Health Science
Lecture Outline
Cancer - Chapter 16
Leading cause of disease-related death among people under age 65
Second most common cause of death
Evidence supports that most cancers could be prevented by simple lifestyle changes
Tobacco is responsible for about 30% of all cancer deaths
Poor diet and exercise habits account for another 30% of cancer deaths
Figure 16.1 Percentage of all cancer deaths linked to risk factors
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What is Cancer?
Definition:
Tumor:
Benign tumor:
Malignant tumor:
Every case of cancer begins as:
Figure 16.2 Tumor development occurs in stages
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Genetically altered cell-
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Hyperplasia –
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Dysplasia –
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In situ -
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Invasive Cancer -
Metastasis
Definition:
Primary tumor:
Secondary tumors (metastases) :
Types of Cancer
Classified according to types of cells that give rise to them
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Carcinomas –
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Epithelial tissue covers and lines surfaces of body
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Lecture Outline
Sarcomas –
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Bone, cartilage, etc.
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Lymphomas-
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Leukemias -
The Incidence of Cancer
American Cancer Society Estimates:
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1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will develop cancer during their lifetime
American Cancer Society Estimates:
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90% of skin cancer could have been prevented by:
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87% of lung cancer could have been prevented by:
Regular screening and self-examinations could save an additional 100,000 lives per year
Lung Cancer
Most common cause of cancer death in the U.S.
162,000 deaths per year
Risk factors
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Detection and treatment
Difficult to detect
Symptoms are not detected until:
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Symptoms include:
Diagnosis:
Treatment
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Difficult to treat
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If caught early, can be treated with surgery
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Only 16% are detected prior to spreading
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Radiation and chemotherapy are used in addition to surgery
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Detected early, 49% of patients are alive 5 years post-diagnosis
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Overall, the 5-year survival rate is only 15%
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Lecture Outline
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Third most common type of cancer
Risk factors
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Detection
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Regular screening
Treatment:
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Radiation and chemotherapy can be used
Breast Cancer
Most common cancer in women
Causes almost as many deaths in women as lung cancer
Risk factors
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Age:
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Early detection
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ACS recommends:
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Self-examination :
Treatment
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Patient has 98% chance of surviving if detected early
Prostate Cancer
Most common cancer in men
Risk factors
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Health Science
Lecture Outline
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Detection
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Blood test:
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Ultrasound
Treatment
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Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract
Cervical cancer
Most cases stem from infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV)- transmitted by unprotected sex
Prevention
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All sexually active women ages 18-65 should be tested regularly
Gardasil
Skin Cancer
Most common form of cancer
1 million cases per year
62,500 are melanoma
o Most serious type of skin cancer
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Caucasians are 10X more likely than African Americans to develop melanoma
Risk factors
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Types of skin cancer
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
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Prevention
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Health Science
Lecture Outline
Detection and treatment
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ABCD screen test
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A- Assymetry:
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B – Border:
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C- Color:
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D – Diameter:
The Causes of Cancer
The role of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
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Each cells has:
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Gene:
DNA mutations and cancer
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Mutagens:
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Oncogenes:
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Tumor suppressor gene:
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Hereditary cancer risks:
Cancer promoters
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Definition:
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Ex. (Estrogen)
Tobacco use
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Responsible for :
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Direct cause of lung, bronchial, larynx, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidneys, bladder, and
cervix cancer
Dietary Factors
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Food choices affect your cancer risk by:
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Dietary fat and meat
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Diets high in “bad” fats and meat may contribute to colon, stomach, and prostate cancers
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Omega-3 fats are healthier for body
Alcohol
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Risk of oral and colon cancer
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Health Science
Lecture Outline
Fried foods
Fiber
Fruits and vegetables
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Phytochemicals (Table 16.2 Food with phytochemicals)
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Inactivity and obesity
Carcinogens in the Environment
Microbes
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About 15% of the world’s cancers are caused by microbes
Ingested chemicals
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Nitrosamines:
Environmental and industrial pollution
Radiation
Figure 16.8 The seven major warning signs of cancer
Preventing Cancer
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Lifestyle choicesAvoid tobacco
Control diet and weight
Regular exercise
Protect skin from the sun
Avoiding environmental and occupational carcinogens
Follow recommendations for cancer screenings
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