Green Plans/Strategies
Sustainable Development as Integration
Environment
Science &
Technology
Environment
Society/Nation
Integrating
strategy/plan
Politics
Economy
An International Framework


Creating conventions and protocols to
govern the international commons
Establishing principles and practices of
sustainable development for implementation
at national and local levels
The International Framework:
Agenda 21
Preamble

Agenda 21 addresses the pressing problems of today and also aims at
preparing the world for the challenges of the next century. It reflects a global
consensus and political commitment at the highest level on development
and environment cooperation. Its successful implementation is first and
foremost the responsibility of Governments. National strategies, plans,
policies and processes are crucial in achieving this. International
cooperation should support and supplement such national efforts. In this
context, the United Nations system has a key role to play. Other
international, regional and subregional organizations are also called upon to
contribute to this effort. The broadest public participation and the active
involvement of the non-governmental organizations and other groups should
also be encouraged.
Other Important Agreements for the International
Framework for SusDev

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Biodiversity: Convention on Biological Diversity 1992
Climate Change: Convention on Climate Change 1992; Kyoto
Protocol 1997
Desertification: UN Convention to Combat Desertification in those
Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification,
Particularly Africa 1994
Endangered Species: Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) 1973
Hazardous Waste: Basel Convention on the Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal 1989
Heritage: Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural
and Natural Heritage 1927
Others: Ozone (Montreal Protocol 1987); Oceans (Law of the Sea
1982); Wetlands (Ramsar 1973);
International Development Goals (OECD 1997) Millenium
Development Goals (UN 2000)
Agenda 21 - Table of Contents
Preamble
Section 1: Social and Economic Dimensions
Section 2 : Conservation and Management of Resources for
Development
Section 3 : Strengthening the Role of Major Groups
Section 4: Means of Implementation
Agenda 21 - Table of Contents
Chapter
Paragraphs
1. Preamble
SECTION I. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS
2. International cooperation to accelerate sustainable development in
developing countries and related domestic policies
3. Combating poverty
4. Changing consumption patterns
5. Demographic dynamics and sustainability
6. Protecting and promoting human health conditions
7. Promoting sustainable human settlement development
8. Integrating environment and development in decision-making
SECTION II. CONSERVATION AND MGT OF RESOURCES FOR DEVELOPMENT
9. Protection of the atmosphere
10. Integrated approach to the planning and management of land resources11.
Combating deforestation
12. Managing fragile ecosystems: combating desertification and drought
13. Managing fragile ecosystems: sustainable mountain development
14. Promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development
15. Conservation of biological diversity
16. Environmentally sound management of biotechnology
17. Protection of the oceans, all kinds of seas, including enclosed and semi-enclosed
seas, and coastal areas and the protection, rational use and development of their living
resources
18. Protection of the quality and supply of freshwater resources: application of integrated
approaches to the development, management and use of water resources
19. Environmentally sound management of toxic chemicals, including prevention of
illegal international traffic in toxic and dangerous products
20. Environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes, in hazardous wastes
21. Environmentally sound management of solid wastes and sewage-related issues
22. Safe and environmentally sound management of radioactive wastes
SECTION III. STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF MAJOR
GROUPS
23. Preamble
24. Global action for women towards sustainable and equitable
development
25. Children and youth in sustainable development
26. Recognizing and strengthening the role of indigenous people
and their communities
27. Strengthening the role of non-governmental organizations:
partners for sustainable development
28. Local authorities' initiatives in support of Agenda 21
29. Strengthening the role of workers and their trade unions
30. Strengthening the role of business and industry
31. Scientific and technological community
32. Strengthening the role of farmers
SECTION IV. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
33. Financial resources and mechanisms
34. Transfer of environmentally sound technology, cooperation
and capacity-building
35. Science for sustainable development
36. Promoting education, public awareness and training
37. National mechanisms and international cooperation for
capacity-building in developing countries
38. International institutional arrangements
39. International legal instruments and mechanisms
40. Information for decision-making
Agenda 21: National Plans

