Scientific Foundation of
Social Brain
Beverly Sutton
Research Committee
Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP)
Other committee members: Russell Gardner, John Beahrs, Jacob Kerbeshian,
Fred Wamboldt, Alan Swann, Johan Verhulst, Michael Schwartz, Morton
Sosland, Carlo Carandang, Doug Kramer, John Looney
Copyright SLACK Incorporated
Used with Permission
Reprint web site
Http://www.slackinc.com/reprints/
Beverly J. Sutton, Scientific Foundations for
the Social Brain Concept, Psychiatric
Annals, 35(10), pp 793-802, 2005.
“In nature there are no rewards or
punishments, there are consequences.”
Robert Ingersoll
Presentation Overview
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Psychiatry & its social brain foundation
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The new overview of social brain
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Depend on scientific study
But areas requiring emphasis vary over time
Fosters different arrangement of relevant data
Article presents research in novel order
Article Characteristics
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It reflects
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Integrative values of the social brain concept
Retaining the biomedical base
While also emphasizing affective, moral &
cultural developments of interacting people
Uses selected examples of developmental
studies
Concludes with treatment implications
Presentation Outline
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Introduction: new overview of social brain
Chromosome disorders & development
Bonding research
Sociality in non-human animals
Culture, language, memory
Treatment implications
Presentation Outline
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Introduction: new overview of social brain
Chromosome disorders & development
Bonding research
Sociality in non-human animals
Culture, language, memory
Treatment implications
Brains, genetics & behavior
through development

Animals including humans seem innately
ready to learn certain behavior
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This readiness, called "prepared learning"
Possesses adaptive advantage
Illustrates Darwinian fitness
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Genetic advantages passed to offspring foster their
better reproduction
Genetics Revelations
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Human genome uses only tens of
thousands protein-encoding genes
More expressed sequence tags
(messenger RNA) exist in brain than any
other organ
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Apparently foster brain function
Ancient Biological Roots
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Some physical features possess ancient
roots
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Having a similar body plan such as four limbs
Some behavioral patterns of ancient origin
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Social rank hierarchy & territoriality.
Evo Devo
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Evolution+development = new field1
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What molecular building blocks of animal
structure developed over evolutionary time?
Delineates differences resulting in the many
species as well as individual differences
Such similarities & contrasts include sociality
Brain Size Increase

Brain volume increased
In humans 4x expansion in past 3 million years via
evolutionary process
 Somehow the larger volume enhanced survival of
humans & their genes

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Vertebrate cranial vault of today (including
the human) resembles that of vertebrates
480 million years ago2
Neocortex Expansion
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Social group size accounts for 45% of brain-size
variance5
Neocortex comprised much of this growth
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Expand areas of language & culture – its symbolbased product
Old brain systems retain importance3
Large brain may not mean increased function

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Autistic persons may have large brains4 though intellectually
retarded & asocial
Fossils of island-dwelling humans showed brain complexity
with small brain sizes
Brain Change in Function with Age

From 20 to 80 years of age
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Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex shrinks about
5% each decade
After 45 years of age

Hypocampus shrinks about 7% each decade
Brain & Emotion
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PET studies show medial prefrontal areas and
the thalamus activate in normal emotion
Other areas process emotional content & social
cognition
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Amygdala
Prefrontal cortex
Right somatosensory cortices6
Sensory association areas & the anterior temporal
lobe likely provide emotional color to sensory
information
Anterior insular regions invest cognitive and sensory
information with negative emotional meaning7
Ethics & Morals Emotional
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Earlier assumed that moral judgments
stem from pure reason
But ethical dilemmas activate emotional
brain areas
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Medial frontal gyrus,
Posterior cingulate gyrus
Angular gyrus8
Moral Neurotransmitters
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Moral-decision emotion activates dopamine &
serotonin
These relate to positive & negative feelings
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Dopamine, a “pleasure chemical,” releases after
eating, pleasant sexual interaction, or taking cocaine
Decreased serotonin  to negative feelings of
depression, suicide, anxiety & social phobia
Serotonin reuptake inhibitors increase optimism &
social confidence9
Sexes & Morals
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Although the same areas in the brain are
activated in moral matters, sexes differ in
how they focus on the issues
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Women’s standards tend to involve
responsiveness to others
Men’s morality ties to rules of fairness and
separateness
Evolution & psychopathology
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Evolution preserves some psychopathology
Removing some vulnerabilities may also limit
behaviors/mental states necessary for
survival/reproductive success2
No study shows genetic variation to account
for all behavioral variations between mentally
ill & mentally healthy people10
Presentation Outline
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Introduction: new overview of social brain
Chromosome disorders & development
Bonding research
Sociality in non-human animals
Culture, language, memory
Treatment implications
Chromosomes & Disorders
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Chromosomal abnormalities  behavioral
and social problems
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Fragile X
Prader-Willi
Angelman
The latter two involve chromosome 15 &
genomic imprinting
Fragile X Syndrome
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Mental retardation, slow language development,
attention disorders, pervasive developmental disorder,
typically anxious
Fragile X syndrome stems from a mutation
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FMR locus at Xq28
A molecular component repeats
# of repeats proportional to severity of clinical presentation
Mothers transmit full mutation to sons
Carrier daughters
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Not good in social relations
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Often shy with poor eye contact
25% have IQ <7011
Genomic Imprinting &
Chromosome 15 Disorders

