Name:___________________________
AP PSYCHOLOGY – AP TEST REVIEW
DUE: May2/3– 100 Points
Must be handwritten – You may have up to 20 blanks
Prologue- History of Psychology
1. Basic v. Applied Research
2. Psychiatry V. Psychology3. Neuroscience/biological Perspective4. Evolutionary Perspective5. Behavioral Genetics perspective6. Psychodynamic Perspective7. Behavioral Perspective8. Cognitive perspective9. Social-Cultural Perspective10. Humanistic Perspective11. Wilhelm Wundt (structualism)
12. William James (functionalism)
Chapter 1- Research and experimentation
1. American Psychological Association (APA)2. control group vs. experimental group3. correlation coefficients
4. cross cultural studies
5. cross sectional studies vs. longitudinal
6. descriptive vs. inferential statistics
7. ethics of testing
8. experiment: be able to design one
9. generalizability of a study
10. hindsight bias
11. illusory correlation
12. independent vs. dependent variables
13. measures of central tendency: mean, median, mode
14. measures of variability: range and standard deviation
15. operationalizing a definition
16. sample vs. Population
17. scatterplot: most often used to plot correlations
18. case Study19. Naturalistic Observation20. Correlation Study21. testable hypothesis
22. frequency polygon
23. Hawthorne Effect
24. histogram
25. learning curve
26. linkage analysis
Chapter 2- Biological perspective
1. all-or-nothing law (all-or-none) of neural firing
2. action vs. resting potential
3. imaging techniques: PET, CAT, MRI, FMRI
4.
brain: what part do we share with animals? How do we differ?
5. Broca's aphasia (expressive) located in left frontal lobe v. Wernicke
6. dendrite (purpose of)
7. somatosensory cortex: location and used for what sense?
8. pituitary gland
9. plasticity
10. reticular formation: related to sleep, arousal, attention
11. endocrine organs and hormones secreted by them
12. endorphins
13. engram
14. glial cells
15. hypothalamus
16. Hippocampus
17. L-dopa
18. major neurotransmitters- Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, Glutamate
19. limbic system: structures and function
20. myelin sheath: where and purpose?
21. Thalamus
22. Pons23. Medulla
24. Amygdale25. Corpus Callosum
26. Sensory vs. Motor Cortex27. nervous system: major parts
28. neuron: three basic parts
29. obesity (role of hypothalamus
30. occipital lobe vs. temporal lobe
31. Frontal Lobe
32. pineal gland (function and what makes it unique?)
33. pancreas
34. thalamus (& what sense doesn't get routed through here?)
35. water balance (role of hypothalamus)
36. Wilder Penfield's research on the brain
37. Afferent Neurons vs. Efferent Neurons
38. thyroid gland
39. ganglia
40. paresis
41. Tay-Sachs disease
42. agonist vs. antagonist chemicals
Chapter 3 and 4- Nature V Nurture and developmental
1. identical twin research
2. nature vs. nurture controversy
3. recessive vs. dominant genes
4. sexual characteristics (primary vs. secondary)
5.
sexual identity vs. gender identity
6. Carol Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory
7. Ainsworth Strange Situation (Paradigm)
8. Attachment
9. Habituation
10. developmental psychology
11. Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
12. fetal alcohol syndrome: characteristics
13. formal operations
14. Harry Harlow's research with surrogate mothers
15. Imprinting
16. stranger anxiety
17. schema
18. rooting reflex
19. Kubler Ross' stages of dying
20. Karen Horney's views on development
21. Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning
22. newborn baby reflexes
23. phenylketonuria (PKU)
24. Piaget's stages of cognitive development
25. reflex arc
26. Babinsky response
27. Turner's syndrome (X with missing chromosome)
28. genotype & phenotype
29. hybrid
30. androgyny
31. androgeny
Chapter 5and 6- sensation and Perception
1. blind spot
2. fovea
3. acuity-vision
4. absolute threshold
5. color blindness: kinds
6.
complementary colors
7. difference threshold (jnd)
8. feature (signal) detector cells: Hubel & Wisel's research on visual processing
9. feature analysis
10. galvanic skin response (GRS)
11. gustatory sense: detects only sweet, sour, salty, bitter
12. Gate Control Theory of Pain
13. hue: (British term for color)
14. inner ear - vestibular sense
15. transduction16. Cochlea17. Place theory18. Frequency Theory19. photoreceptors
20. one eye problem - what you couldn't do well if you had only one eye
21. kinesthetics
22. rods and cones (structures & differences)
23. localization of sound (how is it done? Why are two ears needed?)
