A New Industrial Age
Chapter 6
US History – Honors
Section 1 Targets:
• By the end of this lesson,
I will be able to:
• 1. Explain how the
abundance of natural
resources, new recovery and
refining methods, and new
uses for them led to
intensive industrialization.
• 2. Identify inventions that
changed the way people
lived and worked.
Section 1:The Expansion of
Industry:
• Main Idea: At the end of
the 19th century, natural
resources, creative ideas,
and growing markets
fueled an industrial boom.
• Why it Matters Now:
Technological developments
of the late 19th century
paved the way for the
continued growth of
American Industry.
• Key Terms:
• Bessemer Process
•
•
•
•
•
Key Names:
Edwin L. Drake
Thomas Alva Edison
Christopher Sholes
Alexander Graham Bell
How do you feel today?
GREAT
I’m Here
ICK!
History is AWESOME!
E!
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Industrial Boom
• 3 Main Reasons US became the leading
Industrial Power by 1920:
• 1. Wealth of Natural Resources
• 2.Explosion of Inventions
• 3. Growing consumer population
Black Gold:
• In 1859, Edwin Drake
used a steam engine to
drill for oil
• This breakthrough
started an oil boom in the
Midwest and later Texas
• At first the process was
limited to transforming
the oil into kerosene and
throwing out the
gasoline -- a by-product
of the process
• Later, the gasoline was
used for cars
Bessemer Steel Process:
• Oil was not the only
valuable natural resource
• Coal and iron were
plentiful within the U.S.
• When you removed the
carbon from iron by
injecting air into the
molten iron, the result
was a lighter, more
flexible and rust resistant
compound – Steel
• The Bessemer process
did just that (Henry
Bessemer & William
Kelly)
BESSEMER CONVERTOR
CIRCA 1880
New Uses For Steel:
Brooklyn Bridge: NYC
• The railroads, with
thousands of miles of
track, were the
biggest customers
for steel
• Other uses emerged:
barbed wire, farm
equipment (plow),
bridge construction
(Brooklyn Bridge1883),and the first
skyscrapers
New Inventions Spur Industry:
• Can you imagine living
in a time when the
following inventions
were created?
• 1. Electricity (how
would we live without it
now?)
• 2. Telephone (no text
messaging yet)
• 3. Typewriter (before
this everything was
written by hand)
Electricity: Edison
“One percent inspiration and 99
percent perspiration.”
• 1876- Thomas Alva
Edison established the
world’s first research lab
in New Jersey
• There Edison perfected
the incandescent light
bulb in 1880
• Later he invented an
entire system for
producing and
distributing electricity
• By 1890, electricity
powered numerous
machines including
streetcars
The Typewriter:
This is the time period when
secretary jobs were
primarily held by
women….has this changed
much?
• Christopher Sholes
invented the
typewriter in 1867
• His invention forever
affected office work
and paperwork
• It also opened many
new jobs for women
• 1870: Women made
up less than 5% of
workforce 1910:
They made up 40%
The Telephone:
• Another important
invention of the late 19th
century was the
telephone
• Alexander Graham Bell
and Thomas Watson
unveiled their invention
in 1876
• By 1915 coast-to- coast
phone service began
paving the way for world
telecommunications
Which of the following devices could you live
without?
Cell Phone
Ipod
TV
Computer
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How did inventions change
American society?
• Factory work replaced jobs that had
been previously done at home (EX:
sewing clothes)
• Demand for laborers (Usually working
long hours in unsanitary conditions)
• Consumer power
• Creation of Advertising/Marketing jobs
Section 2: Targets
• By the end of this lesson, I will be able
to:
• 1. Identify the role of the railroads in unifying
the country.
• 2. List positive and negative effects of
railroads on the nation’s economy.
• 3. Summarize reasons for, and outcomes of,
the demand for railroad reform.
Section 2: The Age of the Railroads:
• Main Idea: The growth
and consolidation of
railroads benefited the
nation but also led to
corruption and required
government regulation.
• Why it Matters Now:
Railroads made possible
the expansion of
industry across the
United States.