Genomic imprinting:
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A same gene expresses different
characteristics depending on whether mother
or father furnished the DNA
Mechanism includes DNA-methylation
switches off gene-expression
Prader-Willi Syndrome
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Prader-Willi syndrome shows in infancy
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Weak hypotonic muscles, failure to thrive
Short & never pubertal
Overeat to extreme obesity unless restrained
Emotionally labile & slow intellectually
Paternally derived
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15q11-13 genes impaired
Impaired function of hypothalamic & septum
No cortex impairment
Angelman Syndrome
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Socially & cognitively more serious
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Severe retardation
Posturing tendencies
Frequent laughter
Spasmotic laughing or crying
 Such sx from corticobulbar tract pathology3
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Mother-derived 15q11-13 genes impaired
Pathology primarily neocortical
William’s syndrome
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Clinical picture
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Mild mental retardation
Cardiac & connective tissue problems
Profound visuospatial dysfunction
Characteristic facial features
Unique: fluent language & much sociability
Microdeletion on chromosome 7q11.23
Normally sized frontal cortex contrasts
with small posterior lobes12
Moebius syndrome
• Bilateral Cranial VI & VII paralyses
• Autism in 40% of patients
 Autosomal dominant
 With lateral gaze problems they show
characteristic expressionless face
Mother-child interactions
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Development sensitive to interpersonal
factors
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Including ideas about one’s children13
Movie-frame microanalysis of

Mother-child gazing coded
“Attracting” contact if the two made visual contact,
 “Avoidance” if either the mother or infant looked
away from the other for a fraction of a second
 These behaviors not otherwise detectable

Results of Mo & her twin boys
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The mother identified one twin with her husband
& the other with herself
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The “husband” twin & she used avoidant head
movements to each other
This contrasted to an attracting pattern with the other
One year later
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The avoidant “husband” twin acted more fearfully
with more dependency
The more independent brother had better social skills
Presentation Outline
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Introduction: new overview of social brain
Chromosome disorders & development
Bonding research
Sociality in non-human animals
Culture, language, memory
Treatment implications
Development: Conception To First
Few Months
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Parental attitudes
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Expectations regarding the unborn baby strongly
predict infant's attachment behavior beyond year 114
Month old infants viewed negatively by their mothers
exhibit a sixfold greater likelihood for psychosocial
developmental disorder at 19 years compared to
positively viewed controls14
Age 2-3 months
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Developmental capacities change in that:
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Infant becomes less fussy
Permits mother to decrease her care-giving while increasing
social interchange.
But if fussiness fails to decrease, maternal attachment
decreases
Development: 6 Months Toddlerhood
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Age 7-9 months
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Infants behave as though they know that
others can understand their thoughts, feelings
and behavior and
They show preferences for a few care-giving
adults15
The toddler
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Requires a sense of self to experience pride &
shame6
Visual Experience &
Critical Periods
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Birth to 2-6 months of age
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Infants with congenital cataracts with an early
sightless period show permanent problems in
discriminating facial configurations that vary, eg,
spacing between features
Though they identify geometric patterns as well as
children with normal early vision
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Therefore, different neural systems process faces and
geometric objects in adults16
Normal infants possess limited visual acuity

