Name
Class
Date
7
Cell Structure
and Function
Big
idea
Cellular Basis of Life, Homeostasis
Q: How are cell structures adapted to their functions?
Chapter Summary
The diagram below shows what you will read about in this chapter and how the chapter is
organized. Study the diagram. Then answer the questions that follow.
7.1 Life Is Cellular
The discovery of the cell
Exploring the cell
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Cell organization
7.2 Cell Structure
Organelles that store, clean up, and support
Organelles that build proteins
Organelles that capture and release energy
Cellular boundaries
7.3
Cell Transport
Passive transport
Active transport
7.4 Homeostasis
and Cells
The cell as an organism
Multicellular life
Chapter Review
Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the
blanks. You may use a word once or not at all.
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
nucleus
ribosome
chloroplast
1. structure that contains DNA in a eukaryotic cell
2. organelle that changes chemical energy in food into usable compounds
3. cell structure that makes proteins
4. internal membrane system that helps make proteins
Answer the following questions. Use the diagrams to answer Questions 5 and 6.
5. Which of the cells is a plant cell?
6. Which of the cells is prokaryotic?
7. Complete the linear concept map.
is the
diffusion
of water
through a
selectively __________
membrane.
8. Ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus work together to
A. convert solar energy to chemical energy.
B. pass on genetic information.
C. break down and recycle materials.
D. make and deliver proteins.
Chapter Vocabulary Review
For Questions 1–4, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change
the underlined word or words to make the statement true.
1. All cells are surrounded by a cell wall.
2. The flexible nature of a cell membrane results from its channel proteins.
3. Selectively permeable membranes allow only certain materials to pass through
them.
4. Centrioles are found in animal cells.
For Questions 5–8, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
5. Osmosis occurs through water channel proteins called
________.
6. The force created by the net movement of water through a cell membrane is called _
7. Red blood cells are able to maintain homeostasis because they are bathed in blood, which is
pressure.
to
the fluid in the cells themselves.
8. To respond to a chemical signal, a cell must have a _
to which the signaling molecule can bind.
For Questions 9-15, match the organelle with its description.
Organelle
9. Ribosomes
10. Endoplasmic
reticulum
11. Golgi apparatus
12. Lysosomes
13. Vacuoles
Description
A. Convert energy from sunlight into chemical energy
that is stored in food
B. Stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages
proteins and other materials for storage or release
C. Convert chemical energy stored in food into a form
that can be easily used by the cell
14 Chloroplasts
D. An internal membrane system where lipid components
of cell membranes are made
15. Mitochondria
E. Saclike structures that store materials
F. Small particles of RNA and protein on which proteins
are assembled using instructions from DNA
G. Filled with enzymes used to break down
carbohydrates into smaller molecule
7
Cell Structure and Function
Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
_____ 1. Who used a compound microscope to see chambers within cork and named them “cells”?
a. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c. Matthias Schleiden
b. Robert Hooke
d. Rudolf Virchow
_____ 2. Electron microscopes can reveal details
a. only in specimens that are still alive.
b. about the different colors of cell structures.
c. of cell structures only once they are stained.
d. 1000 times smaller than those visible in light microscopes.
_____ 3. Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?
a. The cell lacks cytoplasm.
c. The cell lacks a nucleus.
b. The cell lacks a cell membrane.
d. The cell lacks genetic material.
_____ 4. Which of the following is NOT found in the nucleus?
a. mitochondria.
c. chromatin
b. nucleolus
d. DNA
_____ 5. Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful?
a. Golgi apparatus
b. lysosome
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. mitochondrion
Figure 7–1
_____ 6. Which structure in the cell shown in Figure 7–1 above stores materials, such as water, salts,
proteins, and carbohydrates?
a. structure A
c. structure C
b. structure B
d. structure D
_____ 7. Which sequence correctly traces the path of a protein in the cell?
a. ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus
b. ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast
c. endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus
d. ribosome, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum
_____ 8. Which organelle converts the chemical energy stored in food into useable energy?
a. chloroplast
b. Golgi apparatus
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. mitochondrion
_____ 9. Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?
a. breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from foods
b. stores water, salt, proteins, and carbohydrates
c. keeps the cell wall in place
d. regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell
_____ 10. The cell membrane contains channels and pumps that help move materials from one side to
the other. What are these channels and pumps made of?
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. bilipids
d. proteins
_____ 11. Diffusion occurs because
a. molecules are attracted to one another.
b. molecules constantly move and collide with each other.
c. cellular energy forces molecules to collide with each other.
d. cellular energy pumps molecules across the cell membrane.
_____ 12. An animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because the osmotic pressure
causes
a. water to move into the cell.
b. water to move out of the cell.
c. solutes to move into the cell.
d. solutes to move out of the cell.
