M.Sc. BOTANY SYLLABUS (CBCS)
I SEMESTER
Core Papers:
PS01CBOT01: Cell & Molecular Biology
PS01CBOT02: Bioinstrumentation
PS01CBOT03: Genetics, Plant breeding and Evolution
Elective Papers:
Any one paper from the list
PS01CBOT04: Practicals of PS01CBOT01and PS01CBOT02
PS01CBOT05: Practicals of PS01CBOT03and PS01EBOT01
PS01CBOT06: Viva voce
II SEMESTER
Core Papers:
PS02CBOT01: Biology and Diversity of lower plants (Algae,Bryophytes &
Pteridophytes)
PS02CBOT02: Taxonomy & Diversity of seed plants
PS02CBOT03: Mycology & Plant pathology
Elective Papers:
Any one paper from the list
PS02CBOT04: Practicals of PS02CBOT01and PS02CBOT02
PS02CBOT05: Practicals of PS02CBOT03and PS02EBOT01
PS02CBOT06: Viva voce
III SEMESTER
Core:
PS03CBOT01: Plant Development & Reproduction
PS03CBOT02: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry
PS03CBOT03: Environmental & Ecological principles
Elective Paper :
Any one paper from the list
PS03CBOT04: Practicals of PS03CBOT01and PS03CBOT02
PS03CBOT05: Practicals of PS03CBOT03and PS03EBOT01
PS03CBOT06: Viva voce
IV SEMESTER
Core papers:
PS04CBOT01: Plant Biotechnology
PS04CBOT02: Medical Botany & Phytochemistry
Elective Papers:
Any two papers from the list
PS04CBOT03: Practicals of PS04CBOT01and PS04CBOT02
PS04CBOT04: Practicals of PS04EBOT01and PS04EBOT02
PS04CBOT05: Viva voce
OR
PS04CBOT03: Practicals of PS04CBOT01and PS04CBOT02
PS04CBOT04: Dissertation
PS04CBOT05: Viva voce
List of Elective Papers
PSCOEBOT01: Biostatistics
PSCOEBOT02: Phytoresource utilization & conservation
PSCOEBOT03: Microtechniques
PSCOEBOT04: Systematic Botany
PSCOEBOT05: Horticulture
PSCOEBOT06: Bioinformatics
PSCOEBOT07 : Wood Biology
PSCOEBOT08: Bioethics, Bio safety and IPR
PSCOEBOT09: Research Methodology
I SEMESTER
PS01CBOT01: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
An overview of cell organization; Structure of pro-and eukaryotic cell.
Experimental approaches for studying cells : Various types of light microscopy,
Electron microscopy, fixation and staining, cytochemical methods and cell
fractionation (flow cytometry)
Cell organization: Structure and functions of membranes, nucleus, Chlroplast,
Mitochondria, Endoplastic reticulum, Golgi complex, ribosomes, lysosomes,
peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.
The cytoskeleton and cell motility – Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate
filaments. Cell cycle and cell division.
Nucleic acids as carries of genetic information; Physical properties and structure of
DNA and RNA. Replication of DNA : Enzyme and proteins involved in replication.
DNA repair mechanisms.
Transcription of DNA, post transcriptional modifications of RNA and control of
transcription. Genetic code and its properties.
Translation of RNA in pro and eukaryotes. Control of translation and protein
targeting.
References Books:
Molecular biology of the cell, 1994 : By Bruce Alberts et al; Garland publishing New
York.
Cell and molecular biology, 1999 : By Gerald Karp, John Wiley, London.
Cell and molecular biology, 1987 : By DeRobertis and DeRobertis, Lee and Febiger,
Washington.
Molecular cell biology, 2000 : By Lodish et al; W. H. Freeman & Company, Newyork.
PS01CBOT02: BIOINSTRUMENTATION
Electrochemistry: pH and buffers, potentiometric and conductometric titration.
Principle and application of light, phase contrast, fluorescence, scanning and
transmission electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force
microscopy, confocal microscopy, cytophotometry and flow cytometry. Preparation of
microbial, animal and plant samples for microscopy.
Principle methodology and applications of gel – filtration, ion –exchange and affinity
chromatography; Thin layer and gas chromatography; High performance liquid
chromatography, FPLC.
Electrophoresis: Principle and applications of Native and SDS PAGE; Agarose and
2D gel electrophoresis.
Spectroscopy: UV, visible, IR, NMR and ESR spectroscopy. Atomic absorption and
plasma emission spectroscopy; MS and MALDI-TOF. Electrophoresis: Principle and
applications of Native, SDS, Agarose and 2D gel electrophoresis.
Centrifugation: Basic principle and application; Differential, density and
Ultracentrifugation. Principle of biophysical method and used for analysis of
biopolymer structure; X ray diffraction, flurorescence,
Principle and applications of tracer technique in biology: Radioactive Isotopes and
half life of isotopes; Effect of radiation on biological system; autoradiography;
cerenkov radiation; radiation dosimetry; scintillation counting. Biosensors: Principle
and application
References:
Instrumental method of chemical analysis -Sharma BK
Instrumental methods of analysis- DA Skoog
An introduction to practical Biochemistry -Plummer
Instrumentation -Chatwal and Anand
Modern experimental Biology- Boyer
Sadasivam, S. and A. Manickam : Biochemical Methods. 2 nd edition. New Age
International (P) Ltd. New Delh.
Voet, D., J. G. Voet and C. W. Pratt : Fundamentals of Biochemistry. John Wiley &
sons, Inc. New York.
Wilson and J. Walker. Principles and techniques of practical biochemistry
D. R. Browning. Spectroscopy :
H. H. Willard et al. Instrumental methods of analysis.
D. Freifelder Physical Biochemistry
S. C. Gupta. Fundamentals of Statistics. Himalaya Pub. House.
J. Medhi. Statistical Methods an introductory text. New Age International (P) Ltd.
Publishers.
P. S. S. Sudar Rao & J. Richard. An introduction to biostatistics. Prentice Hall of
India. N. Delhi.
PS01CBOT03: GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION
Genetics
Fundamentals of Genetics: Mendelian analysis, Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance, The
principle of segregation, Test cross and back cross; The principle of Independent
assortment, pedigree analysis. Chromosome structure and function; Probability &
Statistics in Genetics: Probability in genetic analysis; probability of combination of
events, mutually exclusive events, use of binomial distribution in Genetics; The Chisquare goodness of fit test and its use in Genetics.