8.7. Governments, in cooperation, where appropriate, with international
organizations, should adopt a national strategy for sustainable
development based on, inter alia, the implementation of decisions taken at
the Conference, particularly in respect of Agenda 21. This strategy should
build upon and harmonize the various sectoral economic, social and
environmental policies and plans that are operating in the country. The
experience gained through existing planning exercises such as national
reports for the Conference, national conservation strategies and
environment action plans should be fully used and incorporated into a
country-driven sustainable development strategy. Its goals should be to
ensure socially responsible economic development while protecting the
resource base and the environment for the benefit of future generations. It
should be developed through the widest possible participation. It should be
based on a thorough assessment of the current situation and initiatives.
Local Strategies (Local Agenda 21)
Agenda 21: Chapter 28
LOCAL AUTHORITIES' INITIATIVES IN SUPPORT OF AGENDA 21
PROGRAMME AREA
Basis for action
28.1. Because so many of the problems and solutions being addressed by
Agenda 21 have their roots in local activities, the participation and cooperation
of local authorities will be a determining factor in fulfilling its objectives. Local
authorities construct, operate and maintain economic, social and environmental
infrastructure, oversee planning processes, establish local environmental
policies and regulations, and assist in implementing national and subnational
environmental policies. As the level of governance closest to the people, they
play a vital role in educating, mobilizing and responding to the public to promote
sustainable development.
28.3. Each local authority should enter into a dialogue with its citizens, local
organizations and private enterprises and adopt "a local Agenda 21". Through
consultation and consensus-building, local authorities would learn from citizens
and from local, civic, community, business and industrial organizations and
acquire the information needed for formulating the best strategies. The process
of consultation would increase household awareness of sustainable
development issues. Local authority programmes, policies, laws and
regulations to achieve Agenda 21 objectives would be assessed and modified,
based on local programmes adopted. Strategies could also be used in
supporting proposals for local, national, regional and international funding.
28.4. Partnerships should be fostered among relevant organs and organizations
such as UNDP, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat) and
UNEP, the World Bank, regional banks, the International Union of Local
Authorities, the World Association of the Major Metropolises, Summit of Great
Cities of the World, the United Towns Organization and other relevant partners,
with a view to mobilizing increased international support for local authority
programmes. An important goal would be to support, extend and improve
existing institutions working in the field of local authority capacity-building and
local environment management.
Accepted Principles More Important than
Framework Specifics

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
public trust doctrine
precautionary principle
inter-generational equity
intra-generational equity
subsidiarity principle
polluter pays principle (PPP)
user pays principle (UPP)
Problems with Early SusDev National Plans


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
Many were not integrated into mainstream strategic planning;
Many were “wish lists” lacking clear objectives and achievable
targets;
Narrow base of participation and without key stakeholders;
Did not support existing processes, strategies, and capacities and tried
to build parallel structure;
Many (developing countries) were not led by the country, but by
external agencies;
In some developing countries different external agencies pushed
competing strategies
Key Principles based on Experience



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

People centred
Consensus on long term
vision
Comprehensive and
integrated
Targeted with clear budgetary
priorities
Based on comprehensive and
reliable analysis
Incorporate monitoring,
learning, and improvement



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

Country-led and nationally
owned
High-level government
commitment and influential
leading institutions
Building on existing
mechanisms and strategies
Effective participation
Link national and local levels
Develop and build on existing
capacity
Linear Process of Strategy Making
Set of Objectives
Social, Economic,
Environmental
Requires balance
Set of Processes
Participation,
Communications,
Analysis, Debate,
Investment, Capacitybuilding, Monitoring
Requires co-ordination
Coordination
System
Strategy for Sustainable Development
Cyclical Process of Strategy Making
Assessment of issues
and debate priorities
Consensus on vision
and priority goals
Monitor SD
outcomes
Communication
Participation
Coordination
Information
Learning
Monitor strategy
mechanisms
Plans and
investment
Empowerment &
capacity building
Mainstreaming SD,
controls and incentives
The Netherlands Approach

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From 1989 National Environmental Policy Plan revised every 4 years
Dialogue between government, industry, civil society, public
Cabinet established interdepartmental body led by Prime Minister to
develop strategy
All policies embedded in susdev concepts (2001)
Experiments in integration of economic, socio-cultural, environmental
aspects of government investments
Each ministry must overview its contribution to susdev annually in
annual budget
Inventory made of susdev initiatives of municipalities, provinces,
business, citizens.
Visions, baseline analysis, targets and timelines, triggers, action plans,
institutional plans, indicators set
Covenant approach with industrial sectors
Sectors and Community
Sustainable Development as Integration
Environment
Science &
Technology
Environment
Sector/Community
Integrating
plan/strategy
Politics
Economy
Sector and Community Comparison

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
Community focuses on interrelations of people and
institutions within an area
Sector focuses on the interrelations of people within an
interdependent set of activities
In both stakeholders share responsibilities and participation
Both require building of social capital and other capacities
Need to integrate technology, economy and politics
Strategy Framework: Vision, participation, issue analysis,
targets, implementation plans, indicators and evaluation
External linkages and interdependencies
SusDev by Sectors
Sector: Definition

Within a larger system (society, economy,
industry), a sector is a distinct subsystem of
related components
Why Sectors?

Allows you to deal with the integrated
complexity of the susdev challenge at a
reasonable level.
‘$50,000 lure’ for minibus LPG switch
1. What physical infrastructure is under
development?
2. What land-use considerations are
required?
3. What kind of social decisions are
being made?
4. Who is involved?
5. Are the decisions being made in a
atmosphere of cooperation or conflict?
Sectors as Systems
Network and interrelations

Upstream and downstream interrelations

Horizontal interrelations

Interrelations with citizens, government, businesses,
NGOs, certifying authorities

Regulatory and cultural framework
Environmental impacts

Direct and indirect impacts: local/global, temporal

Life-cycle impacts

Interactions with rest of system: cumulative and synergistic
effects
Sector Examples
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Agriculture
Forestry
Mining
Fisheries
Materials (metals,
plastics, cement,
chemicals,
nanotechnologies)
Energy