_____ 13. Which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell?
a. diffusion
c. facilitated diffusion
b. osmosis
d. active transport
_____ 14. The cells of unicellular organisms are
a. specialized to perform different tasks.
b. larger than those of multicellular organisms
c. able to carry out all of the functions necessary for life.
d. unable to respond to changes in their environment.
_____ 15. Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the
simplest level to the most complex level?
a. cell, tissue, organ system, organ
b. organ system, organ, tissue, cell
c. tissue, organ, organ system, cell
d. cell, tissue, organ, organ system
Name
Class
Date
Completion
Complete each statement on the line provided.
16. Electrons pass through thin slices of cells or tissues and produce flat, two-dimensional images in
electron microscopy.
17. The cell’s genetic information is found in the cell’s nucleus as threadlike
which are made of chromatin and protein.
18. In plants,
,
capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy.
19. Some materials can move across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient by
.
20. A cell’s relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions are called
.
Short Answer
In complete sentences, write the answers to the questions on the lines provided.
21. Is the cell in Figure 7–2 a prokaryote or a
eukaryote? How can you tell? Use the
features labeled A, B, and C to describe
the cell.
22. What advantages do cell walls provide
plant cells that contact fresh water?
Figure 7–2
23. Explain, in terms of osmosis, why a raisin placed in a cup of pure water overnight will puff up with
water.
Name
Class
Date
Figure 7–3
24. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7–3. Use these terms: nucleus,
mitochondrion, ribosome, cell membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic
reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm.
25. How are endocytosis and exocytosis similar? How are they different?
Using Science Skills
Use the diagram below to answer the following questions on the lines provided.
A student put together the experimental setup shown below. The selectively permeable membrane is
permeable to water, but not the solute shown.
Figure 7–4
26. Interpret Visuals Describe the experimental setup shown in Figure 7–4.
154
Name
Class
Date
27. Compare and Contrast How does the solution on Side A of the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4
differ from the solution on Side B?
28. Predict Look at Figure 7–4. Describe the movement of water in the experimental setup. What will
happen to the concentration of water over time?
29. Predict What will the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4 look like when equilibrium is reached?
30. Predict Once equilibrium is reached in the apparatus shown in Figure 7–4, will the water
molecules continue to move? Explain your answer.
Name
Class
Date
10
Cell Growth and
Division
Big
Growth, Development, and Reproduction
idea
Q: How does a cell produce a new cell?
Chapter Summary
The diagram below shows what you will read about in this chapter and how the chapter is
organized. Study the diagram. Then answer the questions that follow.
10.1 Cell Growth,
Division, and
Reproduction
Limits to cell size
Cell division and reproduction
Chromosomes
10.2 The Process
of Cell
Division
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
10.3 Regulating
the Cell Cycle
Controls on cell division
Cancer: uncontrolled cell growth
From one cell to many
10.4 Cell
Differentiation
Stem cells and development
Frontiers in stem cell research
Chapter Vocabulary Review
1. Describe how the following terms are related to one another.
asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction:
chromosome, centrioles:
centromere, chromatid:
binary fission, mitosis:
For Questions 2–5, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
2. _
and growth factors are examples of regulatory proteins that control the
cell cycle.
3.
is the controlled series of steps that lead to cell death.
4. The first few cells that form a(n)
they can become any type of cell.
are said to be
because
5. The hollow ball of cells that forms in early embryonic development is called the
.
For Questions 6–13, match the event with the phase of the cell cycle in which it takes
place. A phase may be used more than once.
Event
Phase of the Cell Cycle
6. A nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes.
A. anaphase
7. The cell grows and replicates DNA.
B. cytokinesis
8. A spindle forms.
C. interphase
9. Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
D. metaphase
10. The genetic material condenses and
Chromosomes become visible.
E. prophase
11. Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.
12. The cytoplasm divides.
13. Sister chromatids separate.
F. telophase
Chapter Review
Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the blanks.
cancer
mitosis
interphase
cytokinesis
1. Division of the cell nucleus
___
_______
2. Division of the cytoplasm of a cell
___
_______
3. Condition in which cells grow uncontrollably
___
_______
Complete the linear concept maps using the terms below. All the terms will not be used.
Cancer
4.
cell cycle
cells
cell grows, prepares for division, and divides.
a
During the
5.
cytokinesis
causes
to divide
uncontrollably.
Answer the questions.
6. The ratio of surface area to volume limits
A. the amount of food a cell needs.
B. the number of times a cell can divide.
C. the type of cell.
D. the size of the cell.
7. Why are most cells small?
8. Which of the following is a form of asexual reproduction?
A. binary fission
B. fertilization
C. fusion
D. meiosis
9. “As organisms develop, their cells differentiate into specialized cells.” In this sentence,
differentiate means
A. to see a difference.
C. to develop for specific jobs.
B. to divide more quickly.
D. to become less specific.
Use the diagrams below to answer questions 10 and 11.