Interaction of genes: Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, lethal genes, epistasis,
pleiotropy polygenic traits and quantitative inheritance; Sex chromosomes and sexlinked inheritance: Transmission of sex- linked traits, sex determination; Linkage and
chromosome mapping and its significance: Linkage, Crossing over- two point
crosses, three–point crosses tetrad analysis, chromosome maps.
Maternal effects and cytoplasmic inheritance: Maternal effects in snails,
Streptomycin resistance in Chlamydomonas, mitochondrial mutations in yeast,
Kappa particles in paramecium, plastid inheritance in Mirabilis jalapa, male sterility in
plants; Alterations in chromosome number and structure: Ploidy: Aneuploidy and
euploidy, polyploidy and its significance: alteration in chromosome structure:
Deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations; Mutations: Types of
mutations, mutagens, molecular basis of mutations; transposable elements; Reverse
mutations & suppressor mutations.
Plant Breeding:
History, methods and objectives of plant breeding; Present status and future
prospects; Origin, domestication and introduction of crop plants; Modes of
reproduction – asexual and sexual reproduction, determination of mode of
reproduction in a species, modes of pollination, mechanism of pollination control, self
incompatibility, male sterility; Breeding in self pollinate crops; Hybridization: History,
objectives and procedures in hybridization, consequences of hybridization;
Polyploidy in plant breeding; application of polyploidy in crop improvement and its
limitations.
Evolution:
Introduction, Fundamental Evolutionary process. The elemental forces of
Evolution. The sources of variation. The role of Natural Selection, Evidence of
organic Evolution & theories of organic evolution.
Result of evolution adaptive; Evolutionary devergence : Plant diversity as a result of
evolution, Isolating mechanisms.
Reference Books :
Strickberger M. W. Genetics. Third Edition. Macmillan Publishing co. New York.
Robert Weaber & Philip W. Hedrick. Basic Genetics, Second Edition. W. M. C.
Brown Publishers Dubuque lowq.
Anna C. Pal & Helen M. Roberts. Genetics – its concepts & implications, Prentic –
Hall Inc. Engle clifts, New Jersey. USA
Edmund W. Sinnot, L. C. Dunn & T. Dobzhansky, Principles of Genetics. McGraw
Hill Book company Inc. New York, USA.
A. M. Sr & R. W. Owen. General Genetics, W. H. Freeman & Company,
Sanfrancisco.
P. K. Gupta, Genetics. Rastogi Publications. Shivaji Road Meerut, India.
Stebbins G. L. Variation & Evolution in plant.
G. Ledyard Stebbins. Process of organic Evolution.
Jay M. Savage. Evolution
Edward O. Dodson. Evolution : Process & Product.
Paul Amos Moody. Introduction to Evolution.
Elective paper
Any one paper from the list
BOT – 405: Practicals of BOT 401 and BOT 402
BOT – 406: Practicals of BOT 403 and BOT 404
BOT – 407: Viva voce
SEMESTER II
PS02CBOT01: BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS
(Algae,Bryophytes & Pteridophytes)
Archebacteria and eubacteria: General account; ultra structure, nutrition and
reproduction biology and economic importance; cyanobacteria – salient features and
biological importance.
Phycology: Algae in diversified habits (terrestrial, freshwater, marine); thallus
organization; cell ultra structure; reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual); criteria
for classification of algae: pigments, reserve food, flagella;
Phycology: Classification, salient features of Protochlorophyta, Chlorophyta,
Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta; algal
blooms.
Bryophyta: Morphology, structure, reproduction and life history; distribution;
classification; general account of Marchantiales; Jungermaniales, Anthoceratales,
Sphangales, Funariales and Polytrichales; economic and ecological importance.
Pteridophyta : Morphology, anatomy and reproduction; classification; evolution of
stele; heterospory and origin of seed habit; general account of fossil pteriodophyta;
Introduction to Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida.
Reference Books:
Kumar, H. D. Introductory Phycology. Affilated East-West Press Ltd., New Delhi.
Parihar, N. S. Bryophyta. Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
Puri, P. Bryophytes. Atma Ram & Sons, Delhi.
Round, F. E. The Biology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sporne, K. K. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. B. I. Publishing Pvt. Ltd., Bombay.
Stewart, W. N. and Rathwell, G. W. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants.
Cambridge University Press.
PS02CBOT02: TAXONOMY & DIVERSITY OF SEED PLANTS
GYMNOSPERMS
Introduction to Gymnosperms, the vessel-less and fruitless seed plants varying in
the structure of their sperms, pollen grains, pollen germination and the complexity of
their female gametophyte; evolution of gymnosperms. Structure and reproduction in
Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Structure and reproduction in Coniferales, Ephedrales,
Welwitschiales and Gnetales.
ANGIOSPERMS
The species concept: taxonomic hierarchy, species, genus, family and other
categories; principles used in assessing relationship, delimitation of taxa and
attribution of rank. Salient features of the international code of botanical
nomenclature.
Taxonomic evidence: morphology, anatomy, palynology, embryology, cytology;
phytochemistry; genome analysis and nucleic acid hybridization.
Taxonomic tools: Herbarium; floras; histological, cytological, phytochemical,
serological, biochemical and molecular techniques; computers and GIS.
Systems of angiosperm classification: phenetic versus phylogenetic systems;
cladistics in taxonomy; relative merits and demerits of major systems of
classification. Concepts of phytogeography: endemism, hotspots and hottest
hotspots; plant explorations; invasions and introductions; local plant diversity and its
socio-economic importance.
Reference Books:
Bhatnagar,S.P. and Moitra, A. 1996. Gymnosperms.
Gurcharan Singh. Plant systematics: Theory and Practice
Heywood (ed.) Modern Methods in Plant Taxonomy
Jeffery, C. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy
Jones, S.B., Luchsinger, A.L.1987. Plant Systematics
Judd, W.S; Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A; Stevens, P.F. 1999. Plant Systematics: A
phylogenetic approach
Lawrence, G.H.M. Vascular Plant Systematics
Nordenstam, B., EI Gazaly, G. and Kassas, M. 2000. Plant systematics for 21st
century.
Radford, A. 1986.