•
•
•
•
•
• Key Names:
• George M. Pullman
Key Terms:
Transcontinental Railroad
Credit Mobilier
Munn vs. Illinois
Interstate Commerce Act
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Excellent…I watched the
History Channel!
Super… I read a history
related book.
Cool…I re-enacted history
battles.
Terrific…I wrote a history
essay!
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Before We Start: Story Time!!!
• The year is 1863 and
railroad construction is
booming. In six years,
the U.S. will be linked
by rail from coast to
coast. Central Pacific
Railroad employs mainly
Chinese immigrants to
blast tunnels, lay track,
and drive spikes, all for
low wages……
Railroads: Ideals v. Reality
•
•
•
•
IDEALS:
Adventure
Fresh Start
Land Ownership
•
•
•
•
REALITY:
Horrible working conditions
Disease
Death
A National Network:
• By 1869, tracks had been
laid across the continent
(Golden Spike- Utah)
• Immigrants from China
and Ireland and out-ofwork Civil War vets
provided most of the
difficult labor
• Thousands lost their lives
and tens of thousands
were injured laying track
Discussion Questions: Turn and Talk:
• 1. What dangers do you think the railroad
workers will encounter?
• 2. How will businesses and the general public
benefit from the transcontinental railroad?
• 3. How might railroad construction affect the
environment?
Phineas Gage
Phineas
Gage
• Phineas Gage
• Railroad blasting accident severed the frontal lobes from the
limbic system
Worker Discrimination
• White men would earn $40-$60 and worked a
ten hour day.
• Chinese worked from dawn until dusk and
earned $35 a month.
• 1866 Chinese workers were carving their way
through a granite mountain and became
trapped by 40 feet of snow on all sides. Five
months later workers were found with their
tools frozen in their hands.
Which of the following is NOT true in
regards to railroad work?
1. It was dangerous
2. There was rampant
discrimination
especially against
the Chinese.
3. Disease was a
problem
4. The pay was
adequate for the
type of work that
was being done.
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Railroad and Time:
• Before 1883, each
community still operated
on its own time
• For example: Noon in
Boston was 12 minutes
later than noon in New
York City
• Indiana had dozens of
different times
• No standard time
reference
• WHAT PROBLEM(S)
WOULD THIS CREATE?
Professor Dowd Creates Time
Zones:
•
•
•
•
•
In 1869, to remedy this
problem, Professor C.F.
Dowd proposed dividing the
earth into 24 time zones
The U.S. would be divided
into 4 zones: the eastern,
Central, Mountain, and
Pacific
1883 – Railroads
synchronized their watches
across U.S.
1884 – International
Conference adopts zones
US Congress did not adopt
this as the official time until
1918
THE WORLD IS DIVIDED INTO 24 TIME ZONES
THE UNITED STATES IS DIVIDED INTO 4 TIME ZONES
Who was responsible for creating standardized time
zones?
Henry Bessemer
C.F. Dowd
Christopher Sholes
Alexander Graham Bell
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Railroads Spur Other Industries:
• The rapid growth of the
railroad industry
influenced the iron, coal,
steel, lumber, and glass
businesses as they tried
to keep up with the
railroads demand for
materials
• The spread of the
railroads also led to the
growth of towns, new
markets, and opportunity
for profiteers
• It also linked isolated
communities together
Railroads Led to Growth of Cities:
Denver – The Mile
High City
• Many of today’s
major cities owe
their legacy to the
railroad
• Chicago,
Minneapolis,
Denver, and
Seattle all grew
up thanks to the
railroad
Pullman: A Factory and A Town
•
•
•
•
•
I think he pulls off this look
quite well….sorry
In 1880, George Pullman built a
factory for manufacturing
sleepers and other railroad cars
in Illinois
The nearby town Pullman built
for his employees was modeled
after early industrial European
towns
Pullman workers felt his
puritanical town was too strict
Pullman wanted a stable
workforce that he could control
in and out of the workplace
When he lowered wages but
not rent – it led to a violent
strike in 1894 (The lowered
wages were a result of 1893
panic)
How would you feel about living in a
company sponsored town?