But early exposure to faces sets up neural circuits
that enable facial processing in the first 10-12 years
of life
Auditory Experience
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Infants after birth show ability to
discriminate sound –they prefer the
mother's voice over those of other
women17
4 day old French infants suck harder to
hear a recording in French (vs Russian)

Perhaps a preference acquired in utero18
Sibling Sequence
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Sibling order produces systematic influences that mold
attitudes & behavior19
First-born children tend to identify with power &
authority but later-born children question the status quo
& resist pressure to conform
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First-borns more likely become political leaders and
establishment scientists whereas socially successful later-borns
support unpopular causes
Six or more years between siblings restarts the birth order
effect, i.e., another first born child seems to appear
Siblings perceive differences in the way they are treated
and this continues over the life span

Children who felt one or both parents provided more affection to
them than siblings reached higher academic & occupational
goals10
Factors in Behavior
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Parents using mild, inductive techniques of
behavior management produce children with
high moral development.
Benign management in the form of ignoring
negative and rewarding positive behavior better
socializes poor inner-city children (black and
white) than do conventional restriction and
punishment-oriented classes
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The effect holds from kindergarten through 8th grade
Attractive children usually gain more popularity
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Peers favor tall thin ectomorphs not short fat
endomorphs20
Men & Women
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Adult social roles reflect exposure to family & cultural dictates21
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Women maintain networks with other women even with a stable
marriage
While intimacy tends to threaten men, divorced men remarry faster &
more often than divorced women
Men exhibit less depression than women, less often seek help, & they
respond faster to treatment
Women on the other hand show more panic disorder & somatization
disorders
Men exhibit more alcohol dependence, antisocial personality disorder,
delusions about homosexuality, paranoid disorders, & compulsive
disorders
Most men value working & earning money
Women often take low paying jobs that men refuse to consider
Men in "pink collar" jobs (jobs typically held by women) face derision by
uninformed or homophobic community members
Presentation Outline
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Introduction: new overview of social brain
Chromosome disorders & development
Bonding research
Sociality in non-human animals
Culture, language, memory
Treatment implications
Stress Levels & Song
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Birth-order of laboratory rhesus monkeys
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Later born baby monkeys show lower cortisol levels
Their lower levels of stress may reflect better care
from experienced mothers24
Brain areas for song in white-crowned sparrows
develop as longer days increase sex hormones25
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Males with females had 15-20% larger song areas
Compared to bachelors or males in all-male groups
Environment & quantitative
neurophysiological changes
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Social behavior & a specific synapse

A large crayfish neuron responds to serotonin
differently depending on the animal’s social status22
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Neuron  tail-flip response used for fight or escape
5HT applied to it  enhanced dominant’s neuron firing-rate2
2 subordinate crayfish put together results in one winning
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In the same neuron of the new dominant, 5HT more excitable
Simply injecting serotonin into crayfish (& lobsters)
produces aggressive dominant behavior only
Not Eating & daf Genes
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In the worm C. Elegans, insufficient food from
overpopulation induces
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A suspended animation phase for 2 or more months
daf-2 gene inducing this insulin receptor protein
Environment extremes may  daf genes
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Similar arrests in many vertebrate & invertebrate
groups seems to operate to prolong reproductive period
Obesity & prevalence of type II diabetes in humans
may reflect survival of past generations from famine26
Functional hypoglycemia may have helped human
adaptation to infrequent but large food supplies
Too Many or Too Few Rats

Overcrowding can alter non-human social
behavior27
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Wild Norwegian rats raised in a confined space
eventually stabilized their numbers
Increased numbers and deteriorated care-taking
behavior by mother rats
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Likely from disordered social rank effects
When fewer young survived, numbers stabilized
Rats raised in isolation show behavior changes &
high levels of dopamine (DA)

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DA-blocking agents ameliorate these rat symptoms
DA involved in addiction, motor control, & perhaps
schizophrenia
Amygdala Experiments