Fundamentals of Plant Systematics
Solbrig, O.T.1970. Principles and Methods of Plant Biosystematics
Sporne, K. Morphologhy of gymnosperms
Stace, C. A.1980. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics
Stebins, G.L. Variation and Evolution in Plants.
Turrill, W.B. Vistas in Botany vol. IV (Recent Researches in Plant Taxonomy)
Woodland, D.W. Contemporary plant systematics.
PS02CBOT03: MYCOLOGY & PLANT PATHOLOGY
Introduction to fungi: History and classification of fungi. Life cycle,
morphology, structure and reproduction in Myxomycotina, Mastigomycotina,
Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina; Lichens:
growth forms and reproductive structures.
Techniques for mushroom cultivation: Schedule and systems of cultivation;
composting; peak heating; spawn preparation and mushroom strains; spawning and
mycelial growth; supplementation; cultivation techniques from casing to ruffling and
recovery growth to harvesting; pests and diseases, its protection.
Introduction to plant pathogens: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and
insect pests.
Introduction to plant pathology. Detailed study on symptoms, etiology,
epidemiology and control of the following fungal diseases of plants. Late blight;
powdery mildew; smuts, rusts; blast, red rot and tikka diseases.
Symptoms, etiology, epidemiology and control of bacterial and viral diseases
with reference to leaf blight, leaf spot, canker, brown rot, mosaic diseases in plants.
Host-pathogen interactions: Pathogen attack strategies; plant defense mechanisms;
HR and SAR in plant defense. Molecular mechanisms in plant defense.
References:
Alexopoulus, C. J., Mims, C. W. and Blackwel, M., Introductory Mycology, John
Wiley & Sons Inc.
Mandahar, C. L. Introduction to Plant Viruses. Chand & Co. Ltd., Delhi.
Mehrotra, R. S. and Aneja, R. S. An Introduction to Mycology. New Age Intermediate
Press.
Rangaswamy, G. and Mahadevan, A. 1999. Diseases of Crop Plants in India.
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Singh R S. Plant diseases. 6th edition. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi
Singh R.S. Principles of plant pathology. 3rd edition. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi
III SEMESTER
PS03CBOT01: PLANT DEVELOPMENT & REPRODUCTION
Introduction to growth and development of higher plants:
The major groups of plants; The structure of higher plants – The cell, meristems;
simple tissue; complex tissues and tissue systems – Protective systems, Absorbing
systems, Supporting systems, Photosynthesic systems, Storage systems,
Transporting systems; Secretory and Excretory systems, Aerating systems;
Movement systems of positional perception, Intra-organismal communication
systems. Concepts of plant growth and development from an organismal
perspective.
Seed to seedling: Seed germination, seedling growth.
Seedling to adult plant – Primary vegetative body of the plant: Growth and
Differentiation of the shoot, leaf and root; Secondary body of the plant: The vascular
cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, periderm.
Reproduction : Floral evocation and development of the floral meristem, formation
of floral organs, Microsporogenesis and formation of the male gametophyte,
Megasprogenesis and formation of the embryo sac, Pollen-pistill interaction and
fertilization.
Seed and Fruit formation: Endosperm development and embryogenesis, Fruit
growth and ripening, Dormancy of seeds and buds.
Alternative Development strategies: Embryonic development of somatic cells and
pollen grains, Abnormal Growth.
Reference Books :
Carlquist, S. Comparative Wood Anatomy, Springer – Verlag, Berlin.
Cutter, D. F., Applied Plant Anatomy, Logman, London.
Cutter, E. G. Plant Aatomy : Experiment and Interpretation : Part 2 – Orgnas.
Edward Arnold, London.
Cutter, E. G., Plant Anatomy : Part – 1 Cells and Tissues, 2nd Edition, Edward
Arnold, London.
Eames, A. J. and Mac Daniels, L. H. An Introduction to Plant Anatomy, 2 nd Edition,
McGraw – Hill, New York.
Fahn, A., Plant Anatomy, 4th Edition, Butterworth, Heinemann Ltd.
Fosket, D. E., Plant Growth and Development : A Molecular Approach. Academic
press, San Diego.
Kozolowski, T. T., Growth and Development of Trees. Vols. I and II. Academic
Press, New York.
Lyndon, R. F., Plant Development: The cellular basis. Unwin Hyman, London.
Maheswari, P. An Introduction to the Embryology of Agiosperms. McGraw-Hill Book
Co., New York.
Mauseth, J. D. Plant Anatomy, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. California.
Metcalfe, C. R. and Chalk. L. Anatomy of the Dicotyledons. 2 nd Edition Vol – III,
Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Metcalfe, C. R. and Chalk. L. Anatomy of the Dicotyledos, Vols.I and II, Clarendon
Press, Oxford.
Murphy, T. M. and Thompson, W. F. Molecular Plant Development, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey.
Peter, W., Jeske, H., Jurgens, G. ,Kloppstech, K. and Link, G. Molecular Plant
Development: from gene to plant. Oxford University Press, Oxford, NY.
Raghavan, V. An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill Book
Co., NY.
Raghavan, V. Developmental Biology of Flowering Plants. Springer – Verlag, NY.
Romberger, J. A., Hejnowicz, Z. and Hill, J. F. Plant Structure : Function and
Development : A Treatise on Anatomy and Vegetative Development, with
special reference to woody plants, Springer – Verlag, NY
Zimmerman, M. H. and Brown, C. L. Trees – Structure and Function, SpringerVerlag, Berlin.
PS03CBOT02: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY
Plant Physiology
Plant and water relations - Water potential, Absorption of water by land plants,
Transpiration
Mineral Nutrition and Translocation in plants
General functions of Essential elements, Nutrient roles and deficiency symptoms;
Mineral salt absorption and transport.
Ascent of sap, Mechanism of ascent of sap, phloem transport
Photosynthesis - Light and pigments; Light dependent reactions of Photosynthesis;
Carbon metabolism – The Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR) cycle; Activation
and regulation of the PCR cycle, The C4 syndrome, Crustacean Acid Metabolism
(CAM), Regulation of C4 photosynthesis and CAM; Translocation and distribution of
photoassimilates, Photorespiration, Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis .
Respiration - Organization of mitochondrial electron transport system in plants,
cyanide resistant pathway and alternative oxidase, its role in regulation of
mitochondrial electron transport. Transport of metabolites across mitochondrial
membrane. Regulation of pentose phosphate pathway and its significance.
