Unit Handout and
Student Task 1
‫مدرسة المشرق الدولية‬
Mashrek International School
Name: …………………………
Grade:………
MYP Year 2
Language A English
Date: ……………...
Unit Title: Poetry study
Anthology of various types and forms of poems
The epic poem: Homer's Odyssey (IDU Ancient Greek Civilization)
MYP Unit Question:
What influence did the ancient Greeks have on modern literature?
AOI: Human Ingenuity
Appreciating Greek civilization and its various cultural, political, artistic and literary aspects and
achievements, and how it influences our world today.
Objectives:
Content ( receptive and productive)
 Appreciating and commenting on the language , content, structure, meaning and significance of
various forms of seen and unseen poetry.
 Developing a critical appreciation of the various poetic devices and techniques employed by these
poets.
 Expressing personal response to poetry and demonstrating the ability to approach it independently.
 Compose pieces that apply the appropriate literary features.
Organization
 Organize oral and written work in a sustained logical manner using language specific conventions
 Employ critical apparatus accurately to support examples
Style and Language Mechanics
 Use and understand an appropriate range of vocabulary and idiom.
 Use correct grammar with appropriate and increasingly varied sentence structure.
 Use language correctly to express, inform, entertain, and analyse.
Learner's profile:
Knowledgeable - Students will acquire in depth knowledge and understanding across a range of
disciplines.
Communicators - Students express ideas confidently using language in various modes to analyze,
entertain
and express.
Open minded
- Students are willing to accept and evaluate different beliefs and point of views.
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Introduction to Greek Mythology
The stories of the Greek myths are all that remain of an ancient religion. The gods and goddesses of stories
represent the metaphors that the ancient Greeks used to make sense of the world around them and of life in
general.
Those metaphors provided inspiration for a wealth of literature. Since the ancient Greeks began telling these
stories in a pre-literate era (before they had writing), at first the stories were passed down from generation to
generation in an oral tradition. The story of the Odyssey, for example, is supposed to have been composed
by a blind poet named Homer. Today scholars suspect there was more than one “Homer” who helped shape
the final epic, as different storytellers added or subtracted details or episodes. What they preserved, though,
is the story as they told it. So we must look at the stories as both religion and literature at the same time. We
must treat them with respect.
You will understand the great Greek epic poem The Odyssey much better if you have a working knowledge
of the gods and goddesses.
Introduction to Homer and his epics
NEARLY THREE THOUSAND YEARS after they were composed, the Iliad and the Odyssey remain two of the
most celebrated and widely read stories ever told, yet next to nothing is known about their author. He was
certainly an accomplished Greek poet, and he probably lived in the late eighth and early seventh centuries
b.c. Authorship is traditionally attributed to a blind poet named Homer, and it is under this name that the
works are still published.
Most modern scholars believe that even if a single person wrote the epics, his work owed a tremendous debt
to a long tradition of unwritten, oral poetry. Stories of a glorious expedition to the East and of its leaders’
fateful journeys home had been circulating in Greece for hundreds of years before the Iliad and Odyssey
were composed. Casual storytellers and semiprofessional minstrels passed these stories down through
generations, with each artist developing and polishing the story as he told it. According to this theory, one
poet, multiple poets working in collaboration, or perhaps even a series of poets handing down their work in
succession finally turned these stories into written works, again with each adding his own touch and
expanding or contracting certain episodes in the overall narrative to fit his taste.
Although historical, archaeological, and linguistic evidence suggests that the epics were composed between
750 and 650 b.c., they are set in Mycenaean Greece in about the twelfth century b.c., during the Bronze Age.
This earlier period, the Greeks believed, was a more glorious and sublime age, when gods still frequented
the earth and heroic, godlike mortals with superhuman attributes populated Greece. Because the two epics
strive to evoke this pristine age, they are written in a high style and generally depict life as it was believed to
have been led in the great kingdoms of the Bronze Age. The Greeks are often referred to as “Achaeans,” the
name of a large tribe occupying Greece during the Bronze Age.