Maternally deprived rats  low levels of 5HT24

Rat pups handled by people may show less fear
because of their mother’s behavior after the pups
return to her
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Baby rats with such “mindful” mothers develop
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Rat mother does extra licking, grooming and nursing
more neurotransmitter receptors that in turn decrease
amygdala activity &
fewer receptors for CRH (involved with stress)
Amygdala
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stimulation  rage in some animals28
lesions  docility
Amygdala: rage vs docility
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Field studies of chimpanzees show
variation in patterns of tool use behavior,
grooming, and sexual behaviors
Different chimpanzee groups exhibit
unique styles, communal behavior
previously thought characteristic of human
cultures only29
In humans, lower social status correlates
with lower serotonin responsivity30
Dominance & fitness

Dominance status in animal groupings typically
correlates with reproductive success & control of
resources
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However, dominance studied with reproduction DNA studies
showed that 2nd or 3rd rank rhesus males may impregnate
females while the dominant male worked to maintain territory31
Primate species vary in female rank & breeding:
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In great apes, females passively receive male sexual advances
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Though higher ranking female baboons & macaques show more
breeding success
In Gombe, dominant chimpanzee females weaned twice as many
infants than non-dominants32
Infant production, infant survival, & infant development also
indexed female fitness
Presentation Outline
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Introduction: new overview of social brain
Chromosome disorders & development
Bonding research
Sociality in non-human animals
Culture, language, memory
Treatment implications
Preagricultural Human Hx
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~7 million years ago humans began evolving
from ancestral forms in Africa
~ 500,000 years ago Homo sapiens appeared
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Used crude stone tools, fire.
~ 40,000 years ago Cro-Magnons (modern man)
left evidence of stone & bone tools, nets,
jewelry, clothes, spears, bows and arrows.
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They also painted, sculpted and played musical
instruments. Ships appearing 13,000 years ago made
it possible for people to travel outside landmasses.33
Hx: Agriculture Onwards

~ 10,000 years ago the agricultural revolution
began in the Middle East, China, & Mesoamerica
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More people lived in discrete areas without needing to
move for food
~ 4000 BC horses enhanced travel and farming
after their domestication
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Food supplies obtained by farming caused rapid
population increases.
Average time between children is 2 years for farm
people but 4 years for hunter-gatherers34
Gene-culture Co-evolution
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The group mind produces culture
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Social brain concept provides focus for study

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Yet each individual mind possesses genetic
determinants
Gene-culture co-evolution a special form of natural
selection3
Culture provides a special environment for behavioral
genes
Definition of culture:
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Everyday ways of doing things, preferred forms of
interaction, & what people feel as “common sense”28
Culture & Diagnosis
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Culture determines what people consider
normal, including how illnesses have meaning
and the necessary elements for cures

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Bodily expression of mental illness represents a more
common worldwide attribution than psychological
expression
Yet DSM used on this continent focuses on
psychological presentations
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Unsuitable for diagnoses in non-Western areas
People on this continent from non-Western cultures often
receive misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment
Emotions = Signals

People in all cultures detect accurately facial
expressions of emotion:
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Fear, anger, disgust, sadness, surprise & happiness.
Emotional expression over development

Some facial expressions seem innate, not learned nor
imitated

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Awareness of emotional communication helps
youngsters respond to social experiences

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Infants less than 71 hours old mimic facial expressions34
Infants 1 to 9 months old express distinct, situationally
appropriate facial emotion
89% of 4-5 year olds rely on facial expression to determine
another's emotional state.
By 8 to 9 years of age, children use facial and situational
cues to assess emotion6
Pathology Instructs on Emotion

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Bilateral amygdalar damage impairs
recognition of a face expressing fear
Manic patients deficiently recognize
negative emotions
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Particularly fear & disgust35
Euthymic bipolar and healthy persons scored
similarly
Manics frequently evaluated a fear face as
expressing surprise
Cultural Rituals

Cultural rituals including religious ones help people cope36
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Rituals reduce anxiety, make sense of experience & provide
hope
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Small groups place importance on physical grooming behaviors
Social interaction in larger groups gains enhancement through use
of social "grooming" (talking & rituals)
Compelling powerful experiences enhance social control
Further, groups ritualistically set the ways that people behave when
eating, grooming, & otherwise interacting with one another
Religious ceremonies and courting behavior may entail inflexible
components of behavior required by all
In OCD, actions & thoughts echo social ritualistic behavior,

But often differ from accepted social conventions in extent &
timing37
Culture & Genetic Diversity