Gluconeogenesis. Anaerobic respiration.
Physiology of flowering & Vernalization
Photomorphogenesis: Phytochrome, Physiological effects of Phytochrome,
mechanism of Phytochrome action. Temperature and Plant Development: Influence
of temperature on growth and plant distribution and development. Photoperiodism
and Rhythmic Phenomena: the Biological Clock, Genetic approaches to
photoperiodism, and rhythms.
Plant growth regulators : Physiological effects and mechanism of action of auxins,
gibberellins, Cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, Polyamines,
Salicylic acid hormone receptors, signal transduction and gene expression.
Physiology of fruit ripening, senescence and abscission.
Physiology of plants under stress: Water stress, Temperature stress, Salt stress,
Plant Biochemistry:
Carbohydrates - Structural interconversions and functions. Biosynthesis and
metabolism of polysaccharides., Cell wall architecture and its componenets
Lipids- Biosynthesis and metabolism of lipids with reference to membrane, structural
and storage lipids. Storage and mobilization of lipids.
Proteins –Biosynthesis, translocation, storage and degradation
Enzymes – Major groups; distribution of plant enzymes; functional
compartmentation; soluble and membrane bound enzymes; purification; localization
of enzymes
Phenolic metabolism – Shikimate /arogenate pathway, Phenylamine /
hydroxycinnamate pathway, Flavonids, Lignins, Tannins and quinones
Nitrogen metabolism – Non-Biological and Biological Nitrogen fixation,
Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrogen fixation in Cyanobacteria.
References:
Hopkins, W. G., Introduction to Plant Physiology. 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W., Plant Physiology, 4th Edition. Wadsworth
Publishing Company, California.
Marschner, H., Water relations of plants. Academic Press, New York.
Briggs, W. R. (ed.) Plant hormones. Klywer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Kendrick, R. E. and Kroenber, G. H. M., Photomorphogenesis in plants, 2nd Edition,
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Thomas, B. and Vince-Prue, D. Photoperodism in plants, 2nd Edition. Academic
Press, San Dieo.
Thimann, K. V. Senescence in plants, CRC Press, Florida.
Bewley, J. D. and Black, M. Seeds: Physiology of development and germination.
Plenum, New York.
Levitt, J. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Academic Press, New
York.
Dey, P. M. & Harborne, J. B. (Eds.) 1997. Plant Biochemistry, Academic Press,
London
Heldt, H. 2005. Plant Biochemistry (3rd Edn.) Indian Reprint, Elsevier, New Delhi.
Dennis, D. T., D. H. Turpin, D. D. Lefebvre and D. B. Layzell : Plant Metabolism.
Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. England.
Doby, G.: Plant Biochemistry. Inter Science Publishers, New York
Lehninger, A. L., D. L. Nelson and M. M. cox 2000: Principles of Biochemistry. CBS
Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
Witham et. al. Experiments in Plant Physiology. Van Nostrand Renhold Company,
New York.
Meidner, H. Class experiments in Physiology. George Allen & Unwin Publishers Ltd.,
London
Kalra, Y. P. (ed.). Hand book of reference methods for plant analysis. CRC Press,
USA.
PS03CBOT03: ENVIRONMENTAL & ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
Environment and Ecology: Concept of Biosphere, its components, development
and functioning, Ecological considerations; population growth; Limiting factors and
their operation; Ecological balances and survival thresholds; Need for preservation of
environmental quality.
Ecosystems and their functioning: Structural and functional attributes of
Ecosystem; Biogeochemical cycles; Natural succession; Dynamic equilibrium and
factors contributing to it; Major Ecosystems on Earth; Habitat and Niche; Diversity
and stability in the ecosystem.
Impact of human activities on Environment: Over exploitation of natural
resources including biological resources; indiscriminate agriculture; big dams;
mining; urbanization and industrialization.
Environmental Pollution and Treatment: Atmospheric pollution; water pollution;
land degradation; Pollution and Environmental Health.
Fossil fuels and the Environment: Conservation of Non Renewable Energy
Resources and Alternative energy resources and Environment.
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management : Concept of Environmental
inventory and impact assessment, key steps in EA process with reference to big
dams/ chemical industries/ power plants/mining; methods for forecasting, assessing
and preparing environmental impact statement, reviewing and evaluating EIA report;
Environmental Audit: Programme planning, on-site audit, post-audit activities,
Restoration of ecosystem.
Environmental Laws: Air quality and emission standards; Air pollution legislation
and regulations; Functions of the central Board and the state Boards; Environmental
law in independent India.
Environmental Education: Meaning, scope and principles of environmental
education; Role of environmental education in bringing awareness among the public
in problem solving and management; formal and informal environmental education;
Role of various kinds of mass media in environmental education.
Biological diversity concepts and levels, role of biodiversity in ecosystem functions
and stability, speciation and extinction, local categories of threat, terrestrial
biodiversity hot-spots.
Reference Books :
Trivedi, P. R. and Singh, U. K. Global environmental Education
Botkin, D. B. and Keller, E. A. Environmental Science: Earth as a living Planet
Kaufman, D. G. and Fraz, C. M. Biosphere 2000: Protecting our Global Environment
Chary, EP Fundamentals of Ecology
The State of India’s Environment: The second citizen’s Report Centre for Science
and Environment
B. C. Rana. Biomonitoring
Botkin, E. B. et al. Changing the Global Environment: Perspectives on Human
Involvement
Saxena, A. B. Environmental Education
Khoshoo, T. N. Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development
Mansfield: Effect of Air pollution on plants
Masson, C. J. Biology of pollution
Elective paper:
Any one paper from the list
PS03CBOT04: Practicals of PS03CBOT01and PS03CBOT02
PS03CBOT05: Practicals of PS03CBOT03and PS03EBOT01
PS03CBOT06: Viva voce
IV SEMESTER
Core:
PS04CBOT01: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Concepts and scope of Biotechnology:
Cell & tissue culture in plants; callus cultures; in-vitro morphogenesis-organogenesis
and embryogenesis; Artificial Seeds Micropropagation; Haploidy; Embryo cultures;
Protoplast isolation, culture and protoplast fusion and somatic hybridiztion, Cybrids
Somaclonal Variation; in-vitro mutation methods; Virus elimination, pathogen
indexing; Cryopreservation; Production of secondary metabolites and
biotransformation;
Principles and methods of genetic engineering, and its applications in Agriculture.
