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Thank you,
Vicki Hughes
Labs, Activities, and WS for this presentation:
Ocean in a Bottle PPT
Ocean Puzzle
http://www8.nos.noaa.gov/oequizx/welcome.html
Earth’s Oceans (EOG L22)
The ocean is the dominant physical feature of our planet.
There is ONE World Ocean
with many ocean basins.
Name two ways Lake Lure is connected to the ocean.
Evaporation
Precipitation
This is the WORLD OCEAN.
The sections of the world ocean include:
5. Arctic Ocean (smallest)
2. Atlantic
Ocean
1. Pacific Ocean
(largest)
3. Indian
Ocean
4. Southern Ocean
Formation of the Oceans
The oceans formed on Earth 3.8 billion years ago.
The oceans originated from two sources:
1. Outgassing is the process whereby gases are released by
volcanic activity.
2. Comets carried water to Earth in the form of ice.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwVU0-2Qnso
Formation of the Oceans
Water vapor condensed
into rain that collected
in low lying areas.
Ice melted and joined
the rainwater creating
the ocean.
Oceans shifted over the
Earth as the plates
moved together and
pulled apart.
Ocean Exploration
Oceanography = study of the ocean and its life forms
Matthew Maury
• Published 1st textbook
on oceans
HMS Challenger
• Ship used to study
Pacific, Atlantic, &
Indian oceans
Ocean Exploration
Submersible = underwater research vessel
Human and Auto-pilot types.
Bathysphere = early type of
submersible that remained
connected to the ship.
Ocean Exploration
Bathyscaph = submersible not connected to ship
Alvin
over 2000 dives
holds three people
discovered hydrothermal vents
Ocean Exploration
Robot Submersible = remote controlled submersible
Argo
discovered remains of Titanic
Ocean Exploration
Sonar (Sound Navigation And Ranging)
Uses sound waves to
study the ocean
floor:
1. Sends out a
continuous series
of sound waves.
2. Sound waves hit
the ocean floor
and bounce back.
3. Ship receives
bounced waves
and records data.
The Ocean Floor
Continental Shelf = zone of shallow
water where the ocean covers the
edge of the continent.
Continental Slope = seaward
edge of a continental shelf.
The Ocean Floor
Ocean trench = long narrow
canyons.
Abyssal plain = very deep flat area.
Composition of Ocean Water
Water is a powerful solvent.
It can dissolve many different substances.
Water’s ability to
dissolve things is
due to its polarity.
Water’s polarity is
due to its chemical
structure.
Composition of Ocean Water
Water in the ocean can dissolve all kinds of minerals.
Sodium (salt)
Chlorine (salt)
Magnesium
Calcium
Sulfur
Other substances
Salt and minerals in the ocean come from eroding
land, volcanic emissions, reactions at the sea floor,
and atmospheric deposition
Composition of Ocean Water
“Water, water,
everywhere and not
a drop to drink.”
Coleridge
Dissolved salts
make up 86%
of the ocean’s
minerals.
NaCl = Salt
Composition of Ocean Water
Salinity refers to the concentration of salt
dissolved in the water.
Composition of Ocean Water
Archimedes Principle = the volume of an object will equal
the volume it displaces when placed in water.
If the mass of the
object is less than the
mass of the water, the
object will float.
Composition of Ocean Water
Buoyancy refers to the upward force of a fluid (water ) on an
object.
The buoyant force is
equal to the weight of
the fluid that is being
displaced by it.
Composition of Ocean Water
Buoyancy is the force that allows large ships to float.
Composition of Ocean Water
As salinity increases, buoyancy increases.
Floating in the Dead Sea.
Composition of Ocean Water
The proportions of salt to water must remain at
equilibrium.
Circulation of Ocean Water
The thermohaline circulation of the oceans is based on
(1) the distribution of water temperatures (thermo) and
(2) the distribution of salt (haline).
Circulation of Ocean Water
Thermohaline circulation moves energy and nutrients
around the world. Thus it is often referred to as the “global
conveyer belt.”
This circulation controls our climates.
Ocean Water Currents
Freshwater
Saltwater
Density Currents = ocean currents caused by sinking and
rising water based on salinity.
Freshwater
Ocean Water Currents
Density Currents are based on salinity.
Ocean Water Currents
Climate change and density currents
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7n-sbTRNOA
Ocean Water Currents
Causes of Surface Currents:
1. Wind
2. Rotation of the Earth
Ocean Water Currents
Gulf Stream = warm current that flows up the eastern
seaboard of North America from the equator.
Ocean Water Currents
Humbolt Current =
cool current that
flows up the western
seaboard of the
South America from
Antarctica.
Involved in activities
of El Niño.
Ocean Water Currents
El Niño
• A warming of the
surface of Pacific
Ocean
• every 4 to 12 years
• causes unusual
weather.