70% of human societies expect the bride to
move to her husband's birthplace (patrilocal)
Study of 3 matrilocal (men move to woman's
birthplace) and 3 patrilocal groups in northern
Thailand showed findings expected from the
chromosome characteristics of the different
sexes38

Patrilocal groups 
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High variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) inherited only
from mothers
Low variability in the y-chromosome (transmitted to sons
from fathers)
Matrilocal groups  low mtDNA & high ychromosome variability
American Families
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~10% of American families = tradition of
man-provider & woman-homemaker
Unique families & child care practices21
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Dual-career marriages
Single parent families
Lesbian and gay parents
Complex or "blended" families (children from
former marriages)
Boomerang families (adult children returning
home)
Adult-oriented multigenerational families
When mothers maltreat infants

At age 12 months
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82% of the children show disorganized
behavior
compared with 19% of controls.
At 36 months,


35% of maltreated infants remained
disorganized & 21% securely reactive
Control infants: opposite rates of 27%
disorganized & 71% secure
Maltreatment Effects

Maltreated infants withdraw physically &
emotionally

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They use fewer internal state words than nonmaltreated infants with otherwise similar
vocabularies15
Abusive behavior persists:

Abused children likely become abusing adults
Maltreat their children in the next generation
 As well as their elderly parents

Family Conflict

Children with more maternal affection than sibs

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When parents display physical conflict:


Children show more problems than when exposed to
parallel verbal conflict
When exposed to parental disagreement about
child rearing


Later express less depression or other internalizing
symptoms15
Boys express more behavior problems
When parents constructively disagree

Children play, smile, & laugh as if nothing important
has happened
Sibling Conflict

Parent-child and child-child conflicts differ19

Sibling struggle to gain maximum parental resources

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This is a conflict not sex linked,
Not associated with a parent of the same or opposite sex,
Not the result of sexual drive
Each child aims at greatest benefit from both parents
If a favorite child exists in a family:


"make sure that you are the favored one"
This generates sibling rivalries, but the competition
generally proves adaptive as does altruism among
siblings
Young Mothers

Adolescent mothers (less than 16 years old)


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Young mothers display less sensitivity to their children
but more intrusiveness



Talk to their children less, but command more
They smile less and touch base less with eye and physical
contact compared to older mothers
Children exhibit poorer cognitive & language outcomes15
Children show more avoidance
Punitive discipline results in more aggression, impulsivity, social
withdrawal & fewer friends
These mothers underestimate their children's ability to
think, interact & communicate but overestimate mastery
of the next developmental level
Family Facts

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White women more likely work for economic
independence compared to African-American
women who work from economic need
One- to two-thirds of American women
experience abuse from their spouses each year
Although the economics of divorce usually
increases a man's & decreases a woman's
standard of living, men show more psychological
and physical distress than women from
separation and divorce
Male elders provide important superego models
and cultural supports to the family as a group21
Cultural Differences

Experience of depression varies with culture:


American Indians, Alaskan Natives, & Southeast
Asians  no word for "depressed"
Hopi commonly express sadness





Therefore, to diagnose depression, 1 month of depression
should elapse rather than the usual 2 weeks
Eskimos and Tahitians rarely show anger
Iranians encourage but Navajos discourage
displays of extreme sadness.
Javanese seek serenity
A woman staying at home at all times may be
agoraphobic in the West but virtuous if Muslim
Culture-bound disorders

These exist in all countries,


Anxiety disorders reflect bodily arousal, cognitive
interpretation, & ineffective coping skills,


Cultural belief and practice influence all these
Blood-injury phobia


disorders stem from anger, fright, witchcraft, "evil eye",
preoccupation with bodily function or other
precipitants28
makes blood pressure drop (not rise)
In Puerto Rico 16%  hx of ataque de nervios

Somatic & dissociative sx after a stressful event28
Symptoms & Culture

Westerners often struggle for thinness,


Elsewhere overweight people seem more attractive
European comparisons

English feel concern with constipation & chilblains



So physicians may ignore these complaints
French people typically complain of fatigue &
headache plus other problems caused by "liver crisis"
German physicians vigorously treat low blood
pressure or poor circulation
Use of Drugs

Drugs affect reward systems in the brain



Knockout mice that lack a dopamine
transporter protein show "no interest” in
cocaine or amphetamine39
People typically learn drug use from peers.
Low alcohol dehydrogenase cause some
Asians to flush & feel sick from alcohol use
Alcohol & Culture