Recombinant DNA technology; major events; methodologies and rationale of cloning
a gene; Concept of restriction and modification; restriction endonucleases; modifying
enzymes, Ligases, Host-Vector system; Plasmids, Phage vectors, M13, cosmids and
expression vectors; Different strategies of cloning; genomic libraries, C-DNA
libraries, gene tagging, Sequencing and sequence analysis, expression of the cloned
genes, isolation and purification of the expressed product, PCR technology
Methods for transformation and transgenic plant production. PEG-mediated,
microinjection, particle bombardment, electroporation, Agrobacterim tumefaciens
and A. rhiogenes; Gene transfer methods in plants; transgenic plants production,
principles and methods of genetic engineering and applications in Agricuture.
Algal and fungal Biotechnology – degree and production of single cell protein for
food, feed and fuels; mushroom cultivation; Algae in Agriculture; algal biofertilizers
Seaweed for industrial production. Biotechnology and intellectual property rights
(IPR); Plant genetic resources GATT & TRIPS; Patent for higher plant genes and
DNA sequence; International convention; Plant breeder’s rights and farmers rights.
Reference Books :
Plant biotechnology – J Hammond, et. al., Springer Verlag.
Plant cell and tissue culture for production of food ingredients – T J Fu, G Singh, et.
al.
Biotechnology in crop improvement – H S Chawla.
Practical application of plant molecular biology – R J Henry, Chapman & Hall.
Elements of biotechnology – P K Gupta.
An introduction to plant tissue culture – M K Razdan.
Plant propagation by tissue culture : The technology (Vols. 1 & 2) – Edwin George.
Handbook of plant cell culture (Vols. 1 to 4) – Evans et. al., Macmillan.
Plant tissue and cell culture – H E Street, Blackwell Scientific.
Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants (Vols. 1 to 3) – A K Vasil, A. Press.
Plant cell culture technology – M M Yeoman.
Plant tissue culture and its biotechnological applications – W Bary, et. al., Springer
Verlag.
Principles of plant biotechnology : An introduction to genetic engineering in plants –
S H Mantell, et. al.
Advances in biochemical engineering / Biotechnology – Anderson, et. al.
Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell tissue and organ culture edited by
Reinert & Bajaj Y P S, Springer Verlag.
Plant cell and tissue culture – S Narayanswamy, Tata Mc Graw Hill Co.
PS04CBOT02: MEDICAL BOTANY & PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Plants as sources of drugs, pharmaceauticals and pharmaceutical aids.
Ethnomedicobotany: Basic approaches to study traditional knowledge on herbal
medicine; Scope and potential applications.
Collection methods of ethnomedicobotanical data: Field methods and scrutiny of
Herbarium specimens and folklore; verification of data; collection of materials for
voucher specimen and for phytochemical screening; application of
ethnomedicobotany.
Creating indigenous knowledge base of traditional medicines of plant origin.
Pharmacognosy of drugs derived from alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, lipids,
gums, resins, tannins and saponins. Drugs of botanical origin: Structure, physical
properties, biosynthesis and chemistry of secondary metabolites: phenols, phenolic
glycosides, saponins, steroids, alkaloids, vitamins and harmones and natural
antibiotics.
Methods for screening natural sources for bioactive principles.
Secondary metabolites: Major pathways, structure and biosynthesis of plant
pigments, alkaloids, glycosides and lignin.
References Books:
Dennis, D. T., D. H. Turpin, D. D. Lefebvre and D. B. Layzell : Plant Metabolism.
Addison Wesley Longman Ltd. England.
Doby, G. : Plant Biochemistry. Inter Science Publishers, New York
Dey, P. M. and J. B. Horborne: Plant Biochemistry. Academic Press, London.
Lehninger, A. L., D. L. Nelson and M. M. cox 2000: Principles of Biochemistry. CBS
Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
Sadasivam, S. and A. Manickam : Biochemical Methods. 2nd edition. New Age
International (P) Ltd. New Delh.
Voet, D., J. G. Voet and C. W. Pratt : Fundamentals of Biochemistry. John Wiley &
sons, Inc. New York.
Zubay, G. : Biochemistry. Vol. 1 – 3. Wm. C. brown Publishers, Oxford, England
Chadwick,D.J. & Marsh, J.:Bioactive compounds from plants
Wiley Chichester, CIBA Foundation Symposium 185: Ethnobotany and the search
for new drugs
J.B. Harborne: Phytochemical methods
J.C. Willis: Pharmacognosy
C.K. Kokate: Pharmacognosy
Trease, G.E and Evans, W.C.: Pharmacogonosy
List of Elective Papers
PSCOEBOT01: Biostatistics
Data Collection and Presentation
Types of Biological Data: Qualitative Data -Nominal, Ordinal, Ranked; Quantitative
Data: Discrete and Continuous. Understanding of Population and sample Methods of
Collection of Data: (i) Experimental Data and (ii) Survey Data- Simple random
sample (with and without replacement), stratified sampling and cluster sampling.
Tables: Frequency Distributions, Relative Frequencies. Graphical Presentation: Bar
charts, Histograms, Frequency Polygons, One way scatter plots, Box plots, two-way
scatter plots, line graphs. Practicals Using MS-Excel.
Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode, quartiles, deciles and
percentiles (both for raw data and grouped data) Measures of Dispersion: Range,
Interquartile Range, Variance, Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variation.
Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis. Practicals Using MS-Excel.
Probability and Probability Distributions:
Random Experiment: Elementary outcomes, events, and Sample Space.
Mathematical Definition of Probability, Marginal Probability, Marginal Probability and
Conditional Probability. Independent Events. Some simple laws of
probabilities(Statements only). Random Variables: Discrete and Continuous. Some
examples from biological sciences. Probability Distributions: Binomial Distribution,
Standard Normal Distribution ,General Normal Distribution; Sampling Distributions- t,
chi-square and F distributions.
Testing of hypotheses:
Statistical hypotheses: Null and Alternative hypotheses. Simple and Composite
hypotheses. Statistical Tests: Acceptance region and Rejection Region. Types of
errors and power of the test. Goodness of fit tests. Significance Tests for Normal
Distribution: One sample tests for mean – z test and t-test. Two sample tests for
normal distributions: Tests for means (i) when variances are known (ii) when
variances are unknown. Tests for equality of variances. Paired t-test for equality of
means. Confidence Intervals. Practicals using MSEXCEL.
