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IJEET
©IAEME
EFFECT OF MORDANT TYPES ON ELECTRICAL
MEASUREMENTS OF COTTON FABRIC DYED WITH ONION
SCALE NATURAL DYE
Kh. EL-Nagar and Mamdouh Halawa *
National Institute for Standards
Tersa St., Haram. Giza, Egypt, P.O. Box: 136 Giza, Code. No. 12211
Corresponding Author: mamdouh_halawa@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This work touch a new effect of the mordants used to fix the natural dyes on cotton
fabric. The mordants not only fix the dye but also have another effect on the electrical
behaviours of the dyed samples. Onion's scale (Allium cepa) natural dye was used for
dyeing the cotton fabric and mordanted with different mordants namely CuSO4,
Fe2(SO4)3, K2Cr2O7, KAl(SO4)2·12H2O. Two mordanting techniques were followed
including pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting and dyeing. The electrical
behaviors studied were the sample capistance (CP), dissipation factor (DM), impedence
value (Z), dielectric constant (K), dissipation factor after removal the constant phase
error (D), and the electrical quality factor of the dyed and mordanted samples.
Key words: Cotton, Pre-Mordanting,
measurements, Natural Dye
Post-Mordanting,
Electrical
properties
1. INTRODUCTION
Calls for the use of natural dyes on textiles has been just one of the consequences of
increased environmental (Chavan, 1995; Mahale et al., 2003). The use of natural dyes
for the coloration of textiles has mainly confirmed to craft dyes and printers. Recently,
more interests is being shown in the use of these dyes and a limited number of
commercial dyes and small business have started to look at the possibilities of using
natural dyes for dyeing and printing of textiles (Das 1992). Natural dyes are less toxic,
non-pollutant, less health hazard (Venugopal, 1993; Katyaynini et al., 1993), very
brilliant (Nishida et al., 1998), rare color idea (Grag et al., 1991), and includes allergic
reactions (Gupta et al., 1994; Mehra, et al., 1994).
Dyeing of cotton with natural dyestuffs is a non-traditonal craft in Egypt. Natural
dyestuffs can be divided into two groups known as substantive or non-mordant and
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mordant dyes (Gogoi et al., 1997; Cannon 1994; Kamel et al., 2011). Mordant dyes
require a mordant, which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and
perspiration. The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change
the final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a
large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are
the synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30 %
of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant,
potassium dichromate, is applied as an after-treatment. It is important to note that many
mordants, particularly those in the hard metal category, can be hazardous to health and
extreme care must be taken in using them. A mordant is a substance used to set dyes on
fabrics by forming an insoluble compound with the dye (IUPAC 1993). It may be used
for dyeing fabrics, or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue preparations. A mordant is
either inherently colloidal or produces colloids and can be either acidic or alkaline.
Mordants may include tannic acid, alum, chrome alum, sodium chloride, and certain
salts of aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, iodine, potassium, sodium, and tin. These
individual or combined mordants applied to the dyeing bath either before dyeing (Premordanting), during dyeing in the same dye bath (meta- mordanting or simultaneous
dyeing and mordanting) or finally after dyeing (post-mordanting). (Deo et al., 2000;
Gulrajani et al., 2000; Terescheko, 1998)
Every material has a unique set of electrical characteristics that are dependent on its
dielectric properties. Accurate measurements of these properties can provide scientists
and researchers with valuable information to properly incorporate the material into its
intended application for more solid designs or to monitor a manufacturing process for
improved quality control. A dielectric materials measurement can provide critical design
parameter information for many industrial applications. For example, the loss of a cable
insulator, the impedance of a substrate, or the frequency of a dielectric resonator can be
related to its dielectric properties. More recent applications such as improving ferrite,
absorber, packaging designs, rubber, plastic and ceramics have also been found to
benefit from analysis of dielectric properties (QuadTech Application Note, 035012).
This work aims to study the electrical behaviors of cotton fabric dyed with onion scales
natural dye and mordanted with different metal salts (Cu2+, Fe3+, Cr6+ and Al3+).
Mordanting was conducted in two techniques (pre-mordanting and meta-mordanting).
Eelectrical behavior studied were the sample capistance (CP), dissipation factor (DM),
impedence value (Z), dielectric constant (K), dissipation factor after removal the
constant phase error (D), and the electrical quality factor of the dyed and mordanted
samples
2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
2.1 Materials
i. Fabrics
Mild scoured and bleached raw cotton fabrics made from two Egyptian varieties namely
Giza 86 and Giza 89, they were symbolized by V1 and V2 in this research respectively.
The two fabrics have plain weaving structure (1/1) and of fabric weight equals 110 g/m2.
Studied fabrics were purchased from Misr El-Mahala co. ltd, Egypt and they were used
throughout this study.