Of the two epics, the Odyssey is the later both in setting and, probably, date of composition. The Iliad tells
the story of the Greek struggle to rescue Helen, a Greek queen, from her Trojan captors. The Odyssey takes
the fall of the city of Troy as its starting point and crafts a new epic around the struggle of one of those
Greek warriors, the hero Odysseus. It tells the story of his journey home, to northwest Greece during the tenyear period after the Greek victory over the Trojans. A tale of wandering, it takes place not on a field of
battle but on fantastic islands and foreign lands. After the merciless tragedy and massacre of the Iliad, the
Odyssey often strikes readers as comic or fantastic at times. This quality has led some scholars to conclude
that Homer wrote the Odyssey at a later time of his life, when he showed less interest in struggles at arms
and was more receptive to a storyline that focused on the fortunes and misadventures of a single man.
Like the Iliad, the Odyssey was composed primarily in the Ionic dialect of Ancient Greek, which was spoken
on the Aegean islands and in the coastal settlements of Asia Minor, now modern Turkey. Some scholars thus
conclude that the poet hailed from somewhere in the eastern Greek world.
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Character List
Odysseus - The protagonist of the Odyssey. Odysseus fought among the other Greek heroes at Troy and
now struggles to return to his kingdom in Ithaca. Odysseus is the husband of Queen Penelope and the father
of Prince Telemachus. Though a strong and courageous warrior, he is most renowned for his cunning. He is
a favorite of the goddess Athena, who often sends him divine aid, but a bitter enemy of Poseidon, who
frustrates his journey at every turn.
Telemachus - Odysseus’s son. An infant when Odysseus left for Troy, Telemachus is about twenty at the
beginning of the story. He is a natural obstacle to the suitors desperately courting his mother, but despite his
courage and good heart, he initially lacks the poise and confidence to oppose them. His maturation,
especially during his trip to Pylos and Sparta in Books 3 and 4, provides a subplot to the epic. Athena often
assists him.
Penelope - Wife of Odysseus and mother of Telemachus. Penelope spends her days in the palace pining for
the husband who left for Troy twenty years earlier and never returned. Homer portrays her as sometimes
flighty and excitable but also clever and steadfastly true to her husband.
Athena - Daughter of Zeus and goddess of wisdom, purposeful battle, and the womanly arts. Athena
assists Odysseus and Telemachus with divine powers throughout the epic, and she speaks up for them in the
councils of the gods on Mount Olympus. She often appears in disguise as Mentor, an old friend of Odysseus.
Poseidon - God of the sea. As the suitors are Odysseus’s mortal antagonists, Poseidon is his divine
antagonist. He despises Odysseus for blinding his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus, and constantly hampers his
journey home. Ironically, Poseidon is the patron of the seafaring Phaeacians, who ultimately help to return
Odysseus to Ithaca.
Zeus - King of gods and men, who mediates the disputes of the gods on Mount Olympus. Zeus is
occasionally depicted as weighing men’s fates in his scales. He sometimes helps Odysseus or permits
Athena to do the same.
Antinous - The most arrogant of Penelope’s suitors. Antinous leads the campaign to have Telemachus
killed. Unlike the other suitors, he is never portrayed sympathetically, and he is the first to die when
Odysseus returns.
Eurymachus - A manipulative, deceitful suitor. Eurymachus’s charisma and duplicity allow him to exert
some influence over the other suitors.
Amphinomus - Among the dozens of suitors, the only decent man seeking Penelope’s hand in marriage.
Amphinomus sometimes speaks up for Odysseus and Telemachus, but he is killed like the rest of the suitors
in the final fight.
Eumaeus - The loyal shepherd who, along with the cowherd Philoetius, helps Odysseus reclaim his throne
after his return to Ithaca. Even though he does not know that the vagabond who appears at his hut is
Odysseus, Eumaeus gives the man food and shelter.
Eurycleia - The aged and loyal servant who nursed Odysseus and Telemachus when they were babies.
Eurycleia is well informed about palace intrigues and serves as confidante to her masters. She keeps
Telemachus’s journey secret from Penelope, and she later keeps Odysseus’s identity a secret after she
recognizes a scar on his leg.
