CHAPTER 6
DISORDERS OF MOOD
• 2 KEY EMOTIONS:
• DEPRESSION: LOW, SAD STATE IN WHICH LIFE SEEMS DARK; ITS
•
CHALLENGES OVERWHELMING; NO HISTORY OF MANIA
MANIA: STATE OF BREATHLESS EUPHORIA OR FRENZIED ENERGY
DEPRESSION
NORM AL
MOOD
MANIA
2
UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION
• “DEPRESSION” OFTEN USED TO DESCRIBE GENERAL SADNESS OR
•
UNHAPPINESS
CLINICAL DEPRESSION CAN BRING SEVERE AND LONG-LASTING
PSYCHOLOGICAL PAIN THAT MAY INTENSIFY AS TIME GOES BY
3
HOW COMMON IS
UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION?
• AROUND 8% OF ADULTS IN ANY GIVEN YEAR
• AS MANY AS 5% SUFFER FROM MILD FORMS
• AROUND 19% OF ALL ADULTS AT SOME TIME IN THEIR LIVES
• HIGHER AMONG POOR
• ONSET: ANY AGE
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HOW COMMON IS UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION?
• WOMEN ARE AT LEAST TWICE AS LIKELY AS MEN TO EXPERIENCE
SEVERE UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION
• LIFETIME PREVALENCE: 26% OF WOMEN VS. 12% OF MEN
• AMONG CHILDREN, THE PREVALENCE IS SIMILAR AMONG BOYS
AND GIRLS
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CRITERIA FOR A MAJOR DEPRESSIVE
EPISODE
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DSM-5 LISTS SEVERAL TYPES OF
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS:
• MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
• MAJOR DEPRESSIVE EPISODE WITH NO HISTORY OF MANIA
• PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (DYSTHYMIC DISORDER)
• LONGER-LASTING (AT LEAST TWO YEARS) BUT LESS DISABLING PATTERN OF
DEPRESSION
7
DSM-5 LISTS SEVERAL TYPES OF
DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS:
• PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER
• REPEATEDLY EXPERIENCE CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS
DURING THE WEEK BEFORE MENSTRUATION
• DISRUPTIVE MOOD REGULATION DISORDER (CHILDREN)
• CHARACTERIZED BY A COMBINATION OF PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE
SYMPTOMS AND RECURRENT OUTBURSTS OF SEVERE TEMPER
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STRESS AND
UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION
• STRESS: TRIGGER FOR DEPRESSION
• THOSE DIAGNOSED EXPERIENCE A GREATER NUMBER OF STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS
DURING THE MONTH JUST BEFORE THE ONSET OF SYMPTOMS
• LOSS OF A LOVED ONE, SERIOUS THREATS TO IMPORTANT
RELATIONSHIPS OR ONE’S OCCUPATIONS, SEVERE ECONOMIC OR HEALTH
PROBLEMS, EVENTS INVOLVING HUMILIATION.
• MINOR EVENTS MAY PLAY MORE OF A ROLE IN THE ONSET OF RECURRENT EPISODES
THAN IN THE INITIAL EPISODE.
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GENETIC FACTORS
• TWIN, ADOPTION, AND GENE STUDIES SUGGEST THAT SOME PEOPLE INHERIT A BIOLOGICAL
PREDISPOSITION
• AS MANY AS 20% OF RELATIVES ARE DEPRESSED, COMPARED WITH FEWER THAN 10%
OF THE GENERAL POPULATION
• CONCORDANCE RATES FOR IDENTICAL (MZ) TWINS = 46%
• CONCORDANCE RATES FOR FRATERNAL (DZ) TWINS = 20%
• MAY BE TIED TO SPECIFIC GENES (SEROTONIN-TRANSPORTER GENE)
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BIOLOGICAL MODEL
• BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS
• SEROTONIN AND NOREPINEPHRINE
• DEPRESSION LIKELY INVOLVES NOT JUST SEROTONIN NOR
NOREPINEPHRINE; A COMPLICATED INTERACTION IS AT WORK,
AND OTHERS MAY BE INVOLVED
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BIOLOGICAL MODEL
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM / HORMONE RELEASE
• ABNORMAL LEVELS OF CORTISOL
• ABNORMAL MELATONIN SECRETION
• DEFICIENCIES OF IMPORTANT PROTEINS WITHIN NEURONS AS TIED TO
DEPRESSION
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BIOLOGICAL MODEL
ANATOMY
EMOTIONAL REACTIONS OF VARIOUS KINDS ARE TIED TO BRAIN CIRCUITS
LIKELY INCLUDE PREFRONTAL CORTEX, HIPPOCAMPUS, AMYGDALA
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BIOLOGICAL MODEL
• IMMUNE SYSTEM
• WHEN STRESSED, THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MAY BECOME
DYSREGULATED, WHICH SOME BELIEVE MAY HELP
PRODUCE DEPRESSION
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WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
FOR UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION?