Bivariate and Multivariate Data
Some examples on bivariate and multivariate data. Correlation: Simple, partial and
multiple correlation Coefficients. Regression: Simple and multiple linear regressions.
Logistic Regression Analysis of Variance: Completely Randomized Design,
Randomized Block Design Practicals Based on SPSS
PSCOEBOT02: PHYTORESOURCE UTILIZATION & CONSERVATION
Plant Biodiversity : Concept, status in
India, utilization and concerns.
Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses of (i) Food, forage and fodder crops,
(ii) fibre crops (iii) medicinal and aromatic plants, and (iv) vegetable oil – yielding
crops
Ethnomedicobotany: Basic approaches to study traditional knowledge on herbal
medicine; Scope and potential applications.
Collection methods of ethnomedicobotanical data: Field methods and scrutiny of
Herbarium specimens and folklore; verification of data; collection of materials for
voucher specimen and for phytochemical screening; application of
ethnomedicobotany.
Creating indigenous knowledge base of traditional medicines of plant origin.
Forest products :
Important timber yielding planting.
Timber types, identification diagnostic features, structure & quality
Important fire wood plants
Non Timber forest products bamboos, rattans, fibers pulp; gums, resins, tanins,
lotex, fruits & tubers.
Innovations for meeting world food demands.
Plants used as avenue trees for shade, pollution control and aesthetics.
Principles of conservation; extincitons; environmental status of plants based on
International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Strategies for conservation – in situ conservation : International efforts and
Indian initiatives; protected areas in India – sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere
reserves, wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs for conservation of wild biodiversity.
ex situ conservation : Principles and practices; botanical gardens, fields gene
banks, seed banks, in vitro repositories, cryobanks; general account of the activities
of Botanical Survey of India (BSI), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
(NBPGR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Council of Scientific &
Industrial Research (CSIR), and the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for
conservation, non-formal conservation efforts.
Reference Books :
Anonymous. National Gene Bank: Indian Heritage on Plant Genetic Resources
(Booklet). National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi.
Arora, R. K. and Nayar, E. R. Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India. NBPGR Science
Monograph.
Baker, H. G. Plants and Civilization. C. A. Wadsworth, Belmont.
Bole, P. V. and Vaghani, Y. Field Guide to Common Indian Trees. Oxford University
Press, Mumbai.
Chandel, K. P. S., Shukla, G. and Sharma, N. Biodiversity in Medicinal and Aromatic
Plants in India : Conservation and Utilization. National Bureau of Plant
Genetic Resources, New Delhi.
Cristi, B. R. CRC Handbook of Plant Sciences and Agriculture. Vol. I. In-situ
conservation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research. The Useful Plants of India. Publications
and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.
Plant Wealth of India. Special Issue of Proceedings India National Science
Academcy B – 63
Rodgers, N. A. and Panwar, H. S. Planning a Wildlife Protected Area Network in
India. Vol. 1. The Report Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
Sahni, K. C. The Book of India Trees, Oxford University Press, Mumbai.
Sharma, O. P. Hill’s Economic Botany. Tata McGraw Hill Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Swaminathan, M. S. and Kocchar, S. L. Plants and Society. Macmillan Publication
Ltd., London.
Thakur, R. S., Puri, H. S. and Husain, A Major Medicinal Plants of India. Central
Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR, Lucknow. S.K. Jain: A
Manual of Ethnobotany
S.K. Jain: Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany
S.K.Jain, B.K. Sinha and R.C.Gupta: Notable plants in Ethnomedicine of India
J.K. Maheswari: Dictionary of Indian Folk medicine and Ethnobotany
S.K. Jain: Useful plants of India
Wiley Chichester, CIBA Foundation Symposium 185: Ethnobotany and the search
for new drugs
PSCOEBOT03: Microtechniques
Light microscopy:- Optical corrections, Properties and types of objectives. Oculars,
Illumination.
Types of light microscopes: Bright field, dark field, fluorescence, phase contrast,
polarizing, differential interference contrast. Micrometry.
Electron microscopy: Basic components of electron microscopes. Thermionic and
field emission electron guns.
Types of electron microscopes: TEM, SEM, STEM, ESEM and HVEM
Fixation and storage: Classification of fixatives , formulas. (plant, animal and
microbial samples) Factors affecting fixation. Procedures for fixation. Dehydration,
infiltration and embedding. Media for embedding. Microtomes: Rotary, sliding
cryostat, ultramicrotome and freezing ultra microtome.
Preparation of biological samples for light and electron microscopy:
Sectioning, maceration, squash and clearing technique. Freeze etching and freeze
fracturing.
Stains for light and electron microscopy. Staining procedures.
Photomicrography.
Histochemistry: Histo chemical localization of
metabolites:- Starch, proteins,
lipids, total carbohydrates, lignin, polyphenols, nucleic acid, histones, cutin, suberin
and waxes. Localization of enzymes: Peroxidase, acid phosphatase and succinic
dehydrogenase.
Ultra structural cytochemistry:- Localization of tannin, protein, cell wall
polysaccharide, lignin and membrane.
Enzymes: Peroxidase, acid phasphatase.
Immunocytochemistry
PSCOEBOT04: SYSTEMATIC BOTANY
Taxonomy – Aims, principles and functions. Levels of taxonomy: Alpha
taxonomy, omega taxonomy, numerical taxonomy, chemotaxonomy, structural,
biochemical and molecular systematics.
Species concept:
– Classical, modern, typological, non-dimensional,
multidimensional.
Plant Nomenclature: ICBN – principles, rules, recommendations, articles, typification,
principle of priority, effective and valid publications, citation of authority, transference,
rejection of names, synonyms and homonyms.
Systems of classifications – principles, outlines, merits and demerits of important
systems of Plant classifications; Floristic diversity of India, hot-spots, endemic and
genetic diversity of plants, floristic works in Gujarat.
Class : Magnoliopsida
Salient features, morphological diversity inter-relationships of the following
Sub-class : Magnolidae – Magnoliaceae, Piperaceae,
Sub-class : Hamamelidae – Casuarinaceae, Urticaceae.
Sub-class : Caryophyllidae – Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae.
Sub-class : Dillenidae – Tiliaceae, Sapotaceae.