Cultural variations:




Some northern/western Europeans use it heavily
Mormons forbid its use
Muslims & Buddhist monks do not drink
Some American Indian & Hispanic American men do all
day drinking parties28


If an American Indian refuses a drink, peers may consider the
abstinence impolite
Use/nonuse of alcohol during cultural rituals varies
with group & country


Some religious ceremonies regularly involve the use of
mind-altering substances
At funerals, Irish Americans drink & tell jokes
African Americans grieve & sing spirituals
Aggression & Culture

Environment and culture change violent
expression




Exposure to it usually increases aggression28
Drug addicts may use violence to obtain drugs
Willingness to use violence to maintain the
status quo typifies firstborn, conservative,
tough-minded behavior19
Aggression typifies boys’ behavior on the
playground unless supervised at "play" by
adults who stop predatory behavior, model
nonviolent behavior and teach social skills
Non-Violence Taught

A study taught non-violence in an
elementary school40




Increased academic achievement
Reduced disciplinary referrals
Program emphasized zero tolerance for
pathological behavioral roles (bully, observer,
victim)
While teaching appropriate social behaviors
Language

Culture construction stems from language
used for information exchange

Language shapes thinking



New words enable thinking in new patterns
Words change the way we feel & may
substitute for other behavior
Language unites those in a social group

Individuals in a group hold it in high regard
Conflicted Language

Religious/political turmoil may result from
language use/nonuse




Belgium
French-speaking Canada
Basque-speaking Spain
Moses protested that he could not lead the
people of Israel from language difficulties
(Genesis, Chapter 11)
Pre-Humans & Language

Communicating with language seemed
specific for humans, but

Chimpanzees can communicate with sign
language


Also teach their babies to use it
A pygmy chimpanzee learned to respond to
oral English language to an extent comparable
to a 2 year old human infant6
Change In Humans

Evolution of the larynx position, i.e.,
migration to a lower neck position made it
possible to create more sounds41


Human brain reorganized to accommodate
this function particularly in the frontal area,
including Broca' s area
Human speech uses 50 sounds or 4x those
of other higher primates

~ 5000 languages presently exist with
associated distinctive cultures
People & Talk

People discriminate about ten sounds/second


Baby talk exemplifies intuitive parenting;



High pitched, slow, & melodious verbalization
Attracts baby's attention & encourages attunement
Shouting & vowels



In the range needed to decode speech
A cultural group that shouts use easily recognized
vowels,
Loudness of verbalizations is inversely proportional to
the number of vowels in the language42
About two-thirds of human speech is gossip
Language in Early Development

Reciprocity with mother organizes communication


Social referencing




Sentence mind-traces make thoughts easier to follow
Young children may interrupt play to reference the
mother for emotional information6
At age 6 months, the infant seeks reassurance from a
parent's presence
By 1 year also seeks information from the parent's face
At 1 year feelings expressed in words & self-talk


To change both their own feeling states &
Perceptions of an environmental situation
Sounds to Vocabulary

Infants make many sounds until ~10
months




Number then decreases
Change stems from restricted set baby hears
in the family6
At 1-month, infant can distinguish a "ba"
sound from a "pa" sound.
A 1-year old infant has 2-3 words &

About 20 signs when exposed to sign
language
Vocabulary


At 2 years, the child knows about 50 words
Factors forecasting large vocabularies include






Adults reading and talking about stories,
Quality of mealtime conversations,
Large vocabulary and mean length of utterance by
the mother,
Higher socioeconomic status of family,
Firstborn status
Talkative mother with sophisticated language43
Language & Emotion

Stress on a sound or change in rhythm of the sounds





May change meaning (Chinese) or
Emotional tone (English)
In Japan and Korea, words chosen must fit the relative
social status of the participants
Over half of Japanese sentences omit the subject
reflecting the favored indirect approach
Swear words


Japanese & American Indian languages contain no native curses
An extremely crude swear word may arouse anger in one culture
but usually no emotional reaction in another culture
Sex & Language

Sexes equate on overall intelligence but



Men excel on visuo-spatial abilities (especially
mental rotation of complex figures) &
Women on verbal abilities (especially fluent
production of words)21
Developmental language disorders