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Life cycle
approach

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Transportation (air, land,
water)
Construction/Building mgt
Water/sewage
Tourism
Education
Finance/Banking/
Insurance
Retail and wholesale
Health
Governance/participation
Elderly, youth, gender
Your Sector Includes
Materials
Processing
Parts
Manufacture
Product
Assembly
Physical Infrastructure,
Landuse,
Social Infrastructure
Resource
Extraction
Recycling
Material &
Energy Inputs
Pollution
Outputs
Minimize
Distribution
Consumption
Materials
Collection
Sector Initiatives


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
Most incremental and build on existing practices,
organizations and cultures
Introducing systems based approach with life cycle
assessment
Leadership of individuals, particular firms, government
departments, and NGOs important
Experimentation with pilot projects
Need to overcome technological, economic and cultural
barriers
The Netherlands Sector Approach
•Themes (issues)
•Target groups (sectors)
•Indicators
•Covenants of stakeholders
•Market and technology
•Product Life-cycle Policy
•Program Monitoring and Evaluation
Netherlands: Target groups, themes and indicators

The government targets an industry or group of industries
that have problems in common that have to be solved.
The most important target groups are agriculture, traffic
and transportation, manufacturing industry, energy,
refineries, building trades, and consumer and retail trade.
The major common problems that they have to solve are
identified and called themes. Agriculture, for example, has
the themes of acidification, eutrophication, and toxic
substance dispersion. Indicators are chosen to allow the
severity of the problem (theme) and advances in solving it
to be measured accurately and concisely. The indicators
for agriculture are, respectively, ammonia emissions for
acidification, phosphate emissions for eutrophication, and
pesticide use for toxic substance dispersion.
Netherlands: Covenants

The national government brings together
provincial and municipal governments, business
representatives, industry association
representatives, environmentalists and
occasionally labor to discuss the severity of the
problem and what needs to be done to solve it.
Improvement targets and timetables are
established. These targets and timetables are set
for short, medium and long-term efforts because
the changing the system requires incentives and
deadlines that allow firms to realistically achieve
the improvement goals. Companies are expected
to put action plans into effect, monitor the results
and make the information open to the public.
Netherlands: Market and technology

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
The covenant approach works so well because it allows the
market to motivate companies to improve their
environmental performance and to innovate in the design
or use of environmental technologies.
The targets allow the companies to plan for the future in
their own way and are not forced to adopt existing
technologies.
Therefore, companies do not have to change technologies
and practices all the time as regulation become tougher, but
can devise technologies and practices that actually give
them an advantage over the competition.
Thus a company is motivated to find both the most
advantageous environmental technology and to do it in the
most efficient manner for their business.
Netherlands: Product Life-cycle Policy



Covenants are encouraged to provide information
about each product as it moves through the
lifecycle.
Thus companies at each stage of the product cycle
gain improved information about how to design
and use products received from downstream.
The Netherlands balances this policy with the fact
that are a small trade dependent country selling
and buying goods from many countries that have
less strict regulations than them, and also selling
and buying goods to countries like Germany and
Sweden which in some sectors will have tougher
environmental regulations.
Netherlands: Program Evaluation

The programs are evaluated on an ongoing
basis by the national government, paid
consultants and environmentalists. The
program is also more thoroughly reviewed
on 5 and 10-year intervals to point out
significant problems.
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group
Theme
Indicator
Agriculture
Acidification
Eutrophication
Toxic substance
dispersion
Ammonia emissions
Phosphate emissions
Pesticides
Traffic and
Transportation
Climate change
Acidification
Disturbance of local
environment
CO2 emissions
Nitrogen emissions
Noise and odor
Industry
Climate Change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
NOX emissions
Industrial and chemical
waste
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group
Theme
Indicator
Energy
Climate Change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
NOX emissions
Fly ash and slag
Radioactive waste
Refineries
Climate change
Acidification
Toxic substance
dispersion
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
Hazardous substances
emissions
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group
Theme
Indicator
Building trade
Climate change
Toxic substances
dispersion
Solid waste
CO2 emissions
CFC emissions
Creosote and
hazardous substances
C&D waste
Consumer and retail
Climate change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
NO2 emissions
Household and white
good waste
Covenant Process
Knowledge Base
Homogenous
Sectors
Detailed
Development
Preparation
Declaration of intent
(integrated environmental
target plan)
Implementing plan at
branch level
Heterogeneous
Sectors
Detailed
Development
Phased plan
& guidelines
Drafting company
environmental plans
Implementation
Implementing
plans
Monitoring and enforcement
HK’s Transportation Sector
Comparatively high level of sustainability because:
 Low private car ownership (5.2 %)
 Relatively few roads
 89% of all passenger trips by public transport
 High level of access, convenience, affordable
 Modal competition and railway self financing
HK’s Transportation Sector
Problems:

Roadside pollution high, particularly NOX and RSPs from diesel

Traffic noise

Pressure on land and habitat from expanding road and rail networks

High latent demand for cars

Roads planned with little regard for interrelations with other aspects
of public space (pedestrianization, neighbourhood division, aesthetics)

Public participation limited to post conceptualization-engineering
consultations (little real change possible)

Railways subsidized by government land grants for development;
roads paid for by government (therefore bus companies, logistics
companies subsidized
Transportation Policies
Infrastructure (Highways dept)

Comprehensive Transport Study
3 (2000) began to integrate
SusDev into transport planning