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ii. Dye Extraction
To extract the coloring matter of onion skins, 100 g of the onion skins was boiled in one
liter of water until the volume reduced to its half (after around 60 minutes). The
extracted liquor was filtered before using as a dyebath (Abou-El Anwar, 1999;
Othman, 2001; Tera, et al., 2011).
iii. Mordants
The mordants used for dyeing were potassium aluminum sulfate (Alum), potassium
dichromate, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, which were of pure laboratory grades
(Cannon et al., 1994).
2.2 METHODS, TESTING AND ANALYSIS
i. Mordanting Techniques
Two different techniques were used throughout this work:
a- Premordanting: Cotton fabric sample (5g) was immersed in the mordant solution 1%
(w/v) for 12 hours at room temperature1,9 (This technique was symbolized by 'T1' in
this research).
b- Simultaneous mordant and dyeing: The mordant 1% and the onion skins were boiled
together for 5 minutes with the onion scales dye, then filtered out to extract the bulks
and other insoluble ingredients. The stock was used afterward as dyeing bath1,9 (This
technique was symbolized by 'T2' in this research).
Table 1: The sample codes used thought this research
Cotton
variety
Giza 86
Giza 89
Variety Code
V1
V2
Mordanting Technique
Premordanting
Simultaneous (Dyeing
and Mordanting)
Mordanting
Code
T1
T2
ii. Dyeing
Mordanted fabric (5 g) from the first technique1 was soaked in the dye bath (300 ml)
acidified with acetic acid (1g/l) at 80ºC for 15 minutes. Finally the fabric were scoured
in water having sodium bicarbonate (1g/l) at 30ºC, rinsed with water and dried. In the
second technique (5g) of fabric sample was immersed in the filtered extract of mordant
and dye at 80ºC for 15 minutes, washed thoroughly, rinsed with water and finally dried
at room temperature.
iii. Electrical Properties Measurement and Precautions
A LCR meter (Inductance (L), Capacitance (C), and Resistance (R)) is an electronic test
device used to measure the inductance, capacitance, resistance and, impedance of a
component across a range of frequencies. It is useful and commonly used in testing
components and materials in a variety of research and design applications and in
component manufacturing. A 5-digit LED display of the LCR meter shows measured
values, entered parameters, instrument status, and user messages. Measurements can be
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performed at test frequencies of 100 Hz, 120 Hz, 1 kHz, and 10 kHz. A built-in drive
voltage can be set to preset values (0.1, 0.25 and 1.0 V). Measurements are taken at rates
of 2, 10 or 20 samples per second (QuadTech Application Note, 035012 ).
Consecutive readings can be averaged between 2 and 10 times for increased accuracy as
listed in Table 2. Both series and parallel equivalent circuit models of a component are
supported. Capacitor measurements use the external direct current (DC) source of up to
40 volts. Practically, there are additional sources of error that can affect the accuracy of
a measurement. There are three main sources of errors (Agilent application note 2006):
• Cable stability
• Air Gaps
• Sample thickness
Table 2: Electrical Behavior of cotton fabric samples dyed by technique
Code
CP (pF)
DM
No Mordant
Cu
Fe
T1V1
Cr
Al
Cu
182.93
417.61
391.03
372.83
372.95
Fe
Cr
Al
Cu
402.21
0.3377
380.03
445.60
0.3446
120.01
-71.59
Fe
Cr
Al
Cu
398.21
430.39
434.06
0.3219
0.3699
0.3620
377.05
350.67
343.77
436.65
488.59
483.64
0.3289
0.3806
0.3680
118.39
119.50
116.68
-71.55
-69.79
-69.51
198.91
0.1570
790.30
203.45
0.1572
122.90
80.99
Fe
Cr
Al
175.91
175.19
175.33
0.1439
0.1400
0.1397
908.70
903.95
899.54
179.85
478.69
178.76
0.1435
0.1400
0.1397
126.85
124.91
124.48
81.95
82.03
82.04
T1V2
T2V1
T2V2
Mordant
Z
CS (pF)
Dp
0.1710
0.3686
0.3381
0.2967
0.3019
(k
Ω)
857.58
362.16
384.19
404.60
408.55
188.34
475.10
433.79
417.68
461.81
380.16
0.2626
405.37
336.22
378.11
362.73
0.2764
0.2877
0.2870
448.86
414.80
425.30
R
0.1710
0.3674
0.3386
0.2797
0.3039
(k
Ω)
144.35
124.08
123.47
115.86
115.16
Q
80.30
-69.63
-71.26
-74.89
-73.19
416.19
0.3031
113.56
-72.05
352.87
407.42
388.62
0.2770
0.2817
0.2941
120.39
113.04
115.80
-76.29
-73.56
-73.81
Where:
CP: Sample capacitance in the parallel equivalent circuit (p F).
DM: Dissipation factor of the sample material.
