INTRODUCTION
Two years ago, on the website http://metu.edu.tr/~saryal an article with the heading
“A New Approach to Normalize Existing Anomalies in Astrophysics” was presented. A
hypothesis, claiming that electromagnetic waves loose energy while traveling through
cosmos was introduced. In the mean time two rigorous proofs have been obtained and
added to the paper. These give an answer to the question “If Big-Bang is wrong, then what is
right”?
Answer to this question is obtained by applying the above mentioned hypothesis to
the Max-Plank’s “Black Body Radiation” equation and its integrated form, the StefanBoltzmann equation. All anomalies mentioned at the beginning of (Part I) are based on the
assumption that Doppler Effect prevails. It turns out that it is not the case.
The last anomaly has a problem: To determine the distance of a supernova remnant,
redshift measurements were made at two substantially different wavelengths. The result
gave two different distance values. That it should be so is obvious from the asymmetry of
the Max-Plank’s “Black Body Radiation equation (Figure 1). This fact will alleviate the
incontinence of believing that a spherical supernova remnant (EO102-72) is a long cylinder.
Dr. Nuri Saryal
March 2012
A NEW APPROACH TO NORMALİZE EXSİSTİNG
ANOMALIES IN ASTROPHYSİCS
(Part I)
Dr. Nuri Saryal
Anomalies
There are at least four anomalies in present Astrophysics, these are:




The ever shrinking Hubble constant. This fact has been discussed in USA
during the famous “Scale of the Universe” debate in 1996 (1). Now it has been
changed to “Hubble number”. (See Part II)
Contrary to expectations, it is an accelerating universe.
If redshift is due to recession Doppler Effect or expanding universe , overlapping two beams (images) resulting from galactic lensing of a single light
emitting object in an interferometer, should give a DC signal. Observations
indicate the opposite.(2)
The supernova remnant (E0102-72) has unexpectedly the shape of a long
cylinder, instead of a spherical shape. This happened as the redshift values
were evaluated at two subsequently different wavelengths (3).
Blackbody Radiation
As proven lately, the electromagnetic wave propagation in outer space obeys
exactly Plank’s Blackbody Distribution law. This law can be expressed as Spectral
Emissive Power 𝑃𝜆,𝑏 [W/m2·μm] in terms of wavelength λ [μm] and blackbody
surface temperature T [K}.
𝑃𝜆,𝑏 (λ, T) =
𝐶1
(𝐶
𝜆5 (𝑒 2/𝜆𝑇) −1)
(1)
𝐶1 = 3.742 · 108 [W· μm4/m2] and 𝐶2 = 1.439 · 104 [μm·K]
Hypothesis
As light (emitted electromagnetic waves) travels through outer space, the
characteristic temperature 𝑇 [K] of the wave will drop with time t [Gly] according to the
relation
𝑑𝑇⁄ = - 𝛾𝑇
𝑑𝑡
(2)
Postulate
The released energy is converted into Dark Energy.
Redshift
Integrating (Eqn.2) between time limits “0” and “t” yields:
𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇0 𝑒 − 𝛾𝑡
(3)
According to Wien’s displacement law, with m=max.em.power at T [K],
𝜆𝑚0 𝑇0 = 𝜆𝑚𝑡 𝑇𝑡 = 𝐶3
(4)
Combining the last two equations yields the redshift equation for𝜆𝑚 : (See Fig.1 below)
𝜆𝑚𝑡 = 𝜆𝑚0 𝑒 𝛾𝑡
(5)
As the characteristic temperature drops, the wave length increases as a function
of time.
Taking z = 8 (i.e. 𝜆𝑡 /𝜆0 = 9) and t = 13.7 [Gyr] values as basis, gives 𝛾 = 0.1604
[𝐺𝑦𝑟 − 1].
Using eqns. 1, 4 and 5, the following relation, expressing the time (distance)
dependence of emissive power of the emitted light can be obtained:
𝑃𝑚𝑡 = 𝑃𝑚0 𝑒 − 5ϒ𝑡
2
(6)
Fig.1 Spectral blackbody emissive power (4)
Dashed line, connecting all 𝑷𝒎 values indicates the “blackbody redshift line” (Eqn. 3 & 5).