“Emphasis on rail” but road
predominant expansion (5X)

“Predict and provide” approach
instead of demand management

Little concern for social wellbeing, noise, air pollution or
other issues of sustainability

Environment, Transport and
Works bureau now links
environment and transport
Vehicles and Fuels (EPD)
Low sulfur fuels
Euro engines (with replacement of
buses)
LPG taxis and minibuses
No control over mainland fuels
being used in HK
Tunnel fees but no electronic road
pricing
UK Sustainable Transport Policy
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Integrate land use and transport policies to minimize
transport and increase use of less-damaging modes
Remove air quality threats to human health
Improve quality of life by reducing dominance of cars and
trucks and providing other modes
Halt loss of land used for conservation, scenic, or amenity
purposes
Reduce GHGs
Reduce impact on non-renewable resources
Reduce noise
Indicators
HONG KONG
Direct

Average travel distance
 Average network speed

Cost of freight transport
Indirect

AQ based on air quality
objectives

Toxic air pollution based on
acceptable risk

Per capita C02
 Total C02
ALTERNATIVE

Per capita km buses and trains;
footway length; avg. travel
speed, disabled facilities; prv.
cars; traffic accidents; fatalities;
income proportion; roadside
API

Access to goods, services,
activities, destinations

Impact/kilometre

Kilometer/GDP
Indicators


Don’t connect with guiding principles
completely (e.g. GP of safety and pedestrian
facilities don’t have indicators)
Measures means rather than goals (e.g.
network speed rather than ease of access to
services)
HK’s Municipal Solid Waste
Strategy
The Immediate
Problem:
landfills filling
up
The Underlying Problem: high consumption and waste
habits
Strategic Objective
Targets
Implementation
Indicators?
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism
Subsectors
 Food and Beverage: restaurants, fast food shops, bars,
etc.

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Hotels and hostels
Travel and transport: travel agents, tour operators,
airport/airline services and companies specializing in mass
transportation
Retailers: clothing, footwear, foodstuff, alcoholic drinks,
consumer and durable products
Events and leisure facilities: entertainment facilities,
theme parks, museums, art galleries, cultural facilities,
other leisure activities.
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism
Stage 1

Review of Agenda 21 for the travel and tourism industry

Stakeholders baseline study

International benchmarking

Comparative assessment and Analysis
Stage 2

Development of draft integrated strategy for the T&T industry

Stakeholder consultation

Formulate an environmentally sustainable development strategy
Stage 3

Devise implementation plan

Strategy dissemination
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism
Participation
 Initial consultation with stakeholder groups
 Focus groups with stakeholders
 Roundtable discussions yearly
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism
Four Priority Areas:
1. Environmental management in industry firms
and associations
2. Sustainable training, education & awareness
3. Facilitating exchange of information and
technology
4. Landuse planning and new tourism product
development
HK’s SusDev Strategy for Travel and Tourism
Implementation

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Action Plans for government departments,
government tourist organizations and
representative trade organizations
Guidelines for industry members
Charters for signing members to observe
Gothenburg’s “Green” Product Development

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2 programs to eliminate toxic chemicals in
urban environment, reduce load on sewage
system, aquatic environment
Products used in industry and by consumers
“Chemical Sweep”: identify hazardous products
and develop, test, and market alternatives
“Clean Lubricants: develop, test, and market
alternatives
Gothenburg’s “Green” Product Development

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Used authority from Swedish National Act on Chemical
Products (users required to switch to alternative to
hazardous chemicals when available) to interest users
Municipality brought together manufacturers and users
in cooperative effort to stimulate product development
Service approach: offering advice and technical
assistance; engaged manufacturers and users
Focused on specific products:cleaners, batteries,
pesticides, cutting fluids, diesel fuels
Companies were highly aware and receptive because of
fears of regulations and potential for competitive
advantage
“Chemical Sweep” Program: switching to
available alternatives

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Education, information and promotional campaign to spread
information about hazardous chemicals and substitution
regulation: mass media advertisements, brochures, displays,
stickers, exhibitions and trade fairs
Use of specific chemicals in different sectors assessed through
survey and list of affected products and users compiled
Users were notified of their hazardous chemical use and of
alternatives, and of regulations
Encouraged to switch to alternatives
Follow-up visits to see how many had changed
“Chemical Sweep” Program: developing
alternatives

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Some firms couldn’t switch because alternatives not available
Worked with several firms in a sector (and across sectors) on
pilot projects to develop alternatives
Functional and ecological assessment of products monitored and
documented
Car Wash Detergent:

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8 products tested by Chemical Sweep, Env. Protection office, Local
gov’ts, Petro Dealers Nat. Assoc., 2 car wash companies
Green products performed better, new class of product created
100% uptake by local car wash companies
Rechargeable Batteries (15% cadmium to .0025%)

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Tests showed less toxic suitable for mobiles, video cameras, shavers
Importers and general public informed
New product models with less toxic battery introduced
“Clean Lubricants” Program: developing
alternatives