24. opponent-process theory of visual processing (afterimages)
25. optic disc
26. conductive V sensorineural Hearing Loss27. optic nerve
28. Pitch
29. self-fulfilling prophecy
30. Nearsighted v. Farsightedness
31. apparent motion
32. binocular disparity
33. figure - ground – phenomenon
34. Perceptual Adaptation35. retinal disparity (a.k.a. binocular disparity)
36. displacement
37. phi phenomenon
38. Gestalt theory
39. selective attention
40. linear perspective
41. monocular vs. binocular depth cues
42. perceptual constancy (size,color,shape)
43. perceptual set
44. motion aftereffect
45. motion parallax
46. vestibular sense
47. visual cliff
48. Weber's law
49. Cooper's research on visual processing (using cats)
50. two kinds of deafness: Conductive and nerve
51. signal detection theory
52. Gansfeld Procedure
53. induced motion
54. sleeper effect
Chapter 7- consciousness
1. REM sleep
2. hypnosis: major theories of
3. paradoxical sleep: why is REM called this?
4. Alpha Vs. Delta waves
5. Insomnia
6. Narcolepsy
7. Sleep Apnea
8. Manifest v. Latent content
9. Posthypnotic Amnesia
10. Posthypnotic Suggestion
11. Hidden Observer12. Depressant v. Stimulant V. Hallucinogen
13. Effects of marijuana
14. Effects of LSD
15. Effects of Barbiturates
Chapter 8- Learning
1. Albert Bandura: major view on learning and Bobo Doll experiment
2. aversive conditioning (good or bad?)
3. behavior as being adaptive
4. classical conditioning ( & can you distinguish it from operant conditioning)
5. operant conditioning
6.
John Garcia's ideas on the limits of conditioning and The Garcia Efffect
7. positive reinforcement v. Negative reinforcement
8. CS-CR-UCS-UCR
9. stages of learning (acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, etc.)
10. schedules of reinforcement (Continuous, Partial, Fixed-ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable-ratio,
Variable –interval)
11. modeling
12. shaping
13. punishment: why it may not be effective and might backfire
14. Premack principle
15. prosocial behavior: what is it and give an example
16. Robert Rescorla's findings on conditioning
17. Thorndike's Law of Effect
18. token economy
19. primary vs. secondary reinforcers
20. stimulus generalization
21. self-efficacy
22. Mirror Neurons
23. Law of effect
24. Overjustification Effect
25. Intrinsic v Extrinsic motivation
Chapter 9- Memory
1. amnesia (anteriograde & retrograde)
2. chunking
3. semantic memory
4.
serial position effect
5. Ebbinhaus' research on memory
6. loss of information from short term memory
7. echoic memory
8. eidetic memory
9. Elizabeth Loftus' research on eyewitness testimony
10. episodic memory (a.k.a. flashbulb)
11. interference (proactive vs. retroactive)
12. long term potentiation
13. memory: kinds ( sensory, short-term, long-term)
14. method of loci
15. misinformation effect
16. next-in-line-effect
17. tip-of-the-tongue effect
18. primacy effect
19. haptic memory
20. Explicit v. Implicit Memory
21. Proactive v. retroactive interference
22. Automatic v. effortful processing
23. Mood Congruent Memory
Chapter 10- Language and Thought
1. Benjamin Worf's theory of linguistic relativism (determinism)
2. feral children
3. functional fixedness
4. heuristics- (representative v. availability)
5. mental set
6. prototype
7. inductive vs. deductive reasoning
8. metacognition
9. phonemes vs. morphemes
10. algorithm
11. divergent vs. convergent thinking
12. expectancy theory (aka mental set)
13. fundamental attribution error
14. false consensus effect
15. novelty preference
16. syllogism
17. semantics v. syntax
18. Linguistic Determinism
19. Confirmation Bias
20. Babbling, One Word, Two Word
Chapter 11- IQ
1. achievement vs. aptitude tests
2. bell curve (normal distribution)
3. crystallized intelligence: acquired and usually does not decline with age
4. Daniel Goleman's views on emotional intelligence
5. Howard Gardner's view of multiple intelligence
6. Spearman’s G Factor
7. Down's syndrome
8. Intelligence Quotient (I.Q.)
9. intelligence tests ( Wechsler and Stanford Binet)
10. mental age
11. reliability vs. validity in testing
12. validity (content v Predictive)
13. Flynn effect
14. Clever Hans experiment
15. Francis Galton's research
16. internal consistency reliability
17. factor Analysis
Chapter 12- Motivation and Work and Chapter 13- Emotions
1. David McClelland's achievement motivation studies
2. hierarchy of needs (Maslow) can you put them in order?
3. drives
4. homeostasis
5. Martin Seligman's "learned helplessness"
6. incentives
7. set point
8. industrial (organizational) psychology
9. instinct
10. James-Lange theory of emotions
11. Cannon Bard Theory of Emotions
12. Yerkes/Dodson Arousal Law
13. intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
14. attribution theory
15. equity theory of relationships
16. proximity (effects on relationships)
17. Drive Reduction Theory
18. Glucose
19. Sexual Response cycle
20. Theory X v. Theory Y
21. Task V. Social Leadership
22. arousal
23. opponent-process theory of emotions
24. Cannon's critique of James-Lange theory
25. Stanley Schachter's Two Factor Theory
26. personal space
27. catharsis
Chapter 14- Stress and Healthy Living
1. conflicts: four kinds ( Approach- Approach, Approach Avoidance, Avoidance-Avoidance, Double
approach-Avoidance)
2. Hans Seyle's General Adaptation Response
3. Type A v. Type B
4. Biofeedback5. Psychophysiological Illnesses
Chapter 15- Personality
1. Alfred Adler - inferiority complex
2. defense mechanisms: major ones
3. dream analysis
4. free association
5. repression
6. id, ego, superego
7. self-serving bias
8. Freudian dream analysis: two levels of interpretation
9. Freud's stage of psychosexual development
10. identification vs. internalization (Freudian terms)
11. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Test: use for what?
12. Oedipal conflict
13. projective tests: TAT & Rorschach
14. reality principle (function of ego)
15. high vs. low self-monitors
16. internalization
17. social cognitive theory
18. Optimistic Explanatory Style
19. Humanistic Theory
20. Myers Brigg
21. Psychoanalysis
22. Reciprocal Determinism
23. Unconditional Positive Regard
24. External V Internal Locus of Control
25. Neo Freudians
26. Carl Jung
Chapter 16- Mental Illness
1. deinstitutionalization
2. depression: trycyclic antidepressants are most widely used to treat it
3. Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( purpose and limits)
4. dissociative disorders ( Dissociative Identity Disorder, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Amnesia)
5. schizophrenia (Paranoid, Disorganized, Catotonic)
6. panic attacks (& what's the best treatment?)
7. Anxiety Disorders –(Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD), post traumatic stress disorder,
Tourette's syndrome)
8. somatoform disorders: (conversion, Hypochrondriasis)
9. Mood Disroders ( Bipolar, SAD,Major Depressive Disorder, Dysthymia)
10. Personality disorders ( Anti Social, Avoidant, Histrionic, Narcissistic)
11. positive and negative symptoms (in mental disorders)
12. Medical Model
13. Delusions v. Hallucinations
Chapter 17- Therapy
1. Aaron Beck's view of depression
1. Carl Rogers: person (client) centered therapy
2. electroconvulsive shock therapy
3. group therapy (advantages of )
4. lithium (bi-polar disorders)
5. systematic desensitization: a.k.a. a kind of counterconditioning
6. milieu therapy
7. Albert Ellis - Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
8. Behavioral Therapy9. Counter conditioning10. Regression Toward the Mean11. Cognitive –behavioral Therapy
12. Humanistic Therapy
13. Psychopharmacology
14. Psychosurgery
15. Psychoanalysis
16. Active listening
17. Tardive Dyskinesia
18. Anti anxiety Drugs19. Antidepressant Drugs
20. Antipsychotic Drugs
Chapter 18- Social Psych
1. social facilitation
2. social loafing
3. social trap
4. Asch's conformity study (line segments)
5. bystander intervention: factors that influence it
6. cognitive dissonance
7. deindividuation
8. ingroup and outgroup bias
9. normative social influence
10. norms
11. discrimination (in learning theory and race relations)
12. dominant responses (aided by social facilitation)
13. foot-in-the-door phenomenon
14. frustration-aggression hypothesis
15. groupthink
16. just-world phenomenon
17. Stanley Milgram's experiement with obedience
18. Stereotype
19. Central Route Persuasion
20. Peripheral route Persuasion
21. Zimbardo's prison experiment
22. altruism
23. social exchange theory
24. Zajonc's "Mere Expose Effect"
25. tragedy of the commons
26. Ethnocentrism
27. Informational Social Influence
28. Frustration –Aggression Principal
29. Scapegoat Theory-