Girls withdraw more
Boys tend to hyperactivity42
Language Impairment & Dx


Men who had been language-impaired
display more antisocial disorder compared
to controls
Children with speech & language disorders


Followed 14 years showed higher rates of
anxiety disorder (social phobia) than
controls43
Language-impaired youth tend to have other
psychiatric disorders
Genetic Factors in Language

A single gene on chromosome 7q31



Relates to brain circuitry for speech & language45
3-generations of a family & an unrelated person
had severe speech & language problems
A disrupted gene, FOXP2 transmits as an
autosomal-dominant


A guanine nucleotide substituted for an adenine
Unaffected family members & other unaffected
nonrelated persons have no such substitution
Memory


Memory stores and recalls experience
2-memory systems:


Declarative (explicit), features awareness of
past experiences, and
Nondeclarative (working) memory works
outside consciousness46

Fosters skills/habits, classical conditioning, &
nonassociative learning (reflexes)
Neural Correlates

Neuroanatomy & neurology

Explicit memory requires



An intact hippocampus & related structures in the medial
temporal lobe
Dorsal & anterior thalamic nuclei & mammillary bodies
produces apathy and problem with explicit memory
Nondeclarative (working) memory needs

Frontal lobes do temporary storage of info for specific tasks


Puts experience in context & allows memory search
2-prefrontal areas, dorsolateral & orbitomedial


Damage to the former impairs integration of cognition
Damage to the latter affects emotional & social functioning
Face Recognition/Memory

Humans and other species use face recognition
as an important social task


Small cell-groups in temporal & medial prefrontal
cortices mediate this function47


Sheep remember both sheep & human faces for over
2 years, distinguishing both frontal & profile views
Particularly on the right
21 day old human babies

Hold in memory the imitated model of a facial
expression for at least 2.5 minutes
Development & Memory




Episodic memory (the recollection of one's
personal past) appears at ~4 years of age
Over time child becomes aware of self
experience
Memory consolidation helped by REM sleep &
dreams may serve a role in social adaptation
Better recollection occurs if one’s mood state at
the time of an experience recurs at attempted
retrieval (state-dependent learning)
Neurogenesis

New neurons form in adult mammalian
brains including monkeys & humans in the
olfactory bulb (smell) & hippocampus
(memory)



Sensorimotor stimulation stimulates neuronal
replacement 48
Neurogenesis decreases from stress, a boring
environment & perhaps depression
Human story-memory  increased size of L
hippocampus
Neurogenesis: Stress & Dementia

Human high cortisol levels over a 5-year
period



Reduced hippocampus volume (14%)
Versus those with low-cortisol levels49
Early problem in Alzheimers is olfactory
identification

Lack of neurogenesis in olfactory bulb
neurons likely lessens it
Neurogenesis in Other Animals



In rats, timing of learned responses &
temporal relationship between events
depends on the neurogenesis
Many birds add neurons involved in song
production & memory throughout
adulthood50
Monkeys with damage to the hippocampus
& amygdala behave like autistic persons6
Presentation Outline






Introduction: new overview of social brain
Chromosome disorders & development
Bonding research
Sociality in non-human animals
Culture
Treatment implications
Therapeutic implications of
social brain research

Delineating specific genetic and
environmental roles in development will
allow


More accurate diagnoses of malfunction and
interventions that support survival of the
individual & of mankind
Massive amounts of genetic research
increasingly

Delineate specific genetic chromosomal or
metabolic entities
Gene Therapy Possibilities

For some problems, ? gene therapy


e.g., neural stem cells may eventually treat
patients with neurodegenerative disorders
Adult mouse brain stem cells have been
isolated

These versatile cells produce both neurons
and glia & when plated on muscle-cell
cultures, half produce muscle cells51
Physical Disorders

About 9% of physical disorders present with
psychiatric symptoms:


Most common depression, anxiety, confusion, memory
& speech disorders
Some after Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal
infections


Display autoimmune problems presenting as obsessive
compulsive disorder, Syndenhan’s chorea or Tourette's
disorder2
Such symptoms resemble idiopathic psychiatric
entities

But post-infectious conditions respond to plasmaphoresis &
antibiotics
Animal Model for Cocaine Addiction
Prophylaxis

Possible treatment for drug addiction stem from
rats given methylphenidate


When given this stimulant during preadolescence &
then exposed to cocaine as adults, mature rats
responded less and have increased aversion52
If exposed to methylphenidate as adults, these rats
responded less to cocaine but no aversion

Developmental stage thus played a role in cocaine
responsivity
Treatment Relations

Diagnostic errors may stem from stereotypes as
might an undue emphasis on environment with
little attention to personal or social factors

A person facing adverse personal and social
conditions may seem flat or suspicious


Some clinicians may see this alone as pathologic
Patients feeling "one down" do not long remain
in treatment21

For success, the therapist should find something
likeable in the patient
Schools


Schools can play important roles in decreasing
violence.
Teaching & modeling socially appropriate
behavior & includes



Adequate supervision on the playground
No tolerance for predatory or bullying behavior will
decrease aggression and increase academic
performance
Adults also need to help children avoid watching
such behavior & to refuse assuming victim roles
Culture & Therapy

Altering people's behavior or group environment
usually a long-term project





Requires group incentives, education, & clear
objectives
A problem’s meaning typically reflects group beliefs
Understanding the cultural background of the family
helps tailor the approach used28
Approved child punishment in one culture may
constitute abuse in another
Family therapists demonstrate sensitivity to values
and “agree to disagree” with the family if necessary
Specific Examples

African-American families respond to a
short term, present-oriented, problemsolving approach:



As when encouraging the family to solve its
own problems28
Some African-American teenagers receive
covert messages that a new child is desired
Teenagers bear over 50% of pregnancies
borne by black women and the pregnancy
often surprises them
Extended Family



Therapists should consider the potential
support that stems from extended family21
Asian-American families benefit from
formal, structured and practical
assistance; indirect communication helps
avoid shame
Tolerance of differences can be taught &
encouraged22
Changed Family Roles

Changed family roles need careful scrutiny


Dual career marriages may benefit from help



Sensitive care critical when diagnosing or treating
family dysfunction22
In communications, problem solving, conflict
resolution, & time management
Teenage mothers with educational assistance
more likely become self-sufficient
Pregnancy may deter the education of a teenage
father, making assistance required
Non-Conventional Issues


Lesbian & gay families may use assistance to
cope with societal reactions
New families (after remarriage) may relate
stressfully


Family members may have to expand contacts to
more than the immediate stepfamily to satisfy
relationships
When adult children return home:


Effective rules help work out problems
As with household labor, family property, authority
relationships, financial obligations, & communication
Parentified Children

Children of deaf or immigrant parents may
do "language brokering" for parents



Such “parentified” children produces problems
e.g., as interpreters for parents, inappropriate
exposure to intimate medical & legal issues
This expectation for the child becomes the
norm in most families and must be challenged
especially regarding inappropriate use of
children for adult-only conversations
Help For Some Children & Women

Children in dysfunctional families learn not
to express emotion



Reason: to feel nothing.
They must be taught to be open, direct and
assertive.
Women may overfunction emotionally
(responsible for everyone)


May overfunction by advising, rescuing, and
taking over with stress
Need help for healthier mutual relationships21
Help For Some Men

Men tend not to ask for help,



My become quite isolated, & underestimate their
distress
Therapists may need to reach out to them in an
invitational manner.
In US, African-American men with behavior
problems


More likely than white men go to correctional system
rather than the mental health system21
Knowing this helps ensure needed diagnosis &
treatment
Group Therapies

Some therapists routinely overlook some real life issues



e.g., male infertility, menstruation, physical illness, or sexual
function
Reason: these issues "not discussed in polite society"
Sex of leaders




In a group situation, men more likely respond negatively to
women leaders
But positively to men leaders for saying the same thing
More early developmental issues come up in same-sex groups
Mixed sex groups may help issues of professional development21
Conclusion

Addressing molecular-genetic pathogenesis of disorders
more readily accomplished in our present era of
considerable data production



But additionally many other factors impact the person’s,
the family’s and groups’ views of dysfunction


Of course, such levels of analysis need analytic integration
e.g, attention often restricted to medication
Considering these factors, views & communicational states takes
time, motivation, education, and consensus opinion to change
To work most integratively, we need a social brain focus

Such integration of treatment plans means they will achieve
greater adequacy for troubled people
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