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I like when people make
decisions for me.
It would have some
advantages like guaranteed
housing
I don’t like having others
control my private life.
Yikes…it is my worst
nightmare!
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Section 3:Targets
• By the end of the lesson, I will be able to:
• 1. Identify management and business strategies that
contributed to the success of business tycoons such
as Andrew Carnegie.
• 2. Explain Social Darwinism and its effects on society.
• 3. Summarize the emergence and growth of unions.
• 4. Explain the violent reactions of industry and
government to union strikes.
Section 3: Big Business and
Labor
• Andrew Carnegie
was one of the first
industrial moguls
• He entered the steel
industry in 1873
• By 1899, the
Carnegie Steel
Company
manufactured more
steel than all the
factories in Great
Britain combined
Carnegie Mellon University
Carnegie Business Practices:
ANDREW CARNEGIE
1835 -1919
• Carnegie initiated
many new business
practices such as;
• Searching for ways
to make better
products more
cheaply
• Accounting systems
to track expenses
• Attracting quality
people by offering
them stock &
benefits
Carnegie’s Vertical Integration:
• Carnegie attempted
to control as much of
the steel industry as
possible
• How? Vertical
integration; he
bought out his
suppliers (coal fields,
iron mines, ore
freighters, and rail
lines) in order to
control materials and
transportation
Horizontal Integration:
• Additionally, Carnegie
bought up the
competition through
friendly and hostile
takeovers
• This is known as
Horizontal Integration;
buying companies that
produce similar products
– in this case other steel
companies
• By 1901 he produced
80% of the nation’s steel
Business Growth and
Consolidation
•
•
•
•
•
Mergers (companies that
make similar products join
together) could result in a
monopoly
A monopoly is complete
control over an industry
A trust is when companies
that produce similar
products fix prices
An example of
consolidation: In 1870,
Rockefeller Standard Oil
Company owned 2% of the
country’s crude oil
By 1880 – it controlled 90%
of U.S. crude oil
Ruthless Rockefeller
•
•
•
•
•
Tactics Used:
Low wages to employees
Selling oil cheaper than it cost to produce it to force competitors out of
business
Received kickbacks (money) from higher railroad costs charged to
other oil companies.
People referred to men like Rockefeller as a “Robber Barron” (stealing
from the poor)
Robber Barons:
• Alarmed at the cut-throat
tactics of industrialists,
critics began to call them
“Robber Barons” (based
on European feudalism)
• Famous “Robber Barons”
included Carnegie,
Rockefeller, Vanderbilt,
Stanford, and J.P.
Morgan (pictured)
Political Cartoon
Social Darwinism:
Charles Darwin
LIMITED HIS
FINDINGS TO
THE ANIMAL
WORLD
Herbert Spencer
COINED THE
PHRASE
“SURVIVAL OF
THE FITTEST”
• The philosophy known as
Social Darwinism has its
origins in Darwin’s theory
of evolution
• Darwin theorized that
some individuals in a
species flourish and pass
their traits on while
others do not
• Social Darwinists (like
Herbert Spencer)
believed riches was a
sign of God’s favor, and
being poor was a sign of
inferiority and laziness
Laissez-Faire Economics
• Theory based on the French term “allow
to do”
• The marketplace should not be
interfered with by the government
through the use of regulations
• Basically: The more competition the
better!
Robber Barons Were Generous
Too:
• Despite being labeled as
greedy barons, rich
industrialists did have a
generous side
• When very rich people
give away lots of money
it is called “Philanthropy”
• Carnegie built libraries,
Rockefeller, Leland
Stanford, and Cornelius
Vanderbilt built schools
• Rockefeller and Carnegie
gave an estimated $825
million dollars to the
community
ROCKEFELLER
CHAPEL – UNIVERSITY
OF CHICAGO
Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth
• People should be allowed to earn as much
money as possible without interference BUT…
• People should also pass along money to
worthy causes
• In Carnegie’s case 90% of his wealth
What do think about Carnegie’s
“gospel of wealth”?
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1. Totally agree
2. Somewhat agree
3. Somewhat
disagree
4. Completely
disagree.
