Konvensi dan Protokol terkait
Perlindungan Ozon
Dr. Andri G. Wibisana
Outline
I. Scientific Background
II. Konvensi Vienna
III. Protokol-protokol ttg Pengurangan BPO
IV. Respon Indonesia
2
I. Scientific Background
• Stratospheric ozone layer
• Manfaat ozon
• Keseimbangan penghancuran dan
pembentukan lapisan ozon
• Pengrusakan lapisan ozon: laporan Rowland
dan Molina (1974)
• Kerusakan terparah di wilayah kutub
• Setiap 1% penurunan ozon setara dengan 2%
kenaikan radiasi UV-B
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• Setiap 1% penurunan ozon setara dengan 2%
kenaikan radiasi UV-B
4
• Dampak
– Human health
– Plants
– Aquatic Ecosystem and Wildlife
– Materials damage
• Penggunaan BPO (ODSs):
– CFC
– Halons
– Carbon tetrachloride
– Methyl Chloroform
– Methyl Bromide
5
II. Konvensi Vienna 1985
• Latar belakan politik: perbedaan posisi
Jerman&Inggris vs. AS
• Prinsip (preambule):
1.
2.
3.
“Recalling ….in particular principle 21, which provides that “States
have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the
principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their
own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and
the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or
control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or
of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction”
Mindful also of the precautionary measures for the protection of
the ozone layer which have already been taken at the national and
international levels
Aware that measures to protect the ozone layer from modifications
due to human activities require international co-operation and
action, and should be based on relevant scientific and technical
considerations,
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• Kewajiban (pasal 2):
1.
The Parties shall take appropriate measures in accordance with the provisions of
this Convention and of those protocols in force to which they are party to
protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or
likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the
ozone layer.
2. To this end the Parties shall, in accordance with the means at their disposal and
their capabilities:
a. Co-operate by means of systematic observations, research and information
exchange in order to better understand and assess the effects of human
activities on the ozone layer and the effects on human health and the
environment from modification of the ozone layer;
b. Adopt appropriate legislative or administrative measures and co-operate in
harmonizing appropriate policies to control, limit, reduce or prevent human
activities under their jurisdiction or control should it be found that these
activities have or are likely to have adverse effects resulting from modification
or likely modification of the ozone layer;
c. Co-operate in the formulation of agreed measures, procedures and standards
for the implementation of this Convention, with a view to the adoption of
protocols and annexes;
d. Co-operate with competent international bodies to implement effectively this
Convention and protocols to which they are party.
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3.
4.
The provisions of this Convention shall in no way affect the right of
Parties to adopt, in accordance with international law, domestic
measures additional to those referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 above,
nor shall they affect additional domestic measures already taken by a
Party, provided that these measures are not incompatible with their
obligations under this Convention.
The application of this article shall be based on relevant scientific and
technical considerations.
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III. MONTREAL PROTOCOL
on substances that deplete the ozone layer
• Reaksi thd Konvensi Vienna
• Prinsip (preambule):
– Determined to protect the ozone layer by taking
precautionary measures to control equitably total global
emissions of substances that deplete it
– Acknowledging that special provision is required to meet
the needs of developing countries for these substances
• Evolusi: Amandemen atau adjustments melalui
London Amendment (MOP 2,1990), Copenhagen
Amendment (MOP 4, 1992), Vienna Amendment
(MOP 7, 1995), Montreal Amendment (MOP 9,
1997), Beijing Amendment (MOP 11, 1999)
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Cara Penghitungan Komitmen