Z: Impedance value of the sample (k Ω).
Cs: Sample capacitance in the series equivalent circuit (p F).
K: Dielectric constant of the sample material.
Dp: Dissipation factor of the sample material after removing the constant phase error.
R: Sample equivalent volume resistance (k Ω).
Q: Quality factor of the sample material.
It is important to allow enough time for the used cables to stabilize before making a
measurement and to be sure that the cables are not flexed between calibration and
measurement. This virtually eliminates cable instability and system drift errors. For
solid materials, an air gap between the probe and sample can be a significant source of
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error unless the sample face is machined to be at least as flat as the probe face. The
sample
le must also be thick enough to appear “infinite” to the probe.
Using the function of "Parallel Equivalent Circuit" of the LCR Meter at 10 kHz, the
electrical parameters of the different samples are determined by using the setup of Fig.
1. The full LCR meter
eter test can be conducted very quickly depending on the sample
tested.
Fig. 1: With and without sample between the two parallel specific plates
iv. Statistical Analysis and Traceability
All results reported in this res
research
earch are the average of three replicates. Electrical
parameters results have direct traceability to SI measurement system via the NIS Egypt
electrical measurement lab.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Analysis of Electrical Properties for the Tested Samp
Samples
Impedance measurements are a basic tool of evaluating the electronic components and
materials. Every material has a unique set of electrical characteristics that are dependent
on insulation properties. Accurate measurements of these properties can provide
pro
valuable information to ensure an intended application or to maintain a proper
manufacturing process. One of the most important of the electrical characteristics of the
material is known as "Dielectric Constant, (K)". It is also known as "Relative
Permittivity"
ermittivity" and represents a popular method of evaluating insulators such as rubber,
plastics, and powders. It is used to determine the ability of an insulator to store
electrical energy (ASTM D150, 2011 ).
The complex dielectric constant ((K) consists of a real part (Kr), which represents the
storage capability and an imaginary part ((Ki), which represents the loss. The "Tan δ or
D-factor"" of a material is the ratio of the energy lost to the energy stored. D-factor is
defined as the ratio of the imagi
imaginary part of the dielectric constant (Ki)) to the real part
(Kr). D denotes dissipation factor and Q is quality factor.
For inductors, a high Q indicates a more reactively pure component. A low Q indicates a
nearly pure resistor. Q varies with frequency. Q is commonly used to describe inductors.
With resistors, often all that is stated is that the resistor has low inductance. As
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mentioned before, the dissipation factor, D, is equal to 1/Q and is the ratio of the power
loss in a dielectric material to the total power transmitted through the dielectric. A low
D indicates a nearly pure capacitor. D is commonly used when describing capacitors of
all types (Stanford Research System, Revision 1.6 : 2006).
In practice, the dielectric constant is defined as the ratio of the capacitance of the
C
material to the capacitance of air, or K = M where CM = capacitance with a dielectric
CO
material and CO = capacitance without material, or vacuum. The K value of dry air is
1.00053, which for most measurement applications is usually close enough to the value
of a vacuum, which is 1.0000. Thus if a sample is to be used for insulating purposes
only, it would be better to have a lower dielectric constant, or as close to air as possible.
To the contrary, if a material is to be used in electrical applications for storage of
electrical charge, the higher the dielectric constant the better. More charge is stored
when a dielectric is present than if no dielectric (air) is present. The dielectric material
increases the storage capacity of the plate capacitor; hence, the dielectric constant of any
material would be greater than 1.
In practice, dissipation factor (D) is defined as the ratio of an insulating materials
resistance to its capacitive reactance at a specified frequency. It measures the
inefficiency or loss of the material, is always greater than 0, but usually much smaller
than the dielectric constant. So, D measurements are excellent tools of quality control,
which can yield indication of contamination or deterioration. Excessive moisture would
increase the dissipation factor value; it means something has changed as compared to
previously established values.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) have developed published methods for the measurement
of dielectric constant and dielectric loss. One method that is quick and easy, requires a
minimum of calculations, but offers some accuracy, is the Contacting Electrode Method
(CEM) as shown in Fig. 1. The results would generally be within 10 % if the sample is
reasonably flat, thick and uniform (ASTM D 1531: 2006).
Referring to Fig. 1, the sample is inserted in between the two parallel plates. The
capacitance value, CM and dissipation factor, DM are then measured with the LCR meter.
For instance, in sample # 1:
CM = 417.61 pF
,
DM = 0.3674
The specimen is then removed and for the same distance between the two plates, the
measurements repeated in air as Co and Do.