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act:
•
•
•
In 1890, the Sherman AntiTrust Act made it illegal to
form a monopoly (Trust)
Prosecuting companies
under the Act was not easy
– a business would simply
reorganize into single
companies to avoid
prosecution (Instead of 1
giant Standard Oil, there
would be many smaller
versions)
Seven of eight cases
brought before the Supreme
Court were thrown out
(Very difficult to enforce!)
Workers Had Poor Conditions:
•
•
•
Workers routinely worked 6
or 7 days a week, had no
vacations, no sick leave, and
no compensation for
injuries, worked in
unsanitary, poorly
ventilated environments
Injuries were common – In
1882, an average of 675
workers were killed PER
WEEK on the job
Men earned roughly $498
per year, women $269
and…Carnegie $23
MILLION
Which of the following best describes “laissez-faire
economics”?
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Government should regulate
business
People should have
restrictions on how much
money they make
Taxes should be distributed
equally
The more competition the
better
Go
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Craft Unions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Craft Unions were unions of
workers in a skilled trade
Samuel Gompers led the Cigar
Makers’ International Union to
join with other craft unions in
1886
Gompers became president of
the American Federation of
Labor (AFL)
He focused on collective
bargaining to improve
conditions, wages and hours
Collective bargaining (group
negotiations) were used but strikes
were also a popular tactic!
By 1915 the AFL won major
victories in wages (17.50 to 24
dollars a week) and in hours (54.5
to 49 hours per week)
Who is your fav superhero?
Superman
Batman
Wonder Woman
Aqua Man
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Industrial Unionism:
• Some unions were
formed with workers
within a specific
industry
• Eugene Debs
attempted this
Industrial Union with
the railway workers
• In 1894, the new
union won a strike
for higher wages and
at its peak had
150,000 members
Socialism and the IWW
•
•
•
Some unionists (including
Debs) turned to a socialism
– an economic and political
system based on
government control of
business and property and
an equal distribution of
wealth among all citizens
The International Workers
of the World (IWW) or
Wobblies, was one such
socialist union (Led by
William Haywood)
Called for the joining of all
workers (skilled, unskilled, all
genders and races)
Strikes Turn Violent:
•
•
•
•
Several strikes turned
deadly in the late 19th
century as workers and
owners clashed
The Great Strike of 1877:
Workers for the Baltimore
and Ohio Railroad struck to
protest wage cuts
Other rail workers across
the country struck in
sympathy
Federal troops were called
in to end the strike at the
request of President Hayes
The Pullman Strike:
• After the Pullman
Company laid off
thousands of workers
and cut wages, the
workers went on strike in
the spring of 1894
• Eugene Debs (American
Railroad Union) tried to
settle dispute which
turned violent
• Pullman hired scabs and
fired the strikers –
Federal troops were
brought in
• Debs was jailed
Women Organize:
• Although women were
barred from most unions,
they did organize behind
powerful leaders such as
Mary Harris Jones
• She organized the United
Mine Workers of America
• Mine workers gave her
the nickname, “Mother
Jones”
• Pauline Newman
organized the
International Ladies
Garment Workers Union
at the age of 16
Which union allowed all types of workers join their
organization?
1. AFL
2. Garment Workers
Union
3. IWW
4. Industrial Union
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Employers Fight Unions:
•
•
•
•
The more powerful the
unions became, the more
employers came to fear
them
Employers often forbade
union meetings and refused
to recognize unions
Employers forced new
workers to sign “Yellow Dog
Contracts,” swearing that
they would never join a
union
Despite those efforts, the
AFL had over 2 million
members by 1914
What do you think of modern day
unions?
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They are still necessary.
They should be limited.
They are unnecessary
but I don’t have an
issue with them.
They are unnecessary
and impede and
interfere with business.
Th
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Chapter 6 Main Theme
The Expansion of Industry:
• After the Civil War
(1865) the U.S. was still
largely agriculture
• By 1920, the U.S. was the
leading industrial power
in the world
• This enormous growth
was due to three factors;
1) Natural Resources
2) Governmental support
3) Urbanization