• Freeze and scheduled Phase out
• Pasal 3:
 Consumption= production + imports – exports
 Basket strategy: multiplying annual production of each
substance by the ozone depleting potential)
• Contoh: sampai tahun 1993, level konsumsi bahan dalam Group I
Annex A tidak melebihi level tahun 1986 (pasal 2 par 1 Protokol
Montreal)
– pada tahun 1986 produksi negara A untuk CFC 11 (ODP = 1)
adalah 10 ton, produksi untuk CFC 113 (ODP = 0,8) adalah 10
ton. (10 x 1 ODP) + (10 x 0.8 ODP) = 18 ODP;
Asumsikan import dan export tetap, maka level konsumsi sampai 1993:
» 18 ton CFC 11, 0 CFC 113; atau 0 ton CFC 11, 22.5 ton CFC 113
» 14 ton CFC 11, 4 ton CFC 113
» 5 ton CFC 11, 16.25 ton CFC 113
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• Perdagangan dengan negara non-party (to the
protocol)—pasal 4:
– Larangan import BPO dari non-party
– Mulai 1 januari 1993, dilarang export BPO ke negara nonparty
• Pasal 3 (c): sejak 1 jan. 1993, export ke negara non-party tidak
dapat digunakan dalam perhitungan tingkat konsumsi (tidak
dianggap sebagai pengurangan)
– Sejak 1 januari 1992, membuat list produk yang
mengandung BPO
– Sejak 1 januari 1994 hrs menentukan larangan atau
pembatasan import dari non-party atas produk yang tidak
mengandung BPO tapi dibuat dengan proses yang
memerlukan BPO
– Larangan import hanya dapat dikecualikan dengan
persetujuan dalam pertemuan para pihak (MOP)
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Pasal 2 Protokol Montreal: Umum
• Awalnya hanya mengenai CFC (grup I Annex A) dan Halon (grup II
Annex A)
• Setelah berbagai amandemen, pasal ini kemudian dipecah menjadi
pasal 2, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2G, 2H, dan 2I
• Pasal 2 par. 5 : transfer of calculated level of production bukan
transfer BPO, tapi transfer jatah
– Total level produksi antara pelaku dan penerima tetap
memperhatikan batas level produksi untuk tiap bahan
– Transfer hanya dimungkinkan setelah pemberitahuan kepada
sekretariat
• Pasal 2 par. 6: fasilitas pembuat CFC dan Halon yang sedang
dibangun sebelum 16 September 1987 dapat dihitung sebagai
produksi tahun 1986 (baseline utk CFC dan Halon), dengan syarat:
– Fasilitas tersebut telah selesai dibangun pd thn 31 Des 1990
– Level produksi tersebut tidak akan membuat tingkat produksi
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menjadi lebih dari 0.5 kg/kapita
• Art 2 par 7: joint implementation (utk anggota
organisasi ekonomi regional, mis. EU)
13
PASAL 2A: Grup 1 Annex A (CFCs)
• Antara 1989-july 1991:
– Developed countries = Non Art 5 countries (Non A5C): level konsumsi dan
produksi tidak lebih dari level kon dan prod tahun 1986
– Developing countries = Art 5 countries (A5C): produksi utk basic domestic
needs (BDN) dapat bertambah maksimum 10% dari level 1986 (untuk
konsumsi = level 1986)
• Pada Jul 91-des 92: total Prod dan Kon ≤ 150% dari level 1986London
(artinya: annually, prod dan kon max 50% dari level 1986)
• Sejak Jan 94: Prod dan Kon max. 25% dari level 1986LondonCopen
• Sejak Jan 96:CopenBeij
– Non A5C: Prod dan Kon = 0
– A5C: prod dan kon utk BDN = rata2 level utk BDN thn 95-97
• Sejak Jan 2003:Beij
– A5C: prod dan kon utk BDN max 80% dari rata2 level utk BDN thn 95-97
• Sejak 2006:Beij
– A5C: prod dan kon utk BDN max. 50% dari rata2 level utk BDN thn 9597
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• Jan 2007:Beij
– A5C: prod dan kon utk BDN max. 15% dari rata2 level utk BDN thn 9597
• Jan 2010:Beij
– A5C: prod dan kon utk BDN = 0
15
Pasal 2B: Grup II Annex A (Halons)
• Sejak Jan 92:London
– Non A5C: Prod dan Kon = level 1986
– A5C: Prod utk BDN boleh naik max 10% di atas level 1986
• Sejak Jan 94: LondonCopenBeij
A. Non A5C: Prod dan Kon = 0
– A5C:
• Antara Jan 94-Jan 2002: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A,
max sampai 15% dari level 1986
• Setelah Jan 2002: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A, max sa,a
dengan rata2 prod utk BDN thn 95-97
• Sejak Jan 2005: Beij
– Prod utk BDN max. 50% dari rata2 prod utk BDN thn 95-97
• Sejak Jan 2010:Beij
– Prod utk BDN = 0
16
Pasal 2C: Grup I Annex B
(other fully halogenated CFCs)
• Sejak Jan 93: Copen
A. Non A5C: Prod dan Kon max. 80% dari prod dan kon
tahun 1989
– A5C: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; kelebihan itu max
10% dari level 1989 (80% + 10% = 90% level 1989?)