Co = 9.3 pF
,
Do = 0.0002
The dielectric constant of that sample is:
K = (CM / CO) = (417.61 / 9.3) = 44.9
and the dissipation factor is D = DM – DO = 0.3674- 0.0002 = 0.3672
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Subtracting DO from DM removes any constant phase error in the instrument.
instrument. With a
similar manner, the values of KS and DS for all tested samples can be determined as
listed in the table below
3.2 Effect of mordant on Electrical properties
The main coloring component found in the skin of onion is “quercetin” (3,5,7,3.4(3,5,7,3.4
pentahydroxy
entahydroxy flavon), yellow crystals, m.p 316-317ºC
316
as follows.
Quercetin
Figure 2: Chemical structure for coloring materials in onion's scale natural dye
The dyeing of cotton yarns with onion skin dye is a weak complex formation between
the dye and the
he metal ion from the mordant producing a charged complex. On soaking
the yarn onto the solution, a reaction between the hydroxyl group in the fiber surface and
the charged complex was formed.
D+ M [DM]+
CellOH + [DM]+ CellOH---DM
(1)
(2)
D= Dye, M= mordant, [DM] is the intermediate complex. (CellOH) is cellulose
molecule and (---)) is a coordination bonding between the charged sites or by using the
lone pair of electron on the functional groups in the molecular structure of the re
reactants.
Figure 3: The tentatively proposed structure of Quercetin-transition
transition metal
complexes (M): (Ezzati J. 2011).
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It is clear that by applying the simultaneous technique most of the dye molecules form
coordinated complex with all metals and filling aall available coordination sites and leave
a limited numbers to attach with the fabric substrate. In contrary, when the fabric
premordanted, the metal molecule coordinated onto the fabric and forming attractive
sites attached later on with the dye molecule to form more stable dyed samples carrying
more metal molecules which lead to more effect on the electrical behavior of the dyed
samples (Ezzati
Ezzati J. 2011, Kamel et al., 2011)
2011).
Figure 4:: Effect of mordant type and technique on capacitance in the parallel
equivalent circuit
0.4000
1V1T
0.3500
2V1T
0.3000
1V2T
DM
0.2500
2V2T
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
*Cu
*Fe
*Cr
*Alum
No mordant
Mordant type
Figure 5:: Effect of mordant type and technique on dissipation
issipation factor of the sample
material
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480.00
1V1T
1V2T
460.00
2V1T
2V2T
440.00
420.00
Zkr
400.00
380.00
360.00
340.00
320.00
300.00
*Cu
*Fe
*Cr
Mordant type
*Alum
No mordant
Cs (pF)
Figure 6:: Effect of mordant type and technique on impedance
mpedance value of the sample
(k Ω)
500.00
480.00
460.00
440.00
420.00
400.00
380.00
360.00
340.00
320.00
300.00
1V1T
2V1T
1V2T
2V2T
*Cu
*Fe
*Cr
Mordant type
*Alum
No mordant
Figure 7:: Effect of mordant type and technique on
o values of series capacitance
Figure 8: Effect of mordant type and technique on Dissipation factor of the sample
material after removing the constant
consta phase error
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160.00
1V1T
2V1T
1V2T
2V2T
Rkr
140.00
120.00
100.00
*Cu
*Fe
*Cr
*Alum
No mordant
Mordant type
Figure 9: Effect of mordan type and technique on real part of dielectric constant
78.00
Quality factor
76.00
1V1T
2V1T
1V2T
2V2T
74.00
72.00
70.00
68.00
66.00
*Cu
*Fe
*Cr
Mordant type
*Alum
No mordant
Figure 10: Effect of mordan type and technique on the quality factor
Referring to the data showed in figures (4 - 10). It is clear that the cupper mordanted
dyeing has higher conductivity than the other mordants followed by iron due to the fact
that metals has atoms in which the outermost orbital shell has very few electrons with
corresponding values of energy. The highest conductivity occurs in metals with only
one electron occupying a state in that shell. Regarding to the resistance parameters that
caused by thermal motion of ions which acts to scatter electrons (due to destructive
interference of free electron waves on non-correlating potentials of ions). Also
contributing to resistance in metals with impurities are the resulting imperfections in the
lattice. In pure metals this source is negligible (K. F. Schoch,Jr, May/June 1994).
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4. CONCLUSION
All interested dyers using natural dyes using different mordants and they focused their
research on the fastness properties of the dyed samples regardless the effect of these
mordants on the electrical behaviours of them. In this research we find a great effect of
the mordants types and techniques used in the application of the natural dye on
resistivity, conductance, electrical constant and quality. LCR Meters and specimen cells
are readily available that make it easy to perform impedance measurements on materials.
A measuring instrument with a wide programmable frequency range is important since
the insulation properties can vary substantially with frequency. Accuracy of results can
be enhanced by averaging several measurements and calculating results can be
simplified through computer programs, all of which leads to better process control,
increased efficiency and superior products.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to express their gratitude for Prof. Salah Mansour (head of
dyeing and finishing department) for his help in this work.
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