Mon, 9/22/14
The Reason for the Civil War
• Why do you think President Lincoln changes his mind
from thinking (in a letter to a newspaper editor) …
• “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I
would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all slaves I
would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and
leaving others alone I would also do that” …
• To issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, stating …
– “all persons held as slaves within any state or designated
part of a state … in rebellion against the United States,
shall then, thenceforward, and forever free?”
United States Civil War
& Reconstruction
“Both Sides and the Cause”
James Barroll
Washington,
Captain George
Armstrong
Custer, and
unidentified
African American
child
• SLO - Students will understand how the
North (the Union) achieved victory
during the Civil War.
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“America Divided”
http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-warhistory/videos/america-divided
“The Path to Civil War”
http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civil-war-history/videos/usinches-closer-to-war
Discuss w/ Your Neighbor in Response to Videos:
• (1) Why did the South fight the war?
• (2) Why did Southerners view a Civil War with the North as
a similar struggle against Great Britain in the American
Revolution (page 124 of textbook)?
• (3) Why did the South secede in response to Abraham
Lincoln’s election?
• (4) Why did the South interpret any limitation of slavery in
the territories as a threat to slavery everywhere?
The Election of 1860
John Bell: Bless my soul I give up.
John C. Breckinridge: That long
legged Abolitionist is getting ahead
of us after all.
Stephen Douglas: I never run so in
my life.
• Democratic Party becomes divided into Northern and Southern
factions
• “Constitution Union” Party forms due to the national crisis
• Abraham Lincoln wins with less than 40% of popular vote
The South Secedes
• South Carolina Legislature calls for a special
convention on Dec. 20, 1860 to secede.
• Feb. 1, 1861, six more states secede – Mississippi,
Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
• Fort Sumter in South Carolina falls on April 13,
1861, as the Confederacy takes the fort.
• Between April 17 and June 8, four more states
secede – Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and
Tennessee
Border States
Why is it important
for the North to
retain the Border
States?
Border States
* If Maryland joined the
Confederacy, the
Confederate states could
have surrounded
Washington D.C.
* Missouri and Kentucky remaining in the Union,
gives the North better geographical access to the
South and allows for “Anaconda Plan.”
Anaconda Plan
Advantages of North and South
• What were the advantages of the North
and South (p. 127)?
Advantages of North and South
North
South
– Larger Population
- Knew the geography
– Manufactured goods
- Better generals
– Navy and merchant ships
- Better morale
– More farms
– Railroads
** South experienced
– Iron production
9,000 % inflation
– Banking capital ** financing the war!!!
North: Loaf of Bread, $0.05
before war, $0.09 by end of
war.
South: Loaf of Bread, $0.05
before war, $450 in Confederate
bills by end of war.
War Strategy - North and South
• What were the different war strategies of
the North and South?
War Strategy - North and South
** Many on both sides believed it would be a short war.
North
– “Anaconda Plan”
– Blockade of Confederate ports
– Divide the South in two halves
• Take the Mississippi River
• Destroy South’s railway systems
South
- War of attrition
- Break North’s resolve
to continue fighting
- Offensive victories
- Foreign intervention
Anaconda Plan
Battle of Antietam (Maryland)
• Sept. 17, 1862 – Confederates attempt a victory on
northern soil
• Great Britain was prepared to recognize the
Confederacy if it won at this time a major victory.
• Lincoln then issues the Emancipation
Proclamation!!
Siege of Vicksburg (Mississippi)
• Last Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi
River
* Gen. Grant unsuccessful
with offensive attacks,
decides to lay siege to city.
* Gen. Pemberton surrenders
on July 4, 1863.
Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
• July 1 - 3, 1863
• Gen. Lee attempts again to attack into the North
• http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/american-civilwar-history/videos/the-battle-of-gettysburg
Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
Day One – Union forces
take the high ground
surrounding the city
- Union forces attempt to
stall Confederate advances
Day Two – Union lines
organized in a “fish-hook”
formation
- Confederates attempt to
get around Union lines at
“Little Round Top”
Day Three – Gen. Lee is convinced that
Union forces must be weak in the
middle, so he orders “Pickett’s Charge”
Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)
• Never again would Confederate forces attempt an
offensive maneuver in the Northern states.
• Confederacy could not afford the almost 28,000
casualties
• Total casualties = 51,000
Review:
• (1) Why was the Civil War fought?
• (2) What were the results of the Battles of
Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg?
• (3) How did the North Achieve victory during the
Civil War?
Wed, 9/24/14
• What do you think about the
saying, “All is fair in love and
war?”
• Will encounter historical events
today that relate to this saying.
• Summarize, what were the
reasons the Union was victorious
in the U.S. Civil War?
Reasons the Union Won
• Resources!! – More people, industry, Navy, more
farms, more miles of railroads, 97% of all guns
manufactured in North, and had better financial
system.