•
Sejak Jan 94:Copen
A. Non A5C: Prod dan Kon max. 25% dari prod dan kon
tahun 1989
– A5C: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; kelebihan itu max
10 % dari level 1989 (25% + 10% = 35% level 1989?)
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•
Sejak Jan 96:CopenBeij
A. Non A5C: Prod dan Kon = 0
– A5C:
•
•
•
Sejak Jan 2007:Beij
–
•
1996-2003: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; kelebihan itu max
15% dari level 1989 (0% + 15% = 15% level 1989?)
Stlh 2003: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; kelebihan itu max
80% dari rata2 level prod thn 1998-2000
A5C: Prod utk BDN max. 15% dari rata2 level prod thn
1998-2000
Sejak Jan 2010: Beij
–
A5C: Prod utk BDN = 0
18
Pasal 2D: Grup II Annex B
(Carbon Tetrachloride)
• Sejak Jan 95:Copen
A. Non A5C: prod & kon max 15% dari level 1989
– A5C: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A, tapi
kelebihannya max 10% dari level prod utk BDN
thn 1989 (15% + 10% = 35% level 1989?)
• Sejak Jan 96:Copen
A. Non A5C: prod & kon = 0
– A5C: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A, tapi
kelebihannya max 15% dari level prod utk BDN
thn 1989 (0% + 15% = 15% level 1989?)
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Pasal 2E: Grup III Annex B
(1,1,1-Trichloroethane/Methyl Chloroform)
• Sejak Jan 93:Copen
A. Non A5C: prod & kon max sama dengan level 1989
– A5C: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A, tapi kelebihannya max 10%
dari level prod utk BDN thn 1989 (100% + 10% = 110% level
1989?)
•
Sejak Jan 94:Copen
A. Non A5C: prod & kon max 50 % dari level 1989
– A5C: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A, tapi kelebihannya max 10%
dari level prod utk BDN thn 1989 (50% + 10% = 60% level 1989?)
•
Sejak Jan 96:Copen
A. Non A5C: prod & kon = 0
– A5C: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A, tapi kelebihannya max 15%
dari level prod utk BDN thn 1989 (0 + 15% = 15% level 1989?)
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Pasal 2F: Grup I Annex C
(Hydrochlorofluorocarbons)
• Sejak Jan 96:CopenVien
A. Kon max. 2.8% dari level kon CFCs thn 1989 + level kon HCFCs
tahun 1989 (artinya kon max. 2.8% x [CFCs 1989 + HCFCs 1989])
– Sejak Jan 2004:Copen
• Kon max 65% dari A
– Sejak Jan 2010: Copen
• Kon max 35% dari A
– Sejak Jan 2015:Copen
• Kon max 10% dari A
– Sejak Jan 2020:Copen
• Kon max 0.5% dari A, tapi hanya utk pemakaian AC dan
refrigerator
– Sejak Jan 2030: Copen
• Kon = 0
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• Jan 2004:Beij
A. Non A5C: Prod max (a + b)/2;
a = 100% level konsumsi HCFC thn 1989 + 2.8%
level konsumsi CFC thn 1989;
b = 100% level prod HCFC thn 1989 + 2.8%
level prod CFC thn 1989;
– A5C: Prod max. A + 15% dari A
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
• Kaitan dengan Pasal 5 (A5C):
– Sejak 2016:Vienn
• Kon max level kon thn 2015
– Sejak 2040:Vienn:
• Kon = 0
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2007 Montreal Adjusments utk HCFC
A. Non A5C:
• Non Article 5 Parties
Existing Commitments
• Baseline: 2.8% of 1989 CFC levels +
100% of 1989 HCFC levels
• Freeze in 1996
• 35% reduction by 2004
• 65% reduction by 2010
• 90% reduction by 2015 (Consonly)
• 99.5% reduction by 2020*
• Phase out by 2030
Non Article 5 Committments
Under the 2007 Montreal
Adjustment
Unchanged
Unchanged
Unchanged
75% reduction by 2010
90% reduction by 2015
Unchanged
Unchanged
* 0.5% is restricted to the servicing of refrigeration and airconditioning equipment
existing during the period 2020-2030 and subject to review in 2015
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B. A5C
•
•
Article 5 Parties