Verification
Equation 3 and therefore 5 describe exactly the blackbody redshift line. The character
of equations 1, 5 and 6 gives a positive response to the above mentioned four anomalies.
First anomaly mentioned is the “ever shrinking Hubble constant”. Taking equation 5
and the known “z” value, a corrected time (distance) value can be calculated by using
t=
ln(𝑧+1)
ϒ
[Gyr]
(7)
This equation will be used to convert the “square of the distance (SD)” and “energy
dissipation (ED)” equations time (t) to redshift (z) domain.
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Second anomaly is the accelerating universe, concluding from SN 1a High z measurements. Brian Schmidt (5) mentions in his concluding words:
“So our observations may mean one of three things:

The Exciting: the universe is accelerated by some unknown type of matter
that is spread throughout the Cosmos.
 The Heretical: General Relativity is as sacred as anything in Physics, but it may
be wrong. Since our work is comparing the predictions of General Relativity
with observations, if General Relativity is wrong, so are our conclusions.
 The Mundane (at least from our point of view): We are simply wrong and
have been fooled by Supernovae into believing the Universe is accelerating.
Maybe supernovae are fainter in the past, and therefore look further away.
 Maybe supernovae are fainter in the past, and therefore look further away.
The last sentence is exactly what (Eqn. 6) predicts: A strong decrease of
emissive power for large “t” (distance) values!
Third anomaly is the AC signal (instead of a DC) as a result of overlapping two images
due to galactic lensing of a single source in an interferometer. One good example for such a
galactic lensing is a quasar, reported by Rudolph E. Schild of the Harvard Smithsonian Center
for Astrophysics. The image of the quasar near the Big Dipper is split in two by the gravity of
a massive galaxy. The length difference between the two causes a sinusoidal luminosity
variation (one complete cycle is 417 light-days (2). Eqn.5 predicts an AC response, if two
beams are of different length (asymmetric galactic lensing).
Positive response to the fourth anomaly can be obtained by using (Eqn. 1 to 6), taking
two substantially different wave lengths and calculation.
Quotations:
(1) 𝐻0 : The Incredible Shrinking Constant 1925-1975. Virginia Trimble, Publication of
the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 108; 1073 – 1082
(2) Hourly Variability In Q0957]561 – Wesley N. Colley and Rudolph Schild
The Astrophysical Journal, 540:104-112, 2000 September 1
(3) Internet: Astronomy Picture of the Day; 2009 Sept. 05
(4) Adopted from: Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Frank P. Incropera and
David P. de Witt, John Wiley & Sons
(5) Dr. Brian Schmidt, leader of the Australian High-z SN 1a group.
http://msowww.anu.edu.au/~brian/
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(Part II )
Verification of the Hypothesis
One anomaly mentioned in part one is the accelerating universe: During the early
times of the universe, supernovae (SN I a) appear to be fainter than expected. This fact is
interpreted as an accelerating universe. A great number of astronomers from different
countries worked on this “Supernova Cosmology Project” in two groups and published
their results (Fig. 1) and (Ref. 1)
Fig. 1
Graph for the luminosity factor “μ” versus redshift value “z”. (Ref. 1 pp5)
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Graph for the luminosity factor “μ” versus redshift value “z”. (Ref. 2) The graph for the
second graph(Kowalski et al group) is not allowed for photocopy.
(Ref.1): http://astro.fnal.gov/events/Seminars/Slides/Faccioli.pdf (pp. 5)
(Ref.2):http://www.stsci.edu/institute/itsd/information/streaming/archive/SpringSymposium2008/S
aulPerlmutter050508Hi_supporting/Perlmutter.pdf (Ref.2):
(Ref.3): http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~scyoon/lectures/sngrb2010/slides/lecture4.pdf (pp. 26)
(Part III)
Light is Loosing Energy
The “Supernova Cosmology Project” gives a good opportunity to test the validity of the
hypothesis mentioned in (Part I). Data collected for the Supernova 1a high “z” measurements can be
used to test the results of the fallowing calculations. Neglecting interstellar hydrogen and dust, there
are two factors that reduce the luminosity of the SNe 1a with distance: 1- The Square of the Distance
2- The Energy Dissipation (Hypothesis).