Melanthius - The brother of Melantho. Melanthius is a treacherous and opportunistic goatherd who
supports the suitors, especially Eurymachus, and abuses the beggar who appears in Odysseus’s palace, not
realizing that the man is Odysseus himself.
Melantho - Sister of Melanthius and maidservant in Odysseus’s palace. Like her brother, Melantho abuses
the beggar in the palace, not knowing that the man is Odysseus. She is having an affair with Eurymachus.
Calypso - The beautiful nymph who falls in love with Odysseus when he lands on her island-home of
Ogygia. Calypso holds him prisoner there for seven years until Hermes, the messenger god, persuades her to
let him go.
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Polyphemus - One of the Cyclopes (uncivilized one-eyed giants) whose island Odysseus comes to soon
after leaving Troy. Polyphemus imprisons Odysseus and his crew and tries to eat them, but Odysseus blinds
him through a clever ruse and manages to escape. In doing so, however, Odysseus angers Polyphemus’s
father, Poseidon.
Circe - The beautiful witch-goddess who transforms Odysseus’s crew into swine when he lands on her
island. With Hermes’ help, Odysseus resists Circe’s powers and then becomes her lover, living in luxury at
her side for a year.
Laertes - Odysseus’s aging father, who resides on a farm in Ithaca. In despair and physical decline, Laertes
regains his spirit when Odysseus returns and eventually kills Antinous’s father.
Tiresias - A Theban prophet who inhabits the underworld. Tiresias meets Odysseus when Odysseus
journeys to the underworld in Book 11. He shows Odysseus how to get back to Ithaca and allows Odysseus
to communicate with the other souls in Hades.
Nestor - King of Pylos and a former warrior in the Trojan War. Like Odysseus, Nestor is known as a clever
speaker. Telemachus visits him in Book 3 to ask about his father, but Nestor knows little of Odysseus’s
whereabouts.
Menelaus - King of Sparta, brother of Agamemnon, and husband of Helen, he helped lead the Greeks in
the Trojan War. He offers Telemachus assistance in his quest to find Odysseus when Telemachus visits him
in Book 4.
Helen - Wife of Menelaus and queen of Sparta. Helen’s abduction from Sparta by the Trojans sparked the
Trojan War. Her beauty is without parallel, but she is criticized for giving in to her Trojan captors and
thereby costing many Greek men their lives. She offers Telemachus assistance in his quest to find his father.
Agamemnon - Former king of Mycenae, brother of Menelaus, and commander of the Achaean forces at
Troy. Odysseus encounters Agamemnon’s spirit in Hades. Agamemnon was murdered by his wife,
Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus, upon his return from the war. He was later avenged by his son
Orestes. Their story is constantly repeated in the Odyssey to offer an inverted image of the fortunes of
Odysseus and Telemachus.
Nausicaa - The beautiful daughter of King Alcinous and Queen Arete of the Phaeacians. Nausicaa
discovers Odysseus on the beach at Scheria and, out of budding affection for him, ensures his warm
reception at her parents’ palace.
Alcinous - King of the Phaeacians, who offers Odysseus hospitality in his island kingdom of Scheria.
Alcinous hears the story of Odysseus’s wanderings and provides him
Arete - Queen of the Phaeacians, wife of Alcinous, and mother of Nausicaa. Arete is intelligent and
influential. Nausicaa tells Odysseus to make his appeal for assistance to Arete.