• USUALLY BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT MEANS ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS:
• MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAO INHIBITORS)
• TRICYCLICS
• SECOND-GENERATION ANTIDEPRESSANTS
• SSRI’S- SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
• SSNRI’S - SELECTIVE SEROTONIN NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS
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WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
FOR UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION?
• ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
• CONTROVERSIAL
• PROCEDURE CONSISTS OF TARGETED ELECTRICAL STIMULATION TO CAUSE A BRAIN
SEIZURE
• ~ 6 TO 12 SESSIONS SPACED OVER 2 - 4 WEEKS
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WHAT ARE THE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS
FOR UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION?
•BRAIN STIMULATION
•VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION
•TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION
•DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION
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PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS
• THREE MAIN MODELS:
• PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL
• NO STRONG RESEARCH SUPPORT
• BEHAVIORAL MODEL
• MODEST RESEARCH SUPPORT
• COGNITIVE VIEWS
• CONSIDERABLE RESEARCH SUPPORT
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COGNITIVE MODEL
• LEARNED HELPLESSNESS – (SELIGMAN) ASSERTS PEOPLE BECOME
DEPRESSED WHEN THEY THINK THAT:
• THEY NO LONGER HAVE CONTROL OVER THE REINFORCEMENTS
(REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS) IN THEIR LIVES
• THEY THEMSELVES ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS HELPLESS STATE
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COGNITIVE MODEL
 LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
• ATTRIBUTIONS: INTERNAL/EXTERNAL, GLOBAL/SPECIFIC,
STABLE/UNSTABLE.
• PESSIMISTIC ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION.
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COGNITIVE MODEL
OTHERS SUGGEST ATTRIBUTIONS LEAD TO DEPRESSION WHEN THEY PRODUCE A
SENSE OF HOPELESSNESS
• ONE HAS NO CONTROL OVER WHAT WILL HAPPEN AND SOMETHING BAD WILL
HAPPEN.
• INTERNAL/EXTERNAL DIMENSION NOT IMPORTANT.
• LIKELY NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES WILL OCCUR AND NEGATIVE INFERENCES
ABOUT THE IMPLICATION OF THE EVENT FOR THE SELF-CONCEPT.
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Beck: Negative thinking
BECK THEORIZES FOUR INTERRELATED COGNITIVE COMPONENTS
COMBINE TO PRODUCE UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION:
1.
MALADAPTIVE ATTITUDES
2.
COGNITIVE TRIAD
3.
COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
4.
AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS
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NEGATIVE COGNITIVE TRIAD
24
COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS
25
COGNITIVE MODEL
BECK: NEGATIVE THINKING
BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY–DESIGNED TO HELP CLIENTS RECOGNIZE AND
CHANGE THEIR NEGATIVE COGNITIVE PROCESSES
1. INCREASING ACTIVITIES AND ELEVATING MOOD
2. CHALLENGING AUTOMATIC THOUGHTS
3. IDENTIFYING NEGATIVE THINKING AND BIASES
4. CHANGING PRIMARY ATTITUDES
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SOCIOCULTURAL MODEL
PROPOSE THAT DEPRESSION GREATLY INFLUENCED BY SOCIAL CONTEXT
• FAMILY-SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
• MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
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SOCIOCULTURAL MODEL
GENDER AND DEPRESSION
• ARTIFACT THEORY
• HORMONE EXPLANATION
• LIFE STRESS THEORY
• BODY DISSATISFACTION EXPLANATION
• LACK-OF-CONTROL THEORY
• RUMINATION THEORY
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BIPOLAR DISORDERS
• PEOPLE WITH A BIPOLAR DISORDER EXPERIENCE BOTH THE LOWS OF
DEPRESSION AND THE HIGHS OF MANIA
• MANY DESCRIBE THEIR LIVES AS AN EMOTIONAL ROLLER COASTER
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CRITERIA FOR MANIA
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CRITERIA FOR HYPOMANIA
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BIPOLAR DISORDERS I AND II
Bipolar I disorder
• Includes at least one
manic episode
• More severe
• More dangerous
• More impairments
socially/occupationally
Bipolar II disorder
• Includes hypomanic
episodes & depression
• Less severe
• Can be MORE
competent/social
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DIAGNOSING BIPOLAR DISORDERS
~1% AND 2.6% ADULTS
EQUALLY COMMON IN WOMEN AND MEN
ONSET USUALLY OCCURS BETWEEN 15 AND 44 (~22
YEARS)
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CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER
Cyclical mood swings
• Less severe than those of bipolar
disorder
• Symptoms present for at least 2 years
• Lacking severe symptoms and
psychotic features of bipolar disorder
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MANIC-DEPRESSIVE SPECTRUM
.
WHAT CAUSES BIPOLAR DISORDERS?
• NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• OVERACTIVITY OF NOREPINEPHRINE
36
WHAT CAUSES BIPOLAR DISORDERS?
• SEROTONIN: “PERMISSIVE THEORY”
• MAY BE LINKED TO LOW SEROTONIN ACTIVITY:
• LOW SEROTONIN MAY “OPEN THE DOOR” TO A MOOD DISORDER AND
PERMIT NOREPINEPHRINE ACTIVITY TO DEFINE THE PARTICULAR FORM THE
DISORDER WILL TAKE:
LOW SEROTONIN + LOW NOREPINEPHRINE = DEPRESSION
• LOW SEROTONIN + HIGH NOREPINEPHRINE = MANIA
•
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WHAT CAUSES BIPOLAR DISORDERS?
• ION ACTIVITY
• SOME THEORISTS BELIEVE THAT IRREGULARITIES IN THE TRANSPORT OF THESE
IONS MAY CAUSE NEURONS TO FIRE TOO EASILY (MANIA) OR TO STUBBORNLY
RESIST FIRING (DEPRESSION)
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WHAT CAUSES BIPOLAR DISORDERS?
• BRAIN STRUCTURE
• BASAL GANGLIA AND CEREBELLUM
• NOT CLEAR WHAT STRUCTURAL
ABNORMALITIES PLAY
39
WHAT CAUSES BIPOLAR DISORDERS?
• GENETIC FACTORS
• IDENTICAL (MZ) TWINS = 40%
LIKELIHOOD
• FRATERNAL (DZ) TWINS AND SIBLINGS =
5% TO 10% LIKELIHOOD
• GENERAL POPULATION = 1 TO 2.6%
LIKELIHOOD
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PHARMACOTHERAPY
Lithium
Anti seizure,
antipsychotic
drugs
.
TREATMENTS FOR BIPOLAR DISORDER:
• DO NOT FULLY UNDERSTAND HOW MOOD STABILIZING DRUGS
OPERATE
PSYCHOTHERAPY ALONE RARELY HELPFUL
MOOD STABILIZING DRUGS ALONE ARE NOT ALWAYS SUFFICIENT
30% OR MORE OF PATIENTS DON’T RESPOND, MAY NOT
RECEIVE THE CORRECT DOSE, AND/OR MAY RELAPSE WHILE
TAKING IT
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RATES OF MOOD DISORDERS IN WRITERS AND ARTISTS
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