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Administered by Municipal Solid Waste Agency; two
employees
Focus on hydraulic fluids
Manufactures invited to put forward green products (6 chosen)
Local users asked to participate in one year blind field test
(excavators, trucks with lifts, garbage trucks)
Clean lubricants performed well functionally and ecologically
Manufacturers spurred to develop more clean lubricants
Gothenburg Green Products Lessons

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
Legislation as starting point, but must be
followed up with proactive education etc.
Municipality can have big influence if
programs are designed properly
Enormous amount of concern and
competence in sector that can be harnessed
cooperatively
Sector/Community Case Study Websites

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European Academy of the Urban Environment: SURBAN - database
on sustainable urban development in Europe
 http://www.eaue.de/winuwd/default.htm
International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI):
Case Studies
 http://www.iclei.org/index.php?id=843
Sustainable communities network
 http://www.sustainable.org/casestudies/studiesindex.html
Federation of Community Municipalities: Center for Sustainable
Community Development
 http://www.sustainablecommunities.ca/Search/Search/Search.aspx
?lang=e
Sustainable Tourism Net:
 http://www.sustainabletourism.net/cs_destination.html
Our Sector Analysis: scope

Focus on environmental sustainability


Or environmental linkage to social, economic
or political aspect of sustainability
Or an issue dealt with in a systematic manner
Our Sector Analysis: means

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

Baseline conditions: descriptive of environmental, social,
political, and economic characteristics; and of stakeholder
awareness and capacities
Issue and gap analysis
Alternatives generation
Indicators and monitoring system
Stakeholder feedback
Integration with community
Scoping a Sector



Branch of society: citizens, government,
business, NGOs
Division of branch: industry, service, citizen
group,government level/administrative division,
type of NGO
Smaller divisions: community/subgroup,
government bureau/department, industrial or
service grouping, NGOs
Baseline State and Impacts Checklist
Environmental Economic
Air
Land
Water
Noise
Biodiversity
Landscape and
seascape

Social
Jobs
Services (e.g.
health, education,
Per capita
recreation)
income
Housing
Asset values
Entrepreneurial Cultural
continuity
ism and
opportunities
Volunteerism
Elderly
Equity
Etc.

Political
Government
activities in
area (policies,
regulations)
Political
parties
Other interest
groups
Issues
Conflicts

Baseline Information



Observation
Printed materials, government publications
Talking to stakeholders
Environmental Sources

Air, land, water, noise quality, and conservation
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd

Biodiversity and Habitats
http://www.hkbiodiversity.net;
http://www.susdev.gov.hk/html/en/su/consult.htm

Fish http://www.hk-fish.net/eng/index.htm
Hong Kong Habitats
Area Mapped for
Each Habitat Type
Area (ha) %
Cover Type
High Value Ecological Habitat†
Fung Shui Forest
Montane Forest
Lowland Forest
Mixed Shrubland
Freshwater/ Brackish Wetland
Natural Watercourse
803.9
Mangrove
Intertidal Mudflat
Seagrass Bed
106.3
123.4
18318.3
15196.5
130.1
Subtotal
35683
32.1
Plantation or Plantation /Mixed Forest
Shrubby Grassland
Fishpond/Gei wai
Sandy Shore†
Rocky Shore
Cultivation
417.0
24674.8
1031.7
179.6
94.2
3838.3
0.4
22.2
0.9
0.2
0.1
3.5
Subtotal
30236
27.2
343.1
656.1
5.4
0.7
0.1
0.1
16.5
13.7
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.0
Medium Value Ecological Habitat†
Hong Kong Habitats
Area Mapped for
Each Habitat Type
Area (ha)%
Cover Type
Low Value Ecological Habitat†
Bare Rock or Soil
Grassland
Modified Watercourse
Artificial Rocky/Hard Shoreline
Golf Course/Urban Park
Quarry
5101.8
21572.7
2384.1
315.4
1398.3
168.6
4.6
19.4
2.1
0.3
1.3
0.2
Subtotal
30941
27.8
Rural Industrial Storage/Containers
Landfill
Others
1379.2
404.3
12656.3
1.3
0.4
11.4
Subtotal
14440
13.0
Negligible Value Ecological Habitat
Society Sources





City Planning Consultants 1998? Study on South East New Territories Development
Review Strategy Final Report. Hong Kong: HKSAR Planning Department.
http://www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_e.htm
Projection of population distribution (2002-2011) and Area of HK by district:
Planning Department - http://www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_e.htm--> look for
"Information Services", then "Planning Statistics"
Land Usage in different parts of HK: Town Planning Board http://www.info.gov.hk/tpb/index_e.htm --> go for "e-staturary plans"
Demographic and social characteristics, economic characteristics,
labor/employment, household characteristics, housing characteristics, GDP/GNP,
etc, by district or the whole territory: Census & Statistics Department
http://www.info.gov.hk/censtatd/eng/hkstat/fas/01c/01c_index.html Or, the
Government's InvestHK website - http://www.investhk.gov.hk --> look for "Key
Statistics"
Property types (residential, office, industrial, shop, large deals) and valuations at
http://www.info.gov.hk/landreg/eindex.htm or Estate agents e.g. Centaline at:
http://www.centanet.com/
Interest Groups/NGOs: Sources
Good list of links at:
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/links/loc
al/link_greengroups.html
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/links/local
/link_greengroups.html
 Sai Kung Association
http://www.exploresaikung.com