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Important Persons and Places
Achilles (a-KIL-ees)
Greek hero, mightiest fighter at Troy
Aeaea (ee-EE-a)
Circe's island
Aeolia (ee-O-li-a)
Home of god of the winds
Aeolus (EE-o-lus)
God of the winds
Agamemnon (ag-a-MEM-non)
Leader of the Greeks against Troy; murdered by his wife Clytemnestra
Alcinous (al-SIN-o_us)
King of the Phaeacians
Amphinomus (am-FIN-o-mus)
One of Penelope's suitors
Antinous (an-TIN-o-us)
One of Penelope's suitors
Arete (a-REE-tee)
Wife of Alcinous
Argus (AHR-gus)
Odysseus' faithful dog
Artemis (AHR-te-mis)
Goddess of the moon
Athena (a-THEE-na)
Goddess of wisdom, friend to Odysseus
Calypso (ka-LIP-so)
Goddess who kept Odysseus captive for eight years
Charybdis (ka-RIB-dis)
The whirlpool
Circe (SUR-see)
Sorceress, who turned Odysseus' men into swine
Cyclopes (sy-KLO-peez)
One-eyed monsters
Eumaeus (yew-MEE-us)
Faithful swineherd, servant of Odysseus' men into swine
Eurycleia(yew-ri-KLY-a)(or KLEE-a)
Nurse
Eurymachus (yew-RIM-a-kas)
One of Penelope's suitors
Hades (HAY-deez)
God of the dead; also land of the dead
Hermes (HUR-meez)
Messenger of the gods
Ithaca (ITH-a-ka)
Home of Odysseus
Menelaus (men-e-LAY-us)
Greek hero, brother of Agamemnon
Melantho (me-LAN-tho)
Maid who loved one of the suitors
Olympus (o-LIM-pus)
Home of the gods
Ogygia (o-JIJ-i-a)
Island of Calypso
Penelop (pe-NEL-o-pee)
Wife of Odysseus
Persephone (pur-SEF-o-nee)
Goddess of the dead
Phaeacians (fee-AY-shans)
Men who carried Odysseus to Ithaca
Poseidon (po-SY-don)
God of the sea, enemy of Odysseus
Scylla (SIL-a)
Six-headed monster
Sirens (SY-renz)
Beautiful singers, whose voice led men to their deaths
Sparta (SPAHR-ta)
Part of Greece
Telemachus (te-LEM-a-kas)
Son of Odysseus
Troy
Scene of the War
Zeus (ZOOS)
Ruler of gods and men
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Viewing Comprehension
As you view the movie "The Odyssey" based on Homer's epic poem, use the Story Map format in your
Notebook to keep track of events in the chronological order. Pay close attention to the role of gods and
goddesses in human affairs. What are the elements present in this adventure story that makes it a great epic?
Now use your notes to answer the following questions.
1. Who was Odysseus?
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2. How long did the war at Troy last ?
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3. How did the Greeks finally defeat the Trojans ?
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4. Who was Poseidon and why was he angry with Odysseus ? How did Poseidon punish Odysseus ?
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5. Who was Polythemus ? How did Odysseus and his men escape from his cave?
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6. Who was Aeolus? What did he give Odysseus?
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7. With the help of Aeolus's gift, Odysseus almost reached Ithaca when disaster struck. Describe briefly
what happened next.
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8. Who was Circe ? Why didn't her spell work on Odysseus ? How long did he stay on her island?
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9. Where did Circe tell Odysseus he must go to find Tiresias the blind prophet .
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10. Who was the goddess who helped Odysseus throughout his adventures?
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11. How long did Calypso hold Odysseus captive? Why did Calypso finally agree to free Odysseus ?
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12. Who was Alcinous ? Why do you think he agreed to help Odysseus to reach Ithaca ?
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13. Who were Penelope and Telemachus ?
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14. Do you agree Penelope is a smart , faithful and good wife ? Why ?
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15. How does Eurycleia recognize the beggar in disguise was actually Odysseus ?
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16. How does Penelope decide to choose a husband among the suitors ?
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17. How did the role of gods and goddesses influence the characters actions? Support your answer with
examples from the story.
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18. What are the elements present in this adventure story that makes it a great epic? Support your
answers with examples from the story.
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Task 1: Oral Response :
Present a oral movie review in the first person narrative( 3-5 minutes long) while role-playing one of the
main characters. Use your notes and the outline below to plan your presentation.