10. What is the name for the process shown here? ___
11. Write the name of each phase on the line below the diagram.
A.
B.
C.
D.
10
Cell Growth and Division
Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
_____ 1. An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction
a. takes less time.
c. provides genetic diversity.
b. requires more time.
d. produces identical offspring.
_____ 2. Which is one advantage of having a cell’s DNA bundled into separate chromosomes?
a. During DNA replication, the number of chromosomes is cut in half.
b. During DNA replication, the number of chromosomes stays the same.
c. During cell division, each daughter cell will get the same number of genes.
d. During cell division, each daughter cell will get a random number of genes.
_____ 3. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
a. only during interphase
b. only when replicating
c. only during cell division
d. only during the G1 phase
_____ 4. Which event occurs during interphase?
a. The cytoplasm divides.
c. Spindle fibers begin to form.
b. Centrioles duplicate.
d. Centromeres divide.
_____ 5. In Figure 10–1, what role does structure A
Animal Cell
play in mitosis?
a. replicate DNA
b. increase cell volume
c. connect to spindle fibers
d. dissolve nuclear envelope
_____ 6. During normal mitotic cell division, a
parent cell that has four chromosomes will
produce two daughter cells, each containing
a. two chromosomes.
b. four chromosomes.
c. eight chromosomes.
Figure 10–1
d. sixteen chromosomes.
_____ 7. One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have
a. centrioles.
c. a cell plate.
b. centromeres.
d. chromatin.
_____ 8. When cells are grown in a laboratory, which factor can stop normal cells from dividing?
a. contact with other cells
c. a cut in the skin
b. growth factors
d. injection of cyclin
181
_____ 9. Cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of
the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells divide until they fill the
empty space. What does this experiment show?
a. Cell division is a completely random process.
b. Once cells divide, they can never divide again.
c. The controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off.
d. There is only a limited amount of DNA available to a given group of cells.
_____ 10. Cancer affects
a. humans only.
b. unicellular organisms only.
c. multicellular organisms only.
d. multicellular and unicellular organisms.
_____ 11. During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical.
Later in development, the cells become specialized through a process called
a. apoptosis.
c. differentiation.
b. cytokinesis.
d. interphase.
_____ 12. Why are stem cells important?
a. They have specialized DNA.
b. They are incapable of becoming cancer cells.
c. They have the potential to undergo cell division.
d. They have the potential to develop into other cell types.
_____ 13. Which of the following is a possible future benefit of stem cell research?
a. developing a vaccine for cancer
b. reversing damage from a heart attack
c. generating embryos from nonliving tissue
d. increasing a person’s intelligence quotient
_____ 14. The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell partially depends on the cell’s
a. ratio of surface area to volume. c. volume.
b. type of membrane.
d. surface area.
_____ 15. When during the cell cycle is a cell’s DNA replicated?
a. G1 phase
c. S phase
b. G2 phase
d. M phase
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the underlined word or phrase to make
the statement true.
_____ 16. The structure shown in Figure 10–2 is a replicated
chromosome.
_____ 17. In eukaryotes, the spindle breaks down during prophase
and re-forms during telophase.
Figure 10–2
Completion
Complete each statement on the line provided.
18. A cell with 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have
chromatids in the G2 phase.
19. Look at Figure 10–3. Once structure A has completely
formed, another phase of the cell cycle will start. This
phase will be called
.
20. During normal development, the cells between
toes and fingers die by
,
a process of programmed cell death.
21. Adult skin cells can no longer become other types
of cells because they have already undergone
.
22. Harvesting ____________________ stem cells from
Figure 10–3
a willing donor is not as controversial as harvesting
techniques that involve the destruction of an embryo.
Short Answer
In complete sentences, write the answers to the questions on the lines provided.
23. List two problems that growth causes for cells.
24. Which type of reproduction, sexual or asexual, is best suited for organisms that live in a place
where environmental conditions are stable? Explain.
25. The level of cyclins in a cell increases during the M phase of the cell cycle. What might happen to
a cell if no cyclins were present during the M phase?
183
Name
Class
Date
Using Science Skills
Use the diagram below to answer the following questions on the lines provided.
Figure 10–4
26. Interpret Visuals Look at Figure 10–4. Which diagram shows cancer cells? How do you
know?
27. Compare and Contrast Explain how cancer cells are different from normal cells. Then,
relate these characteristics to the diagram in Figure 10–4 that shows cancer cells.
28. Predict Look at the cancer cells shown in Figure 10–4. What can happen if these cells are
left untreated?
29. Apply Concepts Explain the role that p53 might have had in the growth and division of
the cells shown in each diagram in Figure 10–4.
30. Problem Solving How might the cancer cells shown in Figure 10–4 be prevented from
doing more harm to the organism they are a part of?