Sub-class : Rosidae – Myrtaceae, Geraniaceae.
Sub-class : Asteridae – Scrophulariaceae, Gentianaceae.
Class : Liliopsida.
Salient features, morphological diversity inter-relationships of the following
Sub-class : Alismatidae – Hydrocharitaceae.
Sub-class : Arecidae – Araceae.
Sub-class : Commelinadae – Commelinaceae.
Sub-class : Zingiberidae – Zingiberaceae.
Sub-class: Lilidae – Orchidaceae.
References:
1. Ahmedullah M. and M. P. Nair. 1987. Endemic Plants of Indian Region.
2. Cronquist A. 1981. An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants.
3. Davis P. H. and V. M. Heywood. 1963. Principles of Angiosperm Taxnonomy.
Lawrence G. H. M. 1951. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants.
Naik V. N. 1984. Taxonomy of Angiosperms.
Nayar M. P. 1996. Hotspots of Endemic Plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan.
Rao R. R. 1994. Biodiversity of India.
Stace C. A. 1980. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics.
Rendle A.R. A classification of flowering plants vol I & vol II Cambridge
University press.
10. Sokal, S.R and Sneath P.H, Principles of Numerical Taxonomy. N.H Fremen
& Co.
11. Sivarajan, V.V. Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford & IBH
Pvt.ltd.
12. Stace Clive, A. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Edward Arnold.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
PSCOEBOT05: HORTICULTURE
Fundamentals of horticulture (History, nature and scope of horticulture)
Origin of Horticulture – Domestication of plants, definitions – scope and impact of
horticulture (importance of horticulture in terms of economy, production and
employment generation classification of horticultural crops) – pomology, olericulture,
spices and planting, ornamental horticulture – climatic zones of India and Gujarat in
relation to horticulture – development of horticulture in India - Divisions of horticulture
and their importance (Horticultural zones of India and Gujarat) – nutritive value and
nutra-ceutical properties of horticultural crops.
Factors influencing horticultural crop production
Growth and development – respiration – photosynthesis – seed physiology –
dormancy and germination – physiology of flowering, pollination, fruitset, fruit
ripening and senescence – factors influencing growth and development – soil, light,
temperature, rainfall, humidity, wind.
Role of plant growth regulators in seed and bud dormancy, juvenility, maturity and
senescence, flowering, pollination, fruitset including parthenocarpy, fruit growth, fruit
drop and fruit ripening (climacteric and non- climacteric) and fruit colour
development, tuber and bulb formation and sex expression and extension of shelf life
in fruits, vegetables and flowers. Role of growth regulators in plant propagation.
Nutrition of horticultural crops – assessment of nutritional requirements based on
soil, tissue analysis, and field experiments. Identification of deficiency symptoms of
various nutrients and methods of nutrient application. Assessment of irrigation
requirements for different horticultural crops and different methods of irrigation.
Pruning and training, their objectives and methods. Pollination and fruit set, problems
and requirements, flower and fruit drop, stages, causes and remedial measures.
Fruit thinning, objectives, advantages and disadvantages. Unfruitfulness, reasons
and remedial measures.
Methods of propagation of horticultural crops - Introduction, principles and
classification of plant propagation methods: Propagation – definitions – seed
propagation – merits and demerits – crops propagated through seeds - Factors
affecting seed germination and pre-germination treatments and viability tests –
vegetative propagation – merits and demerits – cutting, layering, grafting and
budding rootstock influence – stock / scion relationship – specialized structures for
propagation – micro-propagation, Importance of micro propagation of plants. Role of
growth regulators in propagation.
Method of production and cultivation
Definition and nature of growth of fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation and flower
crops – system of cultivation and planting systems including HDP for fruits,
vegetables, spices and plantation and flower crops – intercultural operations – weed,
water and fertilizer management – bearing habits – crop regulatory practices for fruit
crops and vegetables – training, pruning, canopy management – off season
production in fruits, vegetables and flower crops – protected cultivation- Principles of
protected cultivation, Structure and types of green houses, Regulation of controlled
environment (RH, temperature and ventilation) and nutrient management. High-tech
nursery raising technology, Production technology of high value vegetables like
Tomato, Capsicum, Cucumber and flowers viz. Rose, Carnation, Gerbera, Lilium,
Chrysanthemum. Soil and media, Plant protection, harvesting, grading and
packaging.
Importance, scope and practicing of organic farming in horticultural crop production
Pre and Post-harvest operations and Technologies of horticultural crops
Crop loading – pre-harvest operations – maturity indices – harvesting methods for
climacteric and non-climacteric fruits – grading – sorting – standards for domestic
and export consumption (HACCP) – packing – pre-cooling – storage – transport –
quarantine and regulatory measures.
REFERENCES
1. Adams, C.R. and M. P. Early. 2004. Principles of horticulture. Butterworth –
Heinemam, Oxford University Press.
2. Chadha, K.L. 2001, Handbook of Horticulture, ICAR, New Delhi.
3. Chandra, R. and M. Mishra. 2003. Micropropagation of horticultural crops.
International Book Distributing Co., Lucknow.
4. Chattopadhyaya, P.K.2001. A text book on Pomology (Fundamentals of fruit
growing) Kalyani Publication, New Delhi
5. Christopher, E.P. 2001. Introductory Horticulture, Biotech Books, New Delhi
6. Edmond, J.B. T.L.Senn, F.S. Andrews and P.G.Halfacre, 1975. Fundamentals of
Horticulture,
Tata MC. Graw Hill Publishing Co.New Delhi
7. George Acquaah, 2002, Horticulture-principles and practices. Prentice-Half of
India pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
8. Hartman, H.T. and Kester, D.E. 1986. Plant propagation – Principles and
Practices – Prentice
Hall of India Ltd., New Delhi.
9. Jitendra Singh. 2006. Basic Horticulture. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
10. Kumar, N.1997. Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publication, Nagercoil.
11. Rajan, S. and B.L. Markose. 2007. Propagation of horticultural crops. New India
Publishing,
New Delhi.
12. Shanmugavelu, K.G., N. Kumar and K.V. Peter. 2005. Production technology of
spices and
plantation crops. Agrobios, Jodhpur.
13. Singh, N.P. 2005. Basic concepts of fruit science. International Book Distributing
Co.,
Lucknow.
14. Surendra Prasad and U. Kumar. 1999. Principles of horticulture, Agro-botanica,
Bikaner, India.