Opening: Catch the Reader's Attention
Think about how advertisements sell movies: "trailers" show you a few seconds of the movie to get you
interested. When you begin your movie review, make your own "trailer." If you liked the movie, then your
trailer should make people want to see it; but if you didn't like it, the trailer should be something that shows
why you didn't like it. Don't explain why you liked it or didn't like it; make the reader like or not like the
movie by what you describe. Begin your review by retelling an incident or moment from the movie which
you think captures the spirit of the movie as you understood it. Alternative: Begin your review with another
kind of story or interesting fact--about one of the star actors, or about the making of the movie, or about the
director.
Second Paragraph: Take Care of Business
Near the beginning of the review, you have to tell the reader all the obligatory stuff--the title of the movie,
the director, the studio, the main actors, the year it was made (if you watched it on video), the rating. This
paragraph tells the reader the things they have to know about the movie. Also, in one sentence or two, you
should explain very simply what the movie is all about--not necessarily what happens, but that might work,
too, if you can say it in one two sentences.
Third Paragraph: Character and plot summary
What happens in the movie? You shouldn't tell everything that happens--and especially not the ending. But
you want to summarize the basic plot of the movie, in more detail than you do in the paragraph above. Here
you have to focus mainly on your role in the movie while also introducing other characters and their roles.
Remember to use transitions effectively to narrate each adventure briefly.
Fourth Paragraph: A Key Moment or Idea
In this paragraph, go into detail about something important that interested you about the movie. If it was a
musical, you should say something about the songs. Or if the soundtrack was good, talk about that. Or write
more about one character who was really intriguing. Or retell another big moment from the movie and
explain why it is important. If you think the "idea" behind a movie was really interesting, explain that idea
and talk about it a little bit. In this paragraph, you must go into depth about the movie.
Fifth Paragraph: Evaluate the Movie
Do you recommend it or not? Who will like it (kids or adults)? The most important thing here is that you
must also explain why you are making your recommendation. You must justify your opinion--and that
opinion should grow out of what you write in the rest of the review. Give at least two reasons why you liked
or didn't like the movie.
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Rubric for Movie Review
Criterion A:
Content
9-10
7-8
 Understanding  demonstrates an  demonstrates a
of story plot and
excellent
good
elements (plot,
understanding
understanding
characters,
of the plot,
of the plot,
conflict,
characters,
characters,
resolution,
themes and
themes and
climax)
movie elements.
movie elements.
 personal
 personal
response is
response is
 Personal
specific and
specific and
response
supported with
supported with
many examples
a good amount
of examples
Criterion C:
Style &
Language
 use of
 sentence types  sentence types
sentences for
beyond simple
beyond simple
effect
are used
are used often
frequently
 vocabulary is
clear / precise
 vocabulary  vocabulary is
clear, precise,
and varied
use
and greatly
 verb tense is
varied (no
consistent
repetition)
usually
 mechanics
 verb tense is
 mechanical
consistent
errors (spelling,
 oratory
throughout
punctuation,
techniques
 mechanics
capitalization,
(spelling,
grammar) are
punctuation,
infrequent
capitalization,  good use of
grammar) are
oratory
sound
techniques
 very effective
use of oratory
techniques
5-6
 demonstrates
3-4
 demonstrates
1-2
 demonstrates
sufficient
limited
very limited
understanding of
understanding
understanding
the plot, characters
of the plot,
of the theme
,theme and movie
characters
and story
elements.
,theme and
elements.
movie
elements.
 personal response
 personal
is acceptable and  personal
response is
supported with
response is too
missing or
some examples
general and
very limited
supported with
and not
limited
supported with
examples
examples
 sentence types
 sentence types
beyond simple are
beyond simple
used sometimes
are not often
used
 vocabulary is
sometimes clear /  vocabulary is
precise and usually
sometimes
varied
unclear and
somewhat
 verb tense is
varied
consistent
sometimes
 verb tense is
inconsistent
 some mechanical
frequent
errors (spelling,
mechanical
punctuation,
errors (spelling,
capitalization,
punctuation,
grammar)
capitalization,
 adequate use of
grammar)
oratory techniques
 limited use of
oratory
techniques
* oratory technique refers to a combination of pronunciation, tone, voice control, body language,
pace, pausing, and volume applicable during oral presentations only
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 sentence types
beyond simple
are not
attempted
 vocabulary is
often unclear
and limited
 verb tense is
very
inconsistent
 very frequent
mechanical
errors
(spelling,
punctuation,
capitalization,
grammar)
 very limited
use of oratory
techniques
gestures, eye contact.