Politics Sources

Environmental Regulations and Guidelines
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/envir_standards/esg_maincont
ent.html

Legco Panel on Environment and pending bills
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/news_events/legco/ea_panel.ht
ml;
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/news_events/legco/bills.html

Links to relevant government departments
http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/links/local/link_govorg.html;
http://www.info.gov.hk/orgindex.htm

Sai Kung District Council
http://www.districtcouncils.gov.hk/sk/english/welcome.htm
Stakeholders, Awareness and Capacities
Checklist
Environmental Economic
Groups
Interests
Sector specific
awareness
Financial and
organizational
capacities
Inter-group
cooperation

Businesses
Business
groups
Labor groups
Environmental
awareness
Change and
fiscal capacities

Social
Community and
external interest
groups
Environmental
awareness
Leadership
Organizational
capacities

Political
Government
levels and
Departments
Environmental
awareness
Spending
capacities
Participation
systems
Policies and
enforcement

Community Sustainable
Development
Why SusDev at the Community Level?




Deal with environmental problems in a holistic
manner
Deal with contradictions between stakeholder
expectations
Avoid top-down planning and colonization
Enable people to deal with their own
environmental impacts directly
The subsidiarity principle
The subsidiarity principle seeks to reverse the inefficiencies and
environmental damage done by centralized planning and decisionmaking. It requires that decisions should be made by the
communities affected or on their behalf, by the authorities closest to
them. As appropriate, decisions should rest either at the national
rather than international level or at the local rather than the national
level. This has been the basic principle governing the devolution of
planning systems worldwide, and it is intended to encourage local
ownership of resources and responsibility for environmental
problems and their solutions.
Why Participation?



Set priorities based on various stakeholder
needs, but with focus on community
Enable the development of long-term,
comprehensive solutions
Obtain information and foster support
(Int. Council for Local Environmental Initiatives)
ICLEI Elements of Community Planning






Local government and partners: organize for service delivery
Partnerships: engagement of residents, key institutional partners,
interest groups or other stakeholders that represent values and needs
of community
Community-based issue analysis: involves 1) engaging stakeholders
to learn needs, local issues, educate, obtain support, set priorities and
2) technical assessments of ecology, infrastructure etc.
Action Planning: establishing 1) goals; 2) targets and triggers; 3)
strategies and commitments
Implementation and Monitoring: 1) changing procedures, reorganizing
work tasks, assigning responsibilities and funding; 2) documentation
during implementation and recurrent measurement of impacts after
Evaluation and Feedback: assessment of impacts of changes for both
internal and external uses
Who are your partners in
service delivery?
What services do people
want?
What is the capacity of
existing service systems?
Are they sustainable?
How do service systems
impact society, economy,
and environment?
When and how can
sustainable service
systems be established?
Targets
Measurable
commitments to
be achieved in a
specific time.
How will plans be
monitored and
evaluated?
Partnerships
Establish
an organizational structure for planning
by service providers and users. Establish
a shared community vision.
Elements of
Community
Planning
Community-based Issue Analysis
Identify issues that must be addressed to
achieve community vision. Assess
priority problems and issues in detail.
Action Planning
Agree on goals, targets and triggers, and
create strategies and commitments to
achieve targets. Formalize into plan.
Implementation and Monitoring
Create partnership structures for
implementation and mgt for municipal
compliance. Monitor activities, changes
Evaluation and Feedback
Periodic performance evaluations using
target-based indicators. Repeat issue
analyses; celebrate achievements.
Triggers
Commitment to a
specified action at
a future date
and/or response to
future conditions.
When will further
planning be
required?
How will partners
and users participate
in implementation
and evaluation?
Experts’ Role
Functions



Technical knowledge
Participation promotion
and facilitation
Political and administrative
knowledge
Decision-Making Tools





Environmental, social,
economic evaluation
Indicators
Industry knowledge
Alternative management &
technologies (environment,
industry, services,
residences,transportation, etc.)
Trend, risk and options analysis
Stakeholder Participation
Who
 Citizens
 Business
 Government
 NGOs and other
groups
 Visitors
Where
 Sustainability plan
initiation
 Sustainability plan
design
 Operation of plan
 Monitoring and
enforcement
 Evaluation of plan
Cultivation of Participation






Public forums
Scenario generation and envisioning
Collective brainstorming
Focus groups
Networks and partnerships
Adaptive management
Positive

















Influences on Participation
Specific focus
Multi-party comprehension of problem
Solutions in context
Innovativeness and flexibility
Conflict resolution skills
Use of facilitator
Capacity building
Deliberate diversity
Financial resources
Commitment to communication
Sense of ownership
Wide participation
Trust, transparency, & accountability
Leadership and clarity
North-south dimension
Added value and specific projects
Experts ‘on tap’
Negative












Hidden agendas
Inequality, competitiveness and
intolerance
Sectoralism
Excessive dependence on external
aid/expertise
Inadequate administrative support
Problem avoidance
Mutual distrust
Different jargons
Poor methodology
Sharp changes to structure
Excessive complexity
Over-reliance on experimental
approaches
Problems with Community Approach




