Study Guide for Test:
1) Cell fractionation is to separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be
determined.
a. Size and weight determines how the cellular components end up in the pellet form
2) Cell size is controlled by the need for sufficient surface area to support the cell’s metabolic
needs
3) Look in book pg. 100-101
4) Organelles:
a. Ribosome produce proteins
b. Smooth ER synthesis oils, phospholipids, and steroids
c. Rough ER site of protein synthesis that is exported from cell
d. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes
e. Golgi apparatus- produces and modifies polysaccharides
f. Vacuole- storage space that takes up much of the volume of the cell
g. Mitochondrion- primary site of ATP synthesis
h. Peroxisomes-take H2O2 and make it H2O
i. Microtubules and motor proteins are responsible for movement within the cell.
5) Phospholipids and proteins make up most of cell membrane
6) Cholesterol enables the plasma membrane to stay fluid more easily when temperatures drop
7) Phospholipids move laterally along the plane of the membrane.
8) Integral proteins are amphipathic and are found throughout the membrane.
9) Polysaccharides attach to glycoproteins and glycolipids to mediate cell-to-cell recognition
10) Peripheral proteins cannot go through the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer.
11) Lipids and proteins can move in the membrane because only weak hydrophobic interactions
occur in the interior of the membrane
12) Small and hydrophobic molecules can easily pass through the lipid bilayer
13) Carrier proteins only allow specific molecules to open the “gate” and pass through the
membrane.
14)
a) Osmosis-movement from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration
b) diffusion movement of molecules through plasma membrane, occurs without energy being
consumed.
c) facilitated diffusion – use of channel proteins and carrier proteins to pass molecules into
membrane. No energy required.
d) active transport- requires energy(ATP)
15) Hypotonic- higher concentration of solute outside of the cell. Cells shrivel & die
16) Hypertonic- lower concentration of solute outside of the cell. Cells become swollen. Animal
cells will bust, this is normal for plants.
17) Isotonic- solution is same outside and in. Animals- normal, plant cells are flaccid
18) Pinocytosis-nonselective absorption of molecules.
19) Phagocytosis- engulfing of large molecules by cell
For essays:
Be very familiar with plasma membrane & what makes it up.
Pg. 100 & 101- what is not in plant &/or animals cells and function of those organelles
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
 DNA
 Cell Wall
 Ribosome
What are the functions of these organelles similarities and differences in prokaryotes &
Eukaryotes.