>Swiss art historian, 1864 – 1945
>formalist methodology
>objective classifying principles
("painterly" vs. "linear" and the like) were influential in the development of formal analysis in the history of art during the 20th century.
> Principles of Art History , 1915

Linear draughstmanly emphasizing contour/outline defining form clarity
Painterly
Tactile observing patches or systems of light and of non-local color within shade, making shadow and light integral deemphasizing outline

Delacroix
Ingres

Planar
>objects parallel to the picture plane
>spatial recession is clear
>series of successive planes parallel to picture plane
Recession
>planes not separate successive parallel units
>Spatial depth created along diagonals
>frontal plane is not emphasized

>composition= contents seem to stand in clear relation to the edge of the image
>generally within predominantly vertical and horizontal oppositions
>
>compresses energies and angles or lines of motion which everywhere reach out beyond the composition, and override the horizontal and vertical structure
>spatial relationships not clear
>elements not related to edge or surface

• Painterly: Difficult to detect where line of one figure or object and another coincide. Look at the drapery. Look at the darkness creeping in.
Open Form: Anything could be going on beyond these women. We have a close up shot of a room. The man's body is even off the page.

Multiplicity
>individual parts appear as independent units
>Classic art achieves its unity by making the parts independent as free members
>details are each uniquely contemplated
Unity
>work perceived as whole
>individual elements of composition do not stand out
>multiplicity serves to diminish individual parts and enhance unified approach

Baroque perceived as whole
High Renaissance painting
Individual parts

5. From absolute clarity to relative clarity
( related to preceding pair)
Absolute
>works with explicit and clearly articulated forms
>revelation of the form is clearly articulated
>objective clarity
Relative
>less explicit and less clearly articulated forms
>deliberately avoids objective clearness
>pictorial appearance obtained by painterly methods -- AMBIGUITY

absolute – relative

R ENAISSANC E
Linear: paint by number effect?
Solid lines between color planes & figures.
Planar: Not exactly, but technically on 1 plane
Closed: Each set of figures, Adam on the left and the other on right, are in their own closed pods.
The lines of the ground and the shell frame each area.
Multiplicity: If you cut each figure out, they could stand on own.
Absolute Clarity: God and Adam bridge the gap-Heaven and Earth.
It doesn't get much more clear than that!

3 & 4