• Avoided major defeats from Confederacy on
Northern soil.
• Avoided foreign intervention from France, Great
Britain, etc.
• Executed the Anaconda Plan!!
Reasons the Union Won
• Defeated Gen. Robert E. Lee and South’s major
advantage – its generals, its military leadership.
• However, the brilliance of Gen. Robert E. Lee
almost proved effective enough for victory.
• His “offensive-defensive” strategy, largely fighting
a defensive war but seizing the initiative when he
perceived an advantage, almost worked!!
Advantages of North and South
North
South
– Larger Population
- Knew the geography
– Manufactured goods
- Better generals
– Navy and merchant ships
- Better morale
– More farms
– Railroads
** South experienced
– Iron production
9,000 % inflation
– Banking capital ** financing the war!!!
North: Loaf of Bread, $0.05
before war, $0.09 by end of
war.
South: Loaf of Bread, $0.05
before war, $450 in Confederate
bills by end of war.
Interesting Facts About the War
• 2/3’s of Southerners did not own slaves.
• By the war’s end, the Confederacy lost ¼ of all its
men.
• In 1860, if the Confederacy were an independent
nation, it would have had the fourth largest
economy in the world.
• However, by 1865, its exports of cotton dropped
by 95%.
Destruction of the South
Destruction of the South
Destruction of the South
Destruction of the South
Destruction of the South
Destruction of the South
Destruction of the South
Sherman in Georgia
• Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman took over for
Gen. U.S. Grant.
• Known for his “scorched earth” and “total war”
strategies
• “War is all hell.”
- Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman
• Wanted to break the will of the South
Sherman in Georgia
• “Total War” strategy
1. a war in which every available
weapon is used, and the nation's full financial
resources are devoted
2. a war with no restrictions on any
weapons, land fought on, victims, and the
reason for war
3. a war with no rules
Sherman in Georgia
• Aug., 1864 enters Georgia
• Destroys railroads,
warehouses, mills, factories,
etc.
- On Sept. 2, 1864, Sherman enters
Atlanta, and the city is set on fire
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
• “The devils seem to have a determination that
cannot but be admired. No amount of poverty or
adversity seems to shake their faith – niggers
gone – wealth and luxury gone, money worthless,
starvation in view within a period of two or three
years, are causes enough to make the bravest
tremble, yet I see no sign of let up – some few
deserters – plenty tired of war, but the masses
determined to fight it out.”
– General William Tecumseh Sherman
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
• Nov. 15 – Dec. 21, 1864
• Path of destruction
through Georgia at times
60 miles wide, again
destroying railroads,
warehouses, mills,
factories, etc.
• Causes $100 million in
property damage
•Do we fight wars like this
today?
•Why or why not?
Lee Surrenders at Appomattox
• April 1, 1865 Gen. Lee gives up Richmond, flees
West
• Gen. Lee’s men are surrounded by Northern Gen.
Sheridan and Grant, and he surrenders to Gen.
Grant on April 9, 1865
Lee Surrenders at Appomattox
• From U.S. Grant To R.E. Lee,
Appomattox Court-House, Virginia April 9, 1865.
• General: I propose to receive the surrender of the army of
Northern Virginia on the following terms … The officers to
give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the
government of the United States … The arms, artillery, and
public property to be parked and stacked … This will not
embrace the side-arms of the officers nor their private horses
or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed
to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States
authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws
in force where they may reside.
Lee Surrenders at Appomattox
• From R.E. Lee To U.S. Grant
Head-Quarters, Army of Northern Virginia April 9, 1865.
• General: I received your letter of this date containing the terms of
the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by
you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your
letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to
designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect.
• R. E. Lee, General. Lieutenant-General U.S. Grant.
** Gen. Lee thanks Gen. Grant, stating, the kindness
would “do much toward conciliating our people.”
Headquarters, Army of Northern Virginia, 10th April 1865.
General Order No. 9
After four years of arduous service marked by unsurpassed courage and
fortitude, the Army of Northern Virginia has been compelled to yield to
overwhelming numbers and resources.
I need not tell the survivors of so many hard fought battles, who have remained
steadfast to the last, that I have consented to the result from no distrust of
them.
But feeling that valour and devotion could accomplish nothing that could
compensate for the loss that must have attended the continuance of the
contest, I have determined to avoid the useless sacrifice of those whose past
services have endeared them to their countrymen.
By the terms of the agreement, officers and men can return to their homes and
remain until exchanged. You will take with you the satisfaction that proceeds
from the consciousness of duty faithfully performed, and I earnestly pray that a
merciful God will extend to you his blessing and protection.
With an unceasing admiration of your constancy and devotion to your Country,
and a grateful remembrance of your kind and generous consideration for
myself, I bid you an affectionate farewell.
— R. E. Lee, General, General Order No. 9