Planning system and government structure
Alienation in society and lack of sense of
place
Continued role of experts and management
of expert-stakeholder interface
Time and money considerations
Environmental Citizen
Responsibilities






Change everyday habits
Be responsible consumers
Engage in public debate
Keep officials accountable
Work with others
Environmental literacy
Community Planning in Hong Kong




No local government in HK
Planning top-down, executive led
District councils have limited power, don’t
get involved in planning, involve people
Plans satisfy territorial development rather
than local needs
Hong Kong’s Planning Process
Chief Executive’s instructions
Planning study and drawing up
Plan circulated to gov’t dept.s for comments
Submission to Metro Planning Committee (MPC) OR
…..Rural/New Territories Committee (RNTC)
Presentation to District Council
Resubmission to MPC/RNTPC
Gazzetted for public inspections
TPB Submission and hearing
C.E approves or disapproves.
Public Input
Planning System in HK
Territorial Development Strategy
Sub-regional Plans
Outline Zoning Plans &
Development Permission Area Plans
Outline Development Plan
Layout Plan
Plans
gazzetted
and
objections
entertained
Western District Development Strategy (WDDS)





Oldest neighborhood, many unique features and problems
Opportunity for unique upgrading respecting traditions
WDDS focused on land reclamation, MTR station, private
sector led redevelopment for 50,000
Residents left up in air about completion, relocation,
sustainability of businesses and way of life
No alternatives provided
The Wanchai Experiment


Goal: foster community engagement in the
design of their neighbourhood
Focus: on the social aspects of sustainability
and making participation a prerequisite for
sustainability
Stakeholder Identification
By: walking around the neighborhood, talking to people,
and study of baseline resources





The elderly
Housewives
Teenagers
Business people
Visitors and tourists
Engaging People





Photo exhibition workshops
Focus groups
Talking to key individuals/leaders
Face-to-face surveys
Proposal workshop
Wanchai Engagement Results
Issue
Community space
Proposals
e.g. redevelop Southhorn
playground, public square,
community centre
Pedestrianisation, market
streets and markets
e.g. Pedestrianize market streets and
landscape
Traffic congestion
Difficult to control, but
pedestrianize and rationalize buses
Local character
Conserve old bldgs, ‘chinese’
services and features in new bldgs
Tourism appeal
Info centre, signage, cultural trail,
experiences, appearance upgrading
Elderly and marginalized
Housing required for street sleepers
Sensory Qualities
Individual and collective action
Santa Monica
Small city (80,000) in Los Angeles
(on the beach)
 Started with Agenda 21 plan in 1994
 Focused on targets and indicators dealing with 1)
resource conservation; 2) Transportation; 3) Pollution
Protection; and Community and Economic
Development
 Achieved many successes (next slide)
 Not “there” yet, new “Sustainable City”plan in 2003

Sustainable City Plan:
Partnerships



2001 formation of Sustainable City Working
Group: community stakeholders including elected
and appointed officials, City staff, and
representatives of neighborhood organizations,
business community, and other community
groups.
Working Group met numerous times to discuss
many issues related to sustainability of community
Previous plan and early drafts were revised based
on large amount of public input
Sustainable City Plan:
Community Based Issue Analysis
Evaluated long-term sustainability against threats to:
 Natural resources and natural environment
 Human and social capital: connectedness among
people in the community and their education,
skills and health
 Financial and built capital: manufactured goods,
buildings, infrastructure, information resources,
credit and debt.
Sustainable City Plan:
Action Planning





Guiding principles
Goal areas with specific goals for community
visions
Targets
Indicators: systems and programs
Goal/Indicator matrix
Guiding Principles









The concept of sustainability guides City policy
Protection, preservation and restoration of the natural environment is a
high priority of the City
Environmental quality, economic health and social equity are mutually
dependent
All decisions have implications to the long-term sustainability of
Santa Monica
Community awareness, responsibility, participation and education are
key elements of a sustainable community
Santa Monica recognizes its linkage with the regional, national, and
global community
Those sustainability issues most important to the community will be
addressed first and the most cost effective programs and policies will
be selected
The City is committed to procurement decisions which minimize
negative environmental and social impacts
Cross-sector partnerships are necessary to achieve sustainable goals
Goal Areas








Resource conservation
Environmental and public health
Transportation
Economic Development
Open space and land use
Housing
Community education and civic participation
Human dignity
Sustainable City Plan:
Implementation and Monitoring




City’s Task Force on Environment lead initiation
Sustainable City Steering Committee with broader
stakeholder representation will oversee implementation
At City administrative level, a Sustainable City
Implementation Group makes existing and new programs
and policies consistent with sustainability goals within
respective departments and across departments
Two teams will coordinate with community stakeholder
groups
Sustainable City Plan:
Evaluation and Feedback



Every two years, the Sustainable City Steering Committee
and Sustainable City Implementation Group make and
indicator report
Used by City council, City Staff and community members
to judge progress of plan
Provide basis for decision-making on changing policies and
actions
Goal
Indicator
Matrix
Huangbaiyu Village Tour:
Exploring Sustainable Design
http://www.chinauscenter.org/Village
Slideshow/
Southeast False Creek
is envisioned as a community in which people live, work, play and learn
in a neighbourhood designed to balance the highest possible levels of
social equity, livability, ecological health and economic prosperity, so as
to support their choices to live in a sustainable manner.
South East False Creek



