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“Here I Stand”
"Since then Your Majesty and your lordships desire a simple reply, I will answer without horns and without teeth. Unless I am convicted by Scripture and plain reason—I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other—my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise. God help me. Amen."
"Here I Stand" quoted in A Life of Martin Luther, Roland Bainton
1.
According to the passage, what does Martin Luther not accept?
2.
To what does Luther say his "conscience is captive?"
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“The Prince"
“Everyone realizes how praiseworthy it is for a prince to honor his word and to be straightforward rather than crafty in his dealings; nonetheless experience shows that princes who have achieved great things have been those who have given their word lightly, who have known how to trick men with their cunning, and who, in the end, have overcome those abiding by honest principles . . . . A prince, therefore, need not necessarily have all the good qualities I mentioned above, but he should certainly appear to have them . . . . He should not deviate from what is good, if that is possible, but he should know how to do evil, if that is necessary."
The Prince, George Bull, trans., 1981
3. According to the passage, a prince must appear to be ____.
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Lives of the Artists
"Altogether, his genius was so wonderfully inspired by the grace of God, his powers of expression were so powerfully fed by a willing memory and intellect, and his writing conveyed his ideas so precisely, that his arguments and reasonings confounded the most formidable critics.
In addition, he used to make models and plans showing how to excavate and tunnel through

mountains without difficulty, so as to pass from one level to another; and he demonstrated how to lift and draw great weights by means of levers and hoists and ways of cleaning up harbors and using pumps to suck up water from great depths." Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists
3.
According to the passage, what did Leonardo da Vinci use to study engineering?
4. What qualities does Vasari admire in the artist described in this passage?
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Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola
"We must put aside all judgement of our own, and keep the mind ever ready and prompt to obey in all things the true Spouse of Jesus Christ, our holy Mother, the Roman Catholic Church . . . . If we wish to proceed securely in all things, we must hold fast to the following principle: What seems to me white, I will believe black if the Catholic Church so defines. For I must be convinced that in Christ our Lord, the bridegroom, and in His spouse the Catholic Church, only one Spirit holds sway, which governs and rules for the salvation of souls." Spiritual Exercises of
Ignatius Loyola, Louis J. Puhl, trans., 1951
6. What is the most appropriate conclusion about this author’s point of view?
A. The Catholic Church is supreme to the teachings of Jesus Christ.
B. Catholic doctrine always agrees with the teachings of Jesus Christ.
C. Catholics use their best judgment to decide between differences in Christ’s teaching and
Catholic doctrine.
D. The teachings of the Catholic Church should be followed without question.
7. According to the passage, what should people put aside?
8. According to the passage, what principle must be followed in religion?
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The Renaissance Philosophy of Man, Ernst Cassirer
"You, constrained by no limits in accordance with your own free will, shall ordain for yourself the limits of your nature. We have set you at the world’s center that you may from there more easily observe whatever is in the world. We have made you neither of heaven nor of earth, neither mortal nor immortal, so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as though the maker and molder of yourself, you may fashion yourself in whatever shape you shall prefer."
The Renaissance Philosophy of Man, Ernst Cassirer, Paul Kristeller, and John Randall, Jr., eds.,
1948
9. According to the passage, Renaissance philosophy stressed that a person should act according to ____.
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Jacob Burckhardt, "In the Middle Ages......"
“In the Middle Ages both sides of human consciousness—that which was turned within as that which was turned without—lay dreaming or half-awake beneath a common veil. The veil was woven of faith, illusion and childish prepossession, through which the world and history were clad in strange hues. Man was conscious of himself only as a member of a race, people, party, family or corporation—only through some general category. In Italy this veil first melted into air
. . . . " Jacob Burckhardt, 1860
10. Based on this passage, which statement would Burckhardt agree with?
A. No truly important history occurred until the Enlightenment.
B. Exploring the New World helped science to develop.
C. During the Middle Ages, people focused their lives around a group.
D. The loss of faith during the modern period has handicapped societies.
11. According to the passage, in what country did the spirit of individualism first grow strong?
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From Sartor Resartus

"He who first shortened the labor of copyists by device of Moveable Types was disbanding hired armies, and cashiering most Kings and Senates, and creating a whole new democratic world: he had invented the art of printing." From Sartor Resartus, Thomas Carlyle, 1834
12. Whom does this passage describe?
13. According to the passage, what did the invention of printing create?
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Ninety-five Theses
Those who believe that they can be certain of their salvation because they have indulgence letters will be eternally damned, together with their teachers.
Men must especially be on their guard against those who say that the pope’s pardons are that inestimable gift of God by which man is reconciled to him.
Ninety-five Theses, Martin Luther, 1517
14. According to the passage, who will be eternally damned?
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Letter from Thomas Cranmer, 1533
"But now, Sir, you may not imagine that this Coronation was before her marriage, for she was married much about St. Paul’s Day last, as the condition thereof doth well appear by reason she is now somewhat big with child. Notwithstanding it hath been reported throughout a great part of the realm that I married her; which was plainly false, for I myself knew not thereof a fortnight after it was done. And many other things be reported of me, which be mere lies and tales."
Letter from Thomas Cranmer, 1533
15. According to the passage, what was "plainly false?"
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Martin Luther "The rule.."
"The rule remains with the husband, and the wife is compelled to obey him by God’s command.
He rules the home and the state, wages war, defends his possessions, tills the soil, builds, plants, etc. The woman on the other hand is like a nail driven into the wall . . . so the wife should stay at home and look after the affairs of the household, as one who has been deprived of the ability of administering those affairs that are outside and that concern the state. She does not go beyond her most personal duties." Martin Luther
16. What does Luther say are women’s religious duties?
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The Book of the City of Ladies
“If it were customary to send little girls to school and teach them the same subjects as are taught to boys, they would learn just as fully and would understand the subtleties of all arts and sciences.” ― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies
17. Christine de Pizan is best known for her
A. passionate love affair with Hannibal.
B. defense of the poor.
C. works written in defense of women.
D. long hair.