Upwelling =
movement of cold,
deep ocean waters to
the surface
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbNzw1CCKHo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzcKBeW44ao
Ocean Water in MOTION
Waves = rhythmic movements that carry energy
Crest = top of a wave
Trough = lowest point between waves
Wavelength is
measured from crest
to crest.
Wave Height
Wave Height is
measured from
trough to crest.
Ocean Water in MOTION
Waves in the ocean are produced by winds.
NY
France
Three things determine the
height of waves:
1. wind speed
2. how long the wind blows
3. distance the wind travels
Ocean Water in MOTION
As waves approach the shore, the land pushes
the wave upward.
A tsunami is a giant wave that has been pushed up
by the shore.
Ocean Water in MOTION
Tides are periodic rises and falls of large bodies of water.
Tides are caused by the gravity between Earth and Moon.
Most places on
Earth experience
two tides a day.
http://oceanexplorer.noaa.
gov/edu/learning/player/l
esson10.html
Tides 1:59
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gftT3wH
JGtg
Marine Ecosystems (EOG 23)
The ocean is divided into zones based on
temperature, pressure, and light.
Intertidal
Neritic
Open Ocean
Euphotic
Disphotic
Aphotic
The ocean is divided into zones based on
temperature, pressure, and light.
Euphotic
Disphotic
Aphotic
Vertical Ocean Water
Pressure and Temperature
The deeper into the ocean one goes,
the greater the pressure becomes and
the colder the temperature becomes.
The thermocline is a layer between
the warmer surface waters and the
deep ocean waters where the
temperature changes rapidly.
The ocean is divided into zones based on
temperature, pressure, and light.
Intertidal
Neritic
Open Ocean
Estuary = a partially enclosed body of water
where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes
with salt water from the ocean.
River
River
Estuary
Ocean
Estuaries perform several
important functions:
• habitats for marine species
• buffers zones for pollutants
• breeding grounds for
organisms
• Filtering system for
chemicals from runoff.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2rYC5wciCA
Ocean Systems
What organism would most likely be at the base of the
Oceanic Food Web?
Microscopic
Algae
Ocean Systems
Coral reefs support
approximately 25
percent of all known
marine species.
Most established coral reefs are
between 5,000 and 10,000 years
old.
Ocean Systems
Coral reefs are
in danger.
An estimated 25% of coral
reefs have already died.
Since 1975, more than 90%
of the reefs in the Florida
Keys have lost their living
coral cover
Ocean Systems
What is killing
our coral reefs?
•
•
•
•
Pollution
Disease
Over-fishing
Dynamite and cyanide
fishing
• Sedimentation
• Bleaching caused by
rising ocean
temperatures
Plankton = tiny
organisms that
move with water
currents.
Nekton = larger
organisms that
are able to swim
in the sea.
Sperm whales feeding on
nekton (krill).
The deep ocean contains tens of thousands of
endemic creatures (exist no other place on earth).
Sea Pig
Googly-Eyed
Anglerfish
Glass
Fish
Dragonfish
Polychaete
Worm
Goblin Shark
Scale Worm
ugly-animals.blogspot.com
Hydrothermal
Vents = openings
in Earth’s crust
on the bottom of
the ocean
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6
9hGvCsWgA
Deep ocean ecosystems do not have light for energy
and therefore do not use photosynthesis.
Chemosynthesis
= using chemical
energy instead of
light energy to
produce food.
sulfur
http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?NR=1&v=BLOUFrncG7E
&feature=endscreen
Ocean Resources
Freshwater can be
acquired from ocean
water through the
process of desalination
(removal of salt) by
distillation (boiling
then collecting steam).
However, the salt
remaining from
distillation is often
dumped back into the
sea.
Ocean Resources
Salt is harvested from ocean waters by the
process of evaporation (drying out).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r53ZQn-B64w
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6CRqOM0oOA
Ocean water is
trapped in
evaporation ponds
where the water
evaporates off
leaving the salt
sticking behind.
Ocean Resources
Energy can be obtained from the ocean
using:
• wave action
• tidal action
• thermal changes
• dissolved
hydrogen
http://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=8sFLGMSMac&playnext=1&li
st=PLF829FBE41D11046F&fe
ature=results_main
Ocean Resources
3.5 billion people
rely on fish for their
primary food source
Aquaculture is the term
applied to the “farming” of the
oceans.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUrGKVJ
cd9M
Ocean Pollution
Sources of ocean
pollution:
Sewage
Chemicals
Oil
Solid-Waste
Sediment
Ocean Pollution
Famous Oil Spills: 1989 Exxon Valdese (Alaska)
2012
Ocean Pollution
Famous Oil Spills: 2010 BP (Gulf of Mexico)
Death of the Oceans 58:59
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/death-oceans/
Any Questions?