1- First, the Square of the Distance “SD” law:
𝑅 2
)
𝑡+𝑅
= (1/(𝑡/𝑅) + 1)2
SD = (
Substituting [t = ln (z + 1) / ϒ] (Eqn. 7, Part (I)
2
1
SD = (ln(𝑧+1) )
+1
ϒ𝑅
Equation (III-1)
Where ϒ = 0.1604 [𝐺𝑦 − 1 ] proportionality constant. R = 1.6 E-3 [𝑙𝑦] (𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠)
Radius of SNe 1a.
2- Energy Dissipation “ED” Law:
Energy dissipation with distance (time) is formulated using Stefan Boltzmann Law:
𝑇 4
ED = 𝜋 𝑅 2 θ ( 𝑡 ) [W/𝐺𝑦𝑟 4 ] Equation (III-2)
R = 1.5E13 [𝑚] Radius of SN 1a.
T = 3 E+10 [K] Surface temperature of SN 1ae
Θ = 5.67 E-8 [W/𝑚2 .(𝐾⁄𝐺𝑦𝑟)4]
t = ln (z + 1) / ϒ [Gyr]
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Calculation and Results:
Both equations (III-1) and (III-2) are functions of “z”. The result of the calculations is
tabulated below:
First, SD and ED are calculated for each “z” value. Then “μ” is calculated according to
the following scheme:
μ = [ED (0.1) – SD (0.1) + ED (0.1) – ED (z) + SD (z) – SD (0.1)
(μ) value @ z=0,1
Δ ED
Δ SD
μ = 2x[ ED(0.1) – SD (0.1)] + SD(z) – ED(z)
(μ) Data From Supernova Cosmology Project curves vs Calculated Data
Table 2
"z" Values
SD Values
ED values
Saryal
Kowalski et al.
Amanullah et al.
0,01
0,1
21,18 23,1
66,34 62,4
33,4 39,3
39,8
38,6
0,2
23,7
61,3
41
41,8
40,8
0,4
24,2
60,2
42,6
41,7
41,8
0,6
24,5
59,6
43,5
42,7
42,8
7
0,8
24,7
59,3
44
43,5
43,6
1
24,9
59
44,5
44,2
44,1
1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8
2
25
25 25,1 25 25,3
58,8 58,6 58,4 58 58,2
44,8 45 45,3 45,5 45,7
44,8 45 45,4 45.6 46
44,8 45
Anomalies in Astrophysics
(Part IV)
Age of the Universe has ever been a subject of primary interest. Big Bang
theory, based on Hubble constant could not define a reliable age (1).
If the hypothesis and the related equations proposed in (Part I) eliminate the
mentioned anomalies, then the theory of “red shift due to recession velocity
(Doppler effect or expanding Universe)” must be abandoned.
A new theory, backed up by some astrophysical observations, could be as
follows:
Postulate:
It is a recycling universe.


Matter is converted into Dark Matter in Black holes. This postulate is backed
up by the observations, indicating that Dark Matter is accumulated at central
regions of galaxies. Size of Black holes is proportional to its matter accretion
rate and this again to the size of galaxy.
Dark matter condensates out into matter (Hydrogen). This postulate is backed
up by Isotropic Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation and huge amounts
of Hydrogen existing in outer space.
An Age Crisis?
If we compare the two age determinations, there is a potential crisis. If the universe
is flat, and dominated by ordinary or dark matter, the age of the universe as inferred
from the Hubble constant would be about 9 billion years. The age of the universe
would be shorter than the age of oldest stars. This contradiction implies that either 1)
our measurement of the Hubble constant is incorrect, 2) the Big Bang theory is
incorrect or 3) that we need a form of matter like a cosmological constant that
implies an older age for a given observed expansion rate.
Some astronomers believe that this crisis will pass as soon as measurements
improve. If the astronomers who have measured the smaller values of the Hubble
constant are correct, and if the smaller estimates of globular cluster ages are also
correct, then all is well for the Big Bang theory, even without a cosmological
constant.
http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_age.html
Author’s mail address: saryal@metu.edu.tr
http://www.metu.edu.tr/~saryal
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