community Factors
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Full fabric of the community
Participants
(government, industry sectors, NGOs, community organizations, all segments of the population including the disenfranchised) Community Factors
Community Factors
Participants
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
• Identify goals and incentives
• Strategically direct interventions at multiple levels
Participants
• Target capacity building, changes in community policy, practice, environment
• Assume disaster resilience is a part of community resilience
Community Factors
Community Factors
Implementation Principles and Strategies
• Institutionalize collaboration for sustainability
Implementation Principles and Strategies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
• Collaborative management structure
Participants
Operations
and
Processes
• Horizontal networking with vertical links to fill gaps
• Neutral facilitating body oversees processes
• Focused on community
Community Factors
Community Factors
Operations and Processes
• Based on existing networks when possible
Implementation Principles
and Strategies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Synergy and other Intermediate Outcomes
Community Factors
• Identification of community needs Operations
and resources
Participants
and
• Increased ability to leverage Processes
resources
Synergy and
other
Intermediate
Outcomes
• Improved emergency management planning (all‐hazards approach; consideration of the full disaster cycle) Implementation Principles and Strategies
Community Factors
• Trusted relationships and greater communication
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Changes in the community that result in increased resilience
Synergy and
Operations
other
• Changes in community policies, Participants
and
Intermediate
Processes
practice, and environment
Outcomes
Community
Change
Outcomes
Increased
resilience
• Organizations that more effectively prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters
Community Factors
Community Factors
Community Change Outcomes
Implementation Principles and Strategies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Community
Communities constantly change.
Synergy and
Operations
Change
other
and
Outcomes
Intermediate
Processes
Increased
Outcomes
Regularly evaluate collaborative structures, goals, and Participants
resilience
strategies to remain relevant and sustainable
Community Factors
Community Factors
Constantly Reevaluate
Implementation Principles and Strategies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Research for Resilience
Is resilience a concept,
a useful method of description,
or a theory?
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Research Challenges
Resilience as a theory must be testable and have predictive power. Success must be definable, achievable, and repeatable.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Metrics and Data
We need metrics and data that allow us to determine and predict how, when, and why collaboration succeeds or fails.
For example:
• To evaluate strategies for creating and sustaining resilience‐
focused private‐public collaboration
• To quantify costs and benefits of investment in resilience‐
focused collaborative efforts
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Changing Organization Culture
Identify and remove barriers to change in organizational culture
•Includes organizations in the private and public sectors
•Build trust among collaborators
•Reward boundary spanning individuals and organizations
•Must move toward cultures of collaboration
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Demonstration Projects
Research demonstration projects that quantify risk and outcome metrics, enhance disaster resilience at the community level, and document best practices.
•Research is integrated into practice
•Serve as examples for other communities
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Longitudinal Data
Longitudinal research
—repeated observations of a
community over time—
needed to correlate change occurring over long periods with collaborative activities.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Longitudinal Data
Longitudinal data can •Document community change
•Correlate outcomes to behaviors and validate methodologies
•Provide comparable data sets on risk and resilience
•Provide evidence for long‐term investment in resilience‐
focused collaboration
But there is little longitudinal data.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Practical Guidance
Guidelines for building and strengthening sustainable resilience‐focused collaboration
at the community level
Translating theory to practice
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Creating the Climate for Community‐
Based Collaboration
•Strategic national framework
•Social/political environments
•Horizontal and vertical networks
•Catalysts for mobilizing communities
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Critical Elements of Implementation
• Local leadership
• Recognizing value and diversity of existing networks
• Neutral coordinator/facilitator
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Steps toward Implementation…
Collaboration in the community begins with leadership around a specific purpose or goal
•
Characteristics of leaders
•
Focus on identified needs in community
•
Create a leadership team
•
Identify key stakeholders
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Steps toward Implementation…
Institutionalize the collaboration with an organizational and operational framework
•
Partnership/collaboration models
•
Build the collaboration framework from existing community networks and organizations
•
Functions
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Steps toward Implementation…
Identify the collective resources and capabilities resident in the community
•
Demonstrates immediate value of collaboration
•
Strengthens community awareness of existing capabilities and gaps
•
Builds trust among diverse constituencies
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Steps toward Implementation…
Develop feasible, measurable objectives for the collaborative partnership
Focus on capacity‐building through public education
Engage educational/academic institutions in the community for both capacity building and research
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Steps toward Implentation…
Plan for sustainable financial support
•
Funding models for collaborative partnerships
•
Imperative of flexible resources
•
Provide for regular evaluation of community needs and modifcation to program objectives
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Closing Remarks from Chair
Building disaster‐resilient communities essential for the whole of our national hopes and aspirations
Private‐public collaboration at the community level is the starting point for building a resilient nation
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
View this report through the National Academies Press:
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13028
View a summary of the committee’s information gathering workshop:
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12864
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES