Final Exam Review
PUB/POS 140
May 6, 2008
Definitions of Public Policy
• Birkland pg. 18
Anecdotal & Empirical Evidence
Historical Eras of Policy
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Divided Power 1789-1860
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State Activism 1860-1936
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National Activism 1936-1960
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National Standards 1960-1980
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The End of Big Government 1980 - ?
Elements of American Stability
• Birkland pg. 38
Fragmentation
• Horizontal – Separation of Powers
• Vertical – Federalism
• Balance of Power – Birkland Table 2.3, pg45
Market vs. Polis
• Stone Chapter 1
• Concepts of Society pg. 33
Official Actors and Their Roles
• Legislative Branch - Congress
• Executive Branch - President
• Judicial Branch - Courts
• Administrative Agencies
Unofficial Actors and Their Roles
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Individual Citizens
Interest Groups
Political Parties
Think Tanks
Communications Media
Subgovernments
• Iron Triangles – Figure 4.2
• Policy Networks – Birkland pg. 100
• Focusing Events / Social Movements – pg101
Goals of Public Policy
• Stone Part II
– Equity
– Efficiency
– Security
– Liberty
Defining Problems
• Stone Part III
– Symbols
– Numbers
– Causes
Agenda Setting
• Birkland Chapter 5
– Figure 5.1 Levels of the Agenda
– Power
– Indicators, Focusing Events, and Agenda Change
– Conditions and Problems
– Table 5.1 Types of Causal Theories with Examples
Policies & Solutions
• Stone Part IV
– Inducements
– Rules
– Rights
Policy Types and Policy Change
• Birkland Chapter 6
15
Lowi’s Policy Typology
as updated by Ripley and Franklin
• Distributive
• Protective Regulatory
• Competitive Regulatory
• Redistributive
16
Wilson’s Cost/Benefit Typology
Source: Derived from James Q. Wilson, Organizations and Public Policy. (New York: Basic Books, Chapter 16)
• Interest Group Politics
• Entrepreneurial Politics
• Client Oriented Politics
• Majoritarian Politics
Elements of Policy Design:
Birkland Chapter 7
• Goals
• Causal Model
• Targets
• Tools of the policy
• Implementation
Target Populations
• Ingram and Schneider Typology
– Advantaged Groups
– Contender Groups
– Dependent Groups
– Deviant Groups
Tools of Government:
(Salamon 2002)
• Dimensions
– Visibility
– Automaticity
– Coercion
– Directness
• Criteria
– Effectiveness
– Efficiency
– Equity
– Manageability
– Political
Feasibility
Tools of Government
source: Lester Salamon
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Direct Government
Economic Regulation
Social Regulation
Government Insurance
Public Information
Corrective Taxes, Charges
and Trading Permits
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Contracting Out
Grants
Loans / Loan Guarantees
Tax Expenditures
Vouchers
Tort Liability
Implementation & Policy Failure
• Political Commitment
• Administrative Capacity
• Bottom-up Implementation
• Top-down Implementation
• Conflict/Ambiguity Model
– Administrative
Implementation
– Political Implementation
– Symbolic Implementation
– Experimental
Implementation
Steps for a Policy Analysis
(adapted from Bardach’s “Eight-Step Path of Policy Analysis”)
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Define the Problem
Assemble Some Evidence
Construct the Alternatives
Select the Criteria
Project the Outcomes
Confront the Tradeoffs
Decide
Tell Your Story
PUB/POS 140 Final Exam
• When?
– Tuesday, May 13th
– 10:30am – 12:30am
– Arrive approximately 15
minutes early – so we
can hand out materials
and begin the exam can
promptly at 10:30!!
• Where?
– Our Lecture Center
– LC 7
• What should you bring?
– Two #2 pencils
– An eraser
– Your Student ID#
Good Luck!!!
A message from your TAs and your
instructor