A New Nation and State
Grows
America and North Carolina
1790’s-1850
The Nation
• GEORGE WASHINGTON
• BECOMES FIRST
PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES – 17891796
• Whiskey Rebellion –
1791-1794
• First political parties
• 1. Federalists – believed
in strong national
government controlled by
the wealthy elite
• 2. DemocraticRepublicans – believed in
a limited national
government run by all
men.
1789
1789
• FRENCH REVOLUTION
BEGINS
• NOBILITY IS DRIVEN
FROM POWER AND
MANY ARE EXECUTED
• Neutrality Proclamation –
America will not get
involved in European
conflicts
1790
• WASHINGTON DC
ESTABLISHED AS
CAPITAL OF UNITED
STATES,
REPLACING NEW
YORK
• FIRST BANK OF THE
UNITED STATES
ESTABLISHED
• Alexander Hamilton
• Government could
deposit money and
make loans to
business
• National Mint –
government could
print money
1791
• JOHN ADAMS ELECTED
2ND PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
• XYZ Affair – 1798 –
French wanted bribes to
negotiate with America –
led to undeclared war
• Alien and Sedition Acts –
1798 – allowed the
President to deport
foreign citizens and made
it illegal to criticize
government policies.
1796
•Thomas Jefferson elected 3rd
President of the US
•LOUISIANA PURCHASE - 1803
•US BUYS MIDDLE THIRD OF
NORTH AMERICA FROM FRANCE
FOR $15 MILLION
•Lewis and Clark Expedition – 18041806 –Meriwether Lewis/William
Clark, Sacagawea
•Pike’s Expedition – 1806 – Zebulon
Pike
1800
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Sacagawea
1812-14
• WAR OF 1812
BETWEEN US AND
ENGLAND
• FOUGHT OVER
BORDER DISPUTES,
TRADE PROBLEMS,
AND IMPRESSMENT
• President – James
Madison
• Andrew Jackson – best
General for the US
• US WINS
• Florida added in 1819
• Missouri Compromise –
1820 – Henry Clay
• MONROE DOCTRINE –
James Monroe
• STATES THAT US WILL
NOT PERMIT EUROPEAN
NATIONS TO COLONIZE
OR INTERFERE WITH THE
AMERICAS
1823
Missouri Compromise
1828
• ANDREW JACKSON
BECOMES
SEVENTH
PRESIDENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
• Nullification Crisis
1820’s-1860’s – Westward
Expansion
•
•
•
•
Manifest Destiny
Oregon Trail
Santa Fe Trail
Immigrants moved
west following these
trails to settle in
California, Oregon
and other western
areas.
• Donner Party
1830
• INDIAN REMOVAL
ACT
• AUTHORIZED THE
REMOVAL OF ALL
INDIANS EAST OF
THE MISSISSIPPI TO
RESERVATIONS IN
THE WEST
Texas Independence 1836
• Texas becomes an
independent
country, breaking
away from Mexico
– joins the US in
1845
• Battle of the Alamo
1838-39
• TRAIL OF TEARS
• US ARMY MOVES
CHEROKEE INDIAN
TRIBE TO
OKLAHOMA
• 25% OF THE TRIBE
DIES DURING THE
JOURNEY
War with Mexico – 1846-1848
• United States defeats
Mexico in war
• Gains all of the
Southwest part of
America – California,
New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, parts of Texas
California Gold Rush - 1849
• Thousands of people
head to California
after gold is
discovered in 1848
• California has
tremendous
population growth –
leads to Compromise
of 1850
THE SOUTH AND COTTON
• COTTON BECOMES THE MAJOR CASH
CROP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES
• 1793 – COTTON GIN INVENTED BY ELI
WHITNEY
• Scientific agriculture
• COTTON BELT – SOUTH CAROLINA TO
EAST TEXAS
• SLAVE TRADE HAD BEEN OUTLAWED
IN 1808
Cotton Gin
Triangle Trade
1. Going to Europe – Raw materials
2. Going to Africa – trade goods
3. Going to America – Slaves
(Middle Passage)
Usually, one-third to one-half of
the slaves would die on the voyage
Cotton Belt
COTTON CONTINUED
• MOST COTTON WAS SHIPPED TO EUROPE,
ESPECIALLY ENGLAND
• Cotton production discouraged the growth of
Southern industry
• ABOUT ONE THIRD OF SOUTHERN WHITES
WERE SLAVEOWNERS. ONLY 25% OF THAT
COUNTED AS PLANTERS(OWNERS OF
MORE THAN 20 SLAVES)
• Yeomen - small farmers
• 1860 – 4 MILLION BLACK SLAVES IN SOUTH
• 250,000 free blacks in the South
Slavery Begins in America
• 1517 – Atlantic Slave Trade begins –
Spain imports slaves from Africa to Central
and South America (Native Americans
were tried first)
• Between 1517 and 1808, over 20 million
people are taken from West Africa. Half
did not survive to reach America
• 1619 – First Africans arrive in Jamestown,
Virginia – indentured servants
• Slaves were viewed as necessary for the
South’s agricultural economy.