Existing Commitments
Adjustment
Baseline: 2015 levels
•
•
•
•
•
Freeze by 2016
No obligation
No obligation
No obligation
No obligation
Article 5 Commitments
Under the 2007 Montreal
Average of 2009 and 2010
production and consumption
Freeze by 2013
10% reduction by 2015
35% reduction by 2020
67.5% reduction by 2025
100% reduction by 2030*
*the annual average of 2.5% is restricted to the servicing of refrigeration and air
conditioning equipment existing on 1 January 2030 for the period 2030-2040 and
subject to review in 2015.
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Pasal 2G: Grup II Annex C
(Hydrobromofluorocarbons)
• Sejak Jan 96:Copen
– Prod dan Kon = 0
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Pasal 2H: Annex E (Methyl Bromide)
• Sejak Jan 95:CopenVien
A. Non A5C: Prod dan Kon max. level prod dan kon thn 1991
– A5C: prod utk BDN max. 10% dari level prod BDN thn 1991
• Sejak Jan 99:VienMontr
A. Non A5C: Prod dan Kon max. 75% level prod dan kon thn 1991
– A5C: prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; tapi kelebihannya max 10%
dari level prod BDN thn 1991 (75% + 10% = 85% 1991?)
•
Sejak Jan 2001: VienMontr
A. Non A5C: Prod dan Kon max. 50% level prod dan kon thn 1991
– A5C: prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; tapi kelebihannya max 10%
dari level prod BDN thn 1991 (50% + 10% = 60% 1991?)
•
Sejak Jan 2003:VienMontr
A. Non A5C: Prod dan Kon max. 30% level prod dan kon thn 1991
– A5C: prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; tapi kelebihannya max 10%
dari level prod BDN thn 1991 (30% + 10% = 40% 1991?)
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• Sejak Jan 2005:MontrBeij
A. Non A5C: Prod dan Kon = 0
– A5C:
•
•
S.d Jan 2002: prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; tapi
kelebihannya max 15% dari level prod BDN thn 1991
(0% + 15% = 15% 1991?)
Stlh 2002: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; tapi
kelebihannya max. rata2 prod BDN thn 1995-1998
• Sejak Jan 2005:Beij
– Prod utk BDN max. 80% dari rata2 prod BDN thn
1995-1998
• Sejak Jan 2015:Beij
– Prod utk BDN = 0
27
Pasal 2I: Grup III Annex C
(Bromochloromethane)
• Sejak Jan 2002:Beij
– Kon dan Prod = 0
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Skema kontrol atas BPO
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Pasal 5: Perhatian Khusus untuk
Negara Berkembang
• A5C:
1. Developing countries;
2. Pada thn 1989, Konsumsi per kapita tahunan
bahan Grup I Annex A (CFC) max 0.3 kg;
• Hak:
– Menunda pelaks penaatan 10 thn thd pasal 2A
s.d 2E, dengan syarat:
•
•
Semua kententuan yang ditetapkan melalui
pertemuan London thn 1990 hrs ditaati (lihat pasal 2A
dan 2B)
30
Pengecualian hrs didasarkan pada review
• Notifikasi:
– Ketidakmampuan memperoleh supply yg memadai atas bahan diatur
dalam pasal 2A-2I
– Ketidakmampuan penaatan atas kewajiban, karena kurangnya
mekanisme keuangan (pasal 10) dan transfer teknologi (pasal 10A)
• Setelah adanya notifikasi, mekanisme penilaian ketidaktaatan menjadi
tidak berlaku
• Notifikasi akan direview pada MoP berikutnya, yang dapat memutus:
– Delay 10 th atas penaatan thd kewajiban (control measures) yg diambil
pada pertemuan London 1990 terkait Annex A
– Delay 10 th atas penaatan thd kewajiban (control measures) yg diambil
pada pertemuan London 1990 terkait Annex B
– Terkait Annex C:
• 2016:Vienn
Lihat 2007
– Kon ≤ level kon thn 2015
Montreal
• 2040:Vienn:
Adjustments
– Kon = 0
31
– Terkait Annex E (lihat pasal 2H):
•
Jan 2002: Vienn
–
–
•
Jan 2005:Beij
–
•
S.d Jan 2002: prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; tapi
kelebihannya max 15% dari level prod BDN thn 1991 (0% +
15% = 15% 1991?)