32 ha of old industrial land
2,353 units for 4,949 people
in public land, maybe, 8,575
in private lands
range of parks and
recreation along the
waterfront; shoreline
improvements; seaside
pedestrian-bicycle route;
re-establishment of wildlife
habitat; private and
community gardens
encouraged.
Guiding Principles
1.Implementing Sustainability: SEFC should promote the
implementation of sustainable development principles in an urban
setting.
2.Stewardship of Ecosystem Health: The SEFC plan should
improve the health of the False Creek Basin and encourage
resource conservation and waste reduction.
3.Economic Viability and Vitality: SEFC development should ensure
viability without subsidy and encourage a vibrant and vital
community.
4.Social and Community Health: SEFC should be a livable,
complete community supporting social networks and enhances
quality of life for all in the neighbourhood.
Urban Agriculture Study
Urban Agriculture Study
Urban Agriculture Study Results
Urban Agriculture Study Results
Urban Agriculture Study Results
South East False Creek
Indicators and Targets
https://www.vancouver.ca/commsvcs/
southeast/odp/pdf/sustainabilityindica
tors.pdf
What are the Challenges to
creating community in Sai Kung?
Political system
Group differences
Leadership
Resources
Indicators
“What gets measured, gets managed”

Why: accountability, monitoring and assessment, targets,
participation, commitments
Measured by (who): government, industry, public, NGOs
Measured by (what): physical, monetary, policies and other values
Measured at (where):national, local, sector levels
Applications: environmental, social, economic, political
Types: set, combined (index), framework (accounting; pressure, state,
response), decoupling
Created by: experts, stakeholders, government, public
Requirements: representative, analytically sound, easily understood,
practical, show trends
Problems: weightings, valuations, integration, movement

http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/47/24993546.pdf








Indicators and Monitoring System


Develop a small set of indicators for whole
sector
Develop a system for evaluation of progress
HK SusDev 21 Guiding Principles
HK SusDev 21 Guiding Principles
HK SusDev 21 Indicators
HK SusDev 21 Indicators
HK SusDev 21 Indicators
Netherlands Sector Indicators
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group
Theme
Indicator
Agriculture
Acidification
Eutrophication
Toxic substance
dispersion
Ammonia emissions
Phosphate emissions
Pesticides
Traffic and
Transportation
Climate change
Acidification
Disturbance of local
environment
CO2 emissions
Nitrogen emissions
Noise and odor
Industry
Climate Change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
NOX emissions
Industrial and chemical
waste
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group
Theme
Indicator
Energy
Climate Change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
NOX emissions
Fly ash and slag
Radioactive waste
Refineries
Climate change
Acidification
Toxic substance
dispersion
CO2 emissions
SO2 emissions
Hazardous substances
emissions
Target Group Performance Indicators
Target Group
Theme
Indicator
Building trade
Climate change
Toxic substances
dispersion
Solid waste
CO2 emissions
CFC emissions
Creosote and
hazardous substances
C&D waste
Consumer and retail
Climate change
Acidification
Solid Waste
CO2 emissions
NO2 emissions
Household and white
good waste
OECD Pressure, State, Response Model
Issue and Gap Analysis
Determination of main environmental issues by

Identifying problems raised in baseline studies (e.g. by
issues such as ecosystem health, presence/absence of
awareness, pollution levels, regulations and enforcement,
participatory systems, activities elsewhere in similar sectors
or Pressure-State-Response).
 Identifying concerns of stakeholders (concerns about
problems and conflicts with other stakeholders).

Benchmarking against other sustainable development
models (comparable sectors, communities, and natural
conditions)

Research!!!
Alternatives Generation



Importation of successful models
Development of new approaches based on
new technologies, regulations, participation,
overcoming conflicts, business approaches
etc.
Sector specific and system wide changes
Stakeholder Feedback


Return to stakeholders and ask opinions of your
suggestions (feasibility re: stakeholder conflicts,
technologies, regulations, awareness, etc;
complexity or completeness)
Inquire about willingness to participate, pay, lead
Integration with Community




Consider cumulative and synergistic
impacts with environment, society,economy,
and politics
Areas of overlap of sector
governance/initiatives
Need for mutual support
Need for overall policy, regulatory,
infrastructure, cultural changes
Community Indicators


From your sector
Others necessary for the community
Long Term and Interim
Visions of Sustainability for Sai Kung





Environment: local and global aspects?
Society, Economics and Politics?
What major changes are needed?
What strategies?
How does your sector fit into the vision?
Your Final Report







Introduction: a vision of Sai Kung and how your sector fits into it
Baseline conditions:
 Relevant to your sector and its role in SK
 Reworked to integrate everything learned through semester
Issue and gap analysis
 With explanation of how you analyzed the issues
Alternatives generation
 Including modifications based on stakeholder feedback (and
acknowledging this input)
Indicators and monitoring system
Conclusion:
 Integration with community/responsibility to vision
References
 Footnotes, endnotes or scientific notation