Paraphrasing parts of the epic poem
After you have read the excerpts from Homer's epic poem Book 2 , 5 and 19 relate them to scenes from the movie and paraphrase
these excerpts in your own words on the space provided next to each excerpt. Observe Homer's style as a narrator.
Paraphrase
From Book Two
Here is an instance of her trickery:
She had her great loom standing in the hall
and the fine warp of some vast fabric on it;
we were attending her, and she said to us:
'Young men, my suitors, now my lord is dead,
let me finish my weaving before I marry,
or else my thread will have been spun in vain.
It is a shroud I weave for Lord Lacrtes,
when cold death comes to lay him on his bier.
The country wives would hold me in dishonor
if he, with all his fortune, lay unshrouded.'
We have men’s hearts; she touched them; we
agreed.
So every day she wove on the great loom__
but every night by torchlight she unwove it;
and so for three years she deceived the
Akhainans.
But when the seasons brought the fourth around,
one of her maids, who knew the secret, told us;
we found her unraveling the splendid shroud.
She had to finish then, although she hated it.
From Book Five
“Son of Laertes, versatile Odysseus,
after these years with me, you still desire
your old home? Even so, I wish you well.
If you could see it all, before you go__
all the adversity you face at sea __
you would stay here, and guard this house, and
be immortal – though you wanted her forever,
that bride for whom you pine each day.
Can I be less desirable than she is?
Less interesting? Less beautiful? Can mortals
compare with goddesses in grace and form?”
To this the strategist Odysseus answered:
“My lady goddess, here is no cause for anger.
My quiet Penelope ___ how well I know___
would seem a shade before your majesty,
death and old age being unknown to you,
while she must die. Yet, it is true, each day
I long for home, long for the sight of home.
If any god has marked me out again
for shipwreck, my tough heart can undergo it.
What hardship have I not long since endured
at sea, in battle! Let the trial come.”
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From Book Nineteen
This was the scar the old nurse recognized;
she traced it under her spread hands, then let go,
and into the basin fell the lower leg
making the bronze clang, sloshing the water out.
Then joy and anguish seized her heart; her eyes
filled up with tears; her throat closed, and she
whispered,
with hand held out to touch his chin:
“Oh yes!
You are Odysseus! Ah, dear child! I could not
see you until now__ not till I knew
my master’s very body with my hands!”
Her eyes turned to Penelope with desire
to make her lord, her husband, known __in vain,
because Athena had bemused the queen,
so that she took no notice, paid no heed.
At the same time Odysseus’ right hand
gripped the old throat; his left hand pulled her
near,
and in her ear he said:
“Will you destroy me,
nurse, who gave me milk at your own breast ?
Now with a hard lifetime behind I’ve come
in the twentieth year home to my father’s island.
You found me out, as the chance was given you.
Be quiet; keep it from the others,
else I warn you, and I mean it, too,
if by my hand god brings the suitors down
I’ll kill you, nurse or not, when the time
comes___
when the time comes to kill the other women.”
Eurykleia kept her wits and answered him:
“Oh, what mad words are these you let escape
you!
Child, you know my blood, my bones are yours;
no one could whip this out of me. I’ll be
a woman turned to stone, iron I’ll be.
And let me tell you too___ mind now___ if god
cuts down the arrogant suitors by your hand,
I can report to you on all the maids,
those who dishonor you, and the innocent.”
But in response the great tactician said:
“Nurse, no need to tell me tales of these.
I will have seen them, each one, for myself.
Trust in the gods, be quiet, hold your peace.”
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http://library.thinkquest.org/6339/lit/literature.html
http://www2.luthersem.edu/jboyce/LG1200/alphabet.htm
http://greece.mrdonn.org/powerpoints.html
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