The Middle Passage
• Most slaves were kidnapped by African
slavers or sold to slave traders by the
tribal kings
• Most were sent to “Seasoning Camps” first
• Triangle Trade – three-part voyage
• 1. Europe to Africa – guns, textiles,
manufactured goods
• 2. Africa to America – Middle Passage –
slaves to America - 6 to 8 weeks
• 3. America to Europe – sugar, tobacco,
cotton etc.
The Middle Passage
• Slave ships typically carried between 100
to 300 slaves, both men and women
• Most slaves were between the ages of 12
and 30
• Conditions on the trip were horrific.
Anywhere from 10% to 50% of the slaves
would not survive the trip
• Slave Auctions – slaves were sold
anywhere between $200 and $2500
usually
Graph for
Loading slaves
Aboard ship
SLAVERY
• SLAVES DID MANY DIFFERENT JOBS,
BUT WERE MOSTLY COMMONLY USED
FOR AGRICULTURE
• HOUSE SLAVES
• FIELD SLAVES
• GANG LABOR
• OVERSEERS
• DRIVERS – SLAVE FOREMAN
SLAVERY CONTINUED
• SLAVES WERE PROPERTY, NOT
PEOPLE
• SLAVES COULD NOT LEGALLY TRAVEL
OR BE TAUGHT TO READ OR WRITE
• SLAVE FAMILIES WERE FREQUENTLY
SPLIT UP
• PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT WAS
COMMON
SLAVERY CONTINUED
• RELIGION WAS USED TO SUPPORT
SLAVERY
• SLAVES TRIED TO KEEP THEIR
CULTURE THROUGH FOLKTALES AND
SPIRITUALS
• 1831 – NAT TURNER’S REBELLION
• Slave rebellions were the biggest fear for
white southerners
Underground Railroad
• 1830’s – escape system
set up by free Blacks,
escaped slaves, white
abolitionists, and religious
groups (Quakers)
• Harriet Tubman, Harriet
Jacobs
• 1810-1850 – 40,000
slaves escaped using the
Underground Railroad
Frederick Douglass
• Escaped slave
• Taught himself to read
and write
• Became leading
abolitionist and
speaker
Abolition
• Abolition – complete end
to slavery
• Emancipation – to free
from slavery
• Abolition groups –
religious groups,
Quakers,
Transcendentalists
• Not all abolitionists
agreed on what to do
• 1817 – American
Colonization Society –
group to send freed
slaves to Liberia
• Robert Finley
• Theodore Dwight Weld
• David Walker
• William Lloyd Garrison –
published the Liberator,
founded the American
Anti-slavery Society in
1833.