Stlh 2002: Prod utk BDN boleh lebih dari A; tapi
kelebihannya ≤ rata2 prod BDN thn 1995-1998
Prod utk BDN ≤ 80% dari rata2 prod BDN thn 1995-1998
Jan 2015:Beij
–
Prod utk BDN = 0
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IV. Respon Indonesia
• Ratifikasi Konvesi Vienna 1985 dan Protocol Montreal 1987 melalui:
Keppres No. 23 thn1992
• Ratifikasi Protokol Copenhagen melalui Keppres No. 92 thn 1998
• Pelaksanaan:
– KepMenPerindag No. 110/MPP/Kep/1/1998 ditujukan utk produksi
BPO dan peralatan yang menggunakan BPO
– KepMenPerindag No. 111/MPP/Kep/1/1998 ditujukan untuk import
BPO
– Serangkaian perubahan terhadap kedua keputusan menteri ini, yang
terakhir adalah:
• KepMenDag No. 24/M-DAG/PER/6/2006
• KepMenIndustry No. 33/M-IND/PER/4/2007.
• Keputusan2 Menteri tersebut terkait dua hal:
A. Import BPO
B. Rencana phase out utk BPO
41
A. Import BPO
• on, the number of importing companies expanded up to six
comInitially, the importation of ODS could only be carried through
three appointed companies.
• Later panies (three companies were the importer of CFCs and three
other were the importer of methyl bromide).
• Through the Minister Decree No. 24 of 2006, the importation is
“liberalized”: every company may now apply for permits as
registered importer or producer importer.
• In addition to the permits, the Minister Decree No. 24 of 2006 sets
forth several requirements for the importation of ODS, such as:
• The importation can only be carried out through six ports in Indonesia
• The obligation to obtain a written approval prior to the importation
• The obligation to report the importation
The violation of these requirements may lead to the suspension or even
revocation of the permits. In this case, the ODS that are still owned by a
company whose permit has been revoked should be re-exported or destroyed
on the company’s expenses.
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B. Rencana Phase Out
B.1. The ODS that are banned for production
and use
• KepMenPerindag No. 110/MPP/Kep/1/1998 specified several
ODS and equipment using the ODS of which production was
banned.
• The Decree, however, allowed the ODS and equipment
already in the market to be traded and used until 1 January
2005.
• The banned ODS included CFCs, Carbon Tetra Chloride (CTC),
Tri Chloroethane (TCA), Methyl Bromide (MBr), Halon, and R502;
• The banned ODS using equipment included mobile air
conditioner, refrigerator, and fire extinguisher.
43
• This production ban has been revised several times as follows:
• The Decree of the Minister of Industry and Trade No.
410/MPP/Kep/9/1998 excludes Methyl Bromide from the banned ODS
so long as the substance is traded and used for the fumigation in the
quarantine and pre-shipment process. This limited purpose should
clearly be stated in the label of the substance.
• The Decree of Minister of Industry and Trade No.
790/MPP/Kep/12/2002 excluded CFCs 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 from the
list of banned ODS, so long as the CFCs were used for foam, aerosols,
and solvents. In addition, the Decree also extended the deadline for
the ODS to be traded and used until 31 December 2007.
• The latest changes are set forth in the Regulation of the Minister of
Industry No. 33/M-IND/Per/4/2007. The regulation reiterates the
Decree No. 110 of 1998 which banned the production of listed ODS.
In addition to this ban, the Regulation also prohibits the use of listed
ODS for air conditioner, household refrigerator, and fire extinguisher.
However, the Regulation states that the listed ODS may be used in the
production of foam, aerosol, and refrigerator until 30 June 2008.
Beyond this date, the ODS can be used only for the purpose of
“maintenance of goods”.
44
• Critiques:
– the list of ODS specified in the Regulation includes in
Methyl Bromide.
• By including Methyl Bromide in the list, the Regulation allows this
substance to be traded and used for the production of foam,
aerosol, and refrigerator and for the maintenance of goods.
• This is clearly in contravention with other regulations which allow
the substance only for quarantine and pre-shipment.
– the Regulation does not specify what it means by
“maintenance of goods”.
• This means that whether the use and trade of ODS are prohibited
will largely depend on how narrow the phrase “maintenance of
goods” is interpreted.
• This is an unfortunate situation because the development of
regulations concerning ODS has been started by a clear
prohibition, but has ended up in such a vague provision.
45
B.2. The ODS that are banned for importation
• KepMenPerindag No. 111/MPP/Kep/1/1998
banned the import of CFCs, Carbon Tetra
Chloride (CTC), Tri Chloroethane (TCA), Methyl
Bromide (MBr), Halons, and R-502.
• This import ban has been changed by several
ministerial decrees, by which most of these
substances have been lifted from import ban
and changed into substances temporarily
allowed to be imported.
46
B.3. The ODS that are still allowed for import until a
certain date
• Initially, KepMenPerindag No. 111/MPP/Kep/1/1998, the only substance
that was still allowed to be imported until 31 December 2003, was CFC 12.
• This status has changed dramatically through several ministerial decrees,
namely:
– the Decree of the Minister of Industry and Trade No. 411/MPP/Kep/9/1998, which
stated that for the needs of after sales service for refrigerators that were already in the
market, the CFC-12 (Dichloro difluoro Methane) was still allowed to be imported until 31
December 2003. The Decree also allowed the import of Methyl Bromide for the
purpose of the fumigation in the quarantine and pre-shipment process.
– In addition to CFC-12, through the Decree of the Minister of Industry and Trade No.
789/MPP/Kep/12/2002 CFCs-11, 13, 14, and 15 were also excluded from the list of ODS
banned for importation. The deadline for importation of these substances was also
extended until 31 December 2007.
– The Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 24/M-DAG/Per/6/2006 lists only five
substances that are clearly prohibited for the importation at the date of the stipulation
of the Regulation. They are Halon 1211 (Bromo Chlorodifluoride Methane), Halon 1301
(Bromo Triflouride Methane), Halon 2402, (Dibromo Tetrafluoride Ethane), CTC (Carbon
Tetrachloride), and TCA (Trichloroethane). Most of the substances that were banned for
import according to the Decree No. 111 of 1998 have been lifted from the ban, and
allowed for import until 31 December 2007.
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• The provision on the importation of Methyl Bromide has
changed by several ministerial decrees, the latest one by the
Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. 51/MDAG/PER/12/2007.
– This regulation restates the limited purpose of the import, namely for
the fumigation in the quarantine and pre-shipment process.
– The Regulation clearly states that after 1 January 2008, it is prohibited
to import the substance for purposes other than the fumigation.
– The reason for this new deadline can be found in the Regulation of the
Minister of Trade No. 24/M_DAG/Per/6/2006 which includes Methyl
Bromide in the list of ODS allowed for import before 31 December
2007.
48
B.4. The ODS that are still allowed for import
• The Minister of Trade’s Regulation No. 24 of
2006 lists 40 HCFCs that can be imported after
31 December 2007.
49