PSCOEBOT06: Bioinformatics
Unit -I
Introduction to Bioinformatics:
Overview, Internet and bioinformatics, Applications
Databases: Databases in Bioinformatics, various biological databases, Protein and
Nucleotide sequence Data bases. Protein sequence, structure and Classification
databases
Sequence analysis: Pairwise alignment, local and global alignment, Scoring
matrices, multiple sequence alignment, tools for sequence alignment, programming
algorithms
Unit-II
Gene prediction: Gene structure in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Gene prediction
methods: Neural Networks, Pattern Discrimination methods, Signal sites Predictions,
Evaluation of Gene Prediction methods.
Transcriptomics: Complete transcript cataloguing and gene discovery- sequencing
based
approach, Microarray based technologies and computation based technologies.
RNA secondary structure prediction
Unit III
Protein Computational Biology: Structural classification of proteins, Protein structure
analysis, structure alignment and comparison, Secondary and tertiary structure
prediction and evaluation, prediction of specialized structures, Active site prediction,
Protein folding, Protein modeling and drug design
Tools in Bioinfomatics: Protparam, Translate, Bioedit, findmod, Coils, TMHMM,
Rasmol,
Deepview.
Unit IV
Genomics: Comparative Genomics
Proteomics: Types of proteomics, tools for proteomics- separation and isolation of
proteins, acquisition of protein structure information, databases and applications
Phylogenetic analysis: molecular basis of evolution, Phylogenetic trees & different
methods for
phylogenetic inference
Reference Books:
Bioinformatics: A Beginners Guide, Clavarie and Notredame
Bioinformatics: David Mount
Bioinformatics: Rastogi
Introduction to Bioinformatics:Arthur M. Lesk
Bioinformatics: Principles and applications, Ghosh and Mallick
Bioinformatics: Genes, Proteins and Computer, C A Orengo
Protein Structure Prediction: Methods and Protocols, Webster, David (Southern
Cross Molecular Ltd., Bath, UK)
PSCOEBOT07: WOOD BIOLOGY
Histology of wood: Basic structure of wood, Sap wood and hard wood, structure and
functions of wood elements in dictos and Gymnospersms, Identification of some
common timbers and their uses. Diagnostic features of wood
Xylogenesis: differentiation of wood from cambium, secondary wall formation and
lignification. Growth rings: Formation of early wood and late wood, factors affecting
growth ring formation, types of growth rings and dendrochronology
Reaction wood: Compression wood and Tension wood, anatomical variations in
relation to normal wood, structure and functions. Sap wood and heart wood,
Anatomical variations, transformation of sap wood into heart wood, formation of
heartwood and functions
Wood Ultrastructure: Scanning and Transmission electron microscopy of wood and
cell walls of wood elements Chemistry and Properties of wood and wood
components, Seasoning and preservation of wood
Derived products of wood. Defects in Timber, Degradation of wood: Biodeteoration
of wood, factors affecting decay, dacay causing organisms. Wood anatomy in
relation to Phylogeny and taxonomy
Suggested Reference Books
1. R Savidge A,Barnett, J.R & . Napier, R: (2000) Cell and Molecular
Biology of wood formation.
2. Nair, M.N.B(1998) Wood Anatomy & Major uses of wood, Faculty of
Forestry, Malaysia
3. Kovach, E.G (1975) Properties of wood in relation to its structure.
PSCOEBOT08: Bioethics, Bio safety and IPR
Unit I
Biotechnology and social responsibility, public acceptance issues in biotechnology, issues of
access, ownership, monopoly, traditional knowledge, biodiversity, benefit sharing,
environmental sustainability, public vs private funding, biotechnology in international
relations, globalization and development divide.
Introduction to bioethics: Social and ethical issues in biotechnology. Principles of bioethics.
Ethical conflicts in biotechnology- interference with nature, unequal distribution of risk and
benefits of biotechnology, bioethics vs business ethics.
Unit II
Biosafety: Definition of bio-safety, Biotechnology and bio-safety concerns at the level of
individuals, institutions, society, region, country and world with special emphasis on Indian
concerns.
Biosafety in laboratory institution: laboratory associated infection and other hazards,
assessment of biological hazards and level of biosafety.
Bio safety regulation: handling of recombinant DNA products and process in industry and in
institutions (Indian context).
Unit III
Introduction to IPR: IPR, forms of IPR and Intellectual property protection. Concept of
property with respect to intellectual creativity, Tangible and Intangible property.
WTO: agency controlling trade among nations, WTO with reference to biotechnological
affairs, TRIPs. WIPO, EPO.
Unit IV
Concept related to patents novelty, non-obviousness, utility, anticipation, prior art etc. Type
of patents. Indian patent act and foreign patents.
Patentability, Patent application, Revocation of patent, Infringement and Litigation with case
studies on patent, Commercialization and Licensing.
Books Recommended:
1. Fleming, D.A., Hunt, D.L., (2000). Biotechnology and Safety Assessment (3rd Ed)
Academic press.ISBN-1555811804,9781555811808.
2. Thomas, J.A., Fuch, R.L. (1999). Biotechnology and safety assessment (3rd Ed). CRC
press, Washington. ISBN: 1560327219, 9781560327219
3. Law and Strategy of biotechnological patents by Sibley. Butterworth
publication.(2007) ISBN: 075069440, 9780750694445.
4. Intellectual property rights- Ganguli-Tat McGrawhill. (2001) ISBN-10: 0074638602,
5. Intellectual Property Right- Wattal- Oxford Publicatiopn House.(1997)
ISBN:0195905024.
6. Biotechnology - A comprehensive treatise (Vol. 12). Legal economic and ethical
dimensions VCH. (2nd ed) ISBN-10 3527304320.
7. Encyclopedia of Bioethics 5 vol set, (2003) ISBN-10: 0028657748.
8. Thomas, J.A., Fuch, R.L. (2002). Biotechnology and safety Assessment (3rd Ed)
Academic press.
9. B.D. Singh. Biotechnology expanding horizons.
10. H.K.Das. Text book of biotechnology 3rd edition.
PS04CBOT03: Practicals of PS04CBOT01and PS04CBOT02
PS04CBOT04: Practicals of PS04EBOT01and PS04EBOT02
PS04CBOT04: Dissertation
PS04CBOT05: Viva voce