Abolition Leaders
William Lloyd Garrison
David Walker
Angelina and
Sarah Grimke
Theodore
Dwight
Weld
Opposition to Abolition
• Most Northern whites
were opposed to
Abolition
• Many worried that
freed slaves would
take their jobs
• The U.S. government
ignored the issue as
much as possible
• Southern whites
believed that slavery
was vital for their
economy
• Did not want
outsiders interfering
• Believed that blacks
were better off
• Drove most southern
abolitionists out
NORTH VS. SOUTH
INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
• TIME PERIOD BEGINNING IN MID 1700’S
WHEN PEOPLE BEGAN TO FOCUS ON USE
OF MACHINES TO HELP SPEED UP
MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION
• BEGAN IN ENGLAND – TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• TECHNOLOGY – TOOLS AND MACHINERY
USED TO PRODUCE GOODS
NEW METHODS
• MASS PRODUCTION
• MAKING OF LARGE
NUMBERS OF
IDENTICAL GOODS
• INTERCHANGEABLE
PARTS
• SYSTEM IN WHICH
EACH PARTICULAR
PART OF A
PRODUCT WOULD
BE MADE EXACTLY
THE SAME WAY
FACTORY WORKERS
• MANY WOMEN – Lowell System
• SMALL CHILDREN – Rhode Island
System
• MANY EMPLOYEES WORKED LONG
SHIFTS DOING DANGEROUS JOBS
FOR LOW PAY AND BENEFITS
• LABOR UNIONS – WORKERS
ORGANIZATIONS TO GET BETTER PAY
AND CONDITIONS – strikes and law suits
TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
• PERIOD DURING THE EARLY 1800’S IN
WHICH TRANSPORTATION IN THE US
WAS RAPIDLY IMPROVED
• STEAM POWER – Robert Fulton
• BOATS AND LOCOMOTIVES
• 30,000 MILES OF RAILROAD IN US BY
1860
• 1st transcontinental line finished in 1861
COMMUNICATION
• 1832 – SAMUEL
MORSE INVENTS
TELEGRAPH
• ENABLED
MESSAGES TO BE
SENT INSTANTLY
• Morse Code
• 1844 – 1st message
sent between two
locations
AGRICULTURAL AND HOME
IMPROVEMENTS
• STEEL PLOW – 1837
– JOHN DEERE
• MECHANICAL
REAPER – CYRUS
MCCORMICK –
BEGAN TO BE
MASS-PRODUCED
IN 1850’S
• SEWING MACHINE –
1846 – ELIAS HOWE
AND ISSAC SINGER
• ICEBOXES – 1830’S
• IRON COOKSTOVES
• CLOCKS
• INDOOR PLUMBING
North Carolina
Eastern Prosperity
• Farmers in Eastern North Carolina did well
during this time period
• Bright Leaf Tobacco
• Most political and economic power stayed
in the East
• Most Western farmers struggled –
subsistence farming
Rip Van Winkle State
• Few internal improvements
• Transportation system was poor – few
roads and waterways
• Most North Carolinians did not want to pay
taxes for public programs (education and
transportation)
• Archibald Debow Murphey – early
reformer
Slow Improvements
• Constitution of 1835 – spread power more
evenly between east and west, removed land
ownership from voting requirements
• 1830’s – 1840’s – improvement in transportation
– plank roads and first railroads – helped
western farmers and businesses move product
more easily
• Public education system begun in the 1850’s –
Calvin Wiley – first state education
superintendent
Reform Era Study Guide
Chapter 13
Religious Revival
•
•
•
•
2nd Great Awakening
1790’s-1830’s
Charles G. Finney
Believed that sin was
avoidable and each
person was
responsible for their
own salvation
• Led to large growth in
church membership
Transcendentalism
• Belief in spiritualism over
money and belongings
• Each person should rely
on themselves instead of
outside authority
• Ralph Waldo Emerson –
Self-Reliance – 1841
• Henry David Thoreau –
Walden - 1854
Utopian Communities
• Some
Transcendentalists
tried to form perfect
societies
• Brooks Farm
• Shakers – did not
believe in private
ownership, lived plain
lifestyle
Romanticism
• Belief that all
individuals brought
unique, important
views to the world
• Nathaniel Hawthorne
– Scarlet Letter
• Edgar Allan Poe
• Emily Dickinson
New Immigration
• 1840-1860 – 4 million
new immigrants
• Mostly German and
Irish – fleeing famine
and harsh
government
• Many native citizens
resented them and
feared that they would
take their jobs Nativists
• Know-Nothing Party –
opposed to
immigrants
• Major urban growth –
jobs in factories
• Middle class
• Poor people lived in
bad conditions tenements
Prison and Mental Health Reform
• Many people wanted
to improve society
• Dorothea Dix –
mental health
reformer
• Child Crime
• Prison Conditions
Alcohol Abuse
• 1830’s – average
person consumed 7
gallons of alcohol a
year
• Temperance
Movement – stop
drinking
• Lyman Beecher
Education Reform
• 1800’s – poor public
education
• Few resources, little
money, untrained
teachers, one-room
schools
• Many children worked
to support their
families
• Common-school
movement
• Horace Mann
• Lengthened school
year, better salaries
and training
Women and Minorities
• Few women went
past grade school
• Catharine Beecher
• Emma Willard
• Led to increased
opportunities for
women
• Oberlin College –
1837 – first co-ed
college
• Free Blacks in the
North had separate
schools at first
• Few colleges would
accept them – Oberlin
in 1835 was first
• Southern Blacks had
little to no Education
Seneca Falls Convention
• First women’s rights convention – July 1848 –
New York
• Beginning of the Women’s Rights movement
• Declaration of Rights and Sentiments
• Lucretia Mott
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Sojourner Truth
• Susan B. Anthony
Lucretia Mott
Sojourner Truth
Susan B. Anthony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton