A New Nation and State Grows America and North Carolina 1790’s-1850 The Nation • GEORGE WASHINGTON • BECOMES FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES – 17891796 • Whiskey Rebellion – 1791-1794 • First political parties • 1. Federalists – believed in strong national government controlled by the wealthy elite • 2. DemocraticRepublicans – believed in a limited national government run by all men. 1789 1789 • FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS • NOBILITY IS DRIVEN FROM POWER AND MANY ARE EXECUTED • Neutrality Proclamation – America will not get involved in European conflicts 1790 • WASHINGTON DC ESTABLISHED AS CAPITAL OF UNITED STATES, REPLACING NEW YORK • FIRST BANK OF THE UNITED STATES ESTABLISHED • Alexander Hamilton • Government could deposit money and make loans to business • National Mint – government could print money 1791 • JOHN ADAMS ELECTED 2ND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES • XYZ Affair – 1798 – French wanted bribes to negotiate with America – led to undeclared war • Alien and Sedition Acts – 1798 – allowed the President to deport foreign citizens and made it illegal to criticize government policies. 1796 •Thomas Jefferson elected 3rd President of the US •LOUISIANA PURCHASE - 1803 •US BUYS MIDDLE THIRD OF NORTH AMERICA FROM FRANCE FOR $15 MILLION •Lewis and Clark Expedition – 18041806 –Meriwether Lewis/William Clark, Sacagawea •Pike’s Expedition – 1806 – Zebulon Pike 1800 Meriwether Lewis William Clark Sacagawea 1812-14 • WAR OF 1812 BETWEEN US AND ENGLAND • FOUGHT OVER BORDER DISPUTES, TRADE PROBLEMS, AND IMPRESSMENT • President – James Madison • Andrew Jackson – best General for the US • US WINS • Florida added in 1819 • Missouri Compromise – 1820 – Henry Clay • MONROE DOCTRINE – James Monroe • STATES THAT US WILL NOT PERMIT EUROPEAN NATIONS TO COLONIZE OR INTERFERE WITH THE AMERICAS 1823 Missouri Compromise 1828 • ANDREW JACKSON BECOMES SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES • Nullification Crisis 1820’s-1860’s – Westward Expansion • • • • Manifest Destiny Oregon Trail Santa Fe Trail Immigrants moved west following these trails to settle in California, Oregon and other western areas. • Donner Party 1830 • INDIAN REMOVAL ACT • AUTHORIZED THE REMOVAL OF ALL INDIANS EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI TO RESERVATIONS IN THE WEST Texas Independence 1836 • Texas becomes an independent country, breaking away from Mexico – joins the US in 1845 • Battle of the Alamo 1838-39 • TRAIL OF TEARS • US ARMY MOVES CHEROKEE INDIAN TRIBE TO OKLAHOMA • 25% OF THE TRIBE DIES DURING THE JOURNEY War with Mexico – 1846-1848 • United States defeats Mexico in war • Gains all of the Southwest part of America – California, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, parts of Texas California Gold Rush - 1849 • Thousands of people head to California after gold is discovered in 1848 • California has tremendous population growth – leads to Compromise of 1850 THE SOUTH AND COTTON • COTTON BECOMES THE MAJOR CASH CROP OF THE SOUTHERN STATES • 1793 – COTTON GIN INVENTED BY ELI WHITNEY • Scientific agriculture • COTTON BELT – SOUTH CAROLINA TO EAST TEXAS • SLAVE TRADE HAD BEEN OUTLAWED IN 1808 Cotton Gin Triangle Trade 1. Going to Europe – Raw materials 2. Going to Africa – trade goods 3. Going to America – Slaves (Middle Passage) Usually, one-third to one-half of the slaves would die on the voyage Cotton Belt COTTON CONTINUED • MOST COTTON WAS SHIPPED TO EUROPE, ESPECIALLY ENGLAND • Cotton production discouraged the growth of Southern industry • ABOUT ONE THIRD OF SOUTHERN WHITES WERE SLAVEOWNERS. ONLY 25% OF THAT COUNTED AS PLANTERS(OWNERS OF MORE THAN 20 SLAVES) • Yeomen - small farmers • 1860 – 4 MILLION BLACK SLAVES IN SOUTH • 250,000 free blacks in the South Slavery Begins in America • 1517 – Atlantic Slave Trade begins – Spain imports slaves from Africa to Central and South America (Native Americans were tried first) • Between 1517 and 1808, over 20 million people are taken from West Africa. Half did not survive to reach America • 1619 – First Africans arrive in Jamestown, Virginia – indentured servants • Slaves were viewed as necessary for the South’s agricultural economy. The Middle Passage • Most slaves were kidnapped by African slavers or sold to slave traders by the tribal kings • Most were sent to “Seasoning Camps” first • Triangle Trade – three-part voyage • 1. Europe to Africa – guns, textiles, manufactured goods • 2. Africa to America – Middle Passage – slaves to America - 6 to 8 weeks • 3. America to Europe – sugar, tobacco, cotton etc. The Middle Passage • Slave ships typically carried between 100 to 300 slaves, both men and women • Most slaves were between the ages of 12 and 30 • Conditions on the trip were horrific. Anywhere from 10% to 50% of the slaves would not survive the trip • Slave Auctions – slaves were sold anywhere between $200 and $2500 usually Graph for Loading slaves Aboard ship SLAVERY • SLAVES DID MANY DIFFERENT JOBS, BUT WERE MOSTLY COMMONLY USED FOR AGRICULTURE • HOUSE SLAVES • FIELD SLAVES • GANG LABOR • OVERSEERS • DRIVERS – SLAVE FOREMAN SLAVERY CONTINUED • SLAVES WERE PROPERTY, NOT PEOPLE • SLAVES COULD NOT LEGALLY TRAVEL OR BE TAUGHT TO READ OR WRITE • SLAVE FAMILIES WERE FREQUENTLY SPLIT UP • PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT WAS COMMON SLAVERY CONTINUED • RELIGION WAS USED TO SUPPORT SLAVERY • SLAVES TRIED TO KEEP THEIR CULTURE THROUGH FOLKTALES AND SPIRITUALS • 1831 – NAT TURNER’S REBELLION • Slave rebellions were the biggest fear for white southerners Underground Railroad • 1830’s – escape system set up by free Blacks, escaped slaves, white abolitionists, and religious groups (Quakers) • Harriet Tubman, Harriet Jacobs • 1810-1850 – 40,000 slaves escaped using the Underground Railroad Frederick Douglass • Escaped slave • Taught himself to read and write • Became leading abolitionist and speaker Abolition • Abolition – complete end to slavery • Emancipation – to free from slavery • Abolition groups – religious groups, Quakers, Transcendentalists • Not all abolitionists agreed on what to do • 1817 – American Colonization Society – group to send freed slaves to Liberia • Robert Finley • Theodore Dwight Weld • David Walker • William Lloyd Garrison – published the Liberator, founded the American Anti-slavery Society in 1833. Abolition Leaders William Lloyd Garrison David Walker Angelina and Sarah Grimke Theodore Dwight Weld Opposition to Abolition • Most Northern whites were opposed to Abolition • Many worried that freed slaves would take their jobs • The U.S. government ignored the issue as much as possible • Southern whites believed that slavery was vital for their economy • Did not want outsiders interfering • Believed that blacks were better off • Drove most southern abolitionists out NORTH VS. SOUTH INDUSTRIES AND SOCIETY INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • TIME PERIOD BEGINNING IN MID 1700’S WHEN PEOPLE BEGAN TO FOCUS ON USE OF MACHINES TO HELP SPEED UP MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCTION • BEGAN IN ENGLAND – TEXTILE INDUSTRY • TECHNOLOGY – TOOLS AND MACHINERY USED TO PRODUCE GOODS NEW METHODS • MASS PRODUCTION • MAKING OF LARGE NUMBERS OF IDENTICAL GOODS • INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS • SYSTEM IN WHICH EACH PARTICULAR PART OF A PRODUCT WOULD BE MADE EXACTLY THE SAME WAY FACTORY WORKERS • MANY WOMEN – Lowell System • SMALL CHILDREN – Rhode Island System • MANY EMPLOYEES WORKED LONG SHIFTS DOING DANGEROUS JOBS FOR LOW PAY AND BENEFITS • LABOR UNIONS – WORKERS ORGANIZATIONS TO GET BETTER PAY AND CONDITIONS – strikes and law suits TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION • PERIOD DURING THE EARLY 1800’S IN WHICH TRANSPORTATION IN THE US WAS RAPIDLY IMPROVED • STEAM POWER – Robert Fulton • BOATS AND LOCOMOTIVES • 30,000 MILES OF RAILROAD IN US BY 1860 • 1st transcontinental line finished in 1861 COMMUNICATION • 1832 – SAMUEL MORSE INVENTS TELEGRAPH • ENABLED MESSAGES TO BE SENT INSTANTLY • Morse Code • 1844 – 1st message sent between two locations AGRICULTURAL AND HOME IMPROVEMENTS • STEEL PLOW – 1837 – JOHN DEERE • MECHANICAL REAPER – CYRUS MCCORMICK – BEGAN TO BE MASS-PRODUCED IN 1850’S • SEWING MACHINE – 1846 – ELIAS HOWE AND ISSAC SINGER • ICEBOXES – 1830’S • IRON COOKSTOVES • CLOCKS • INDOOR PLUMBING North Carolina Eastern Prosperity • Farmers in Eastern North Carolina did well during this time period • Bright Leaf Tobacco • Most political and economic power stayed in the East • Most Western farmers struggled – subsistence farming Rip Van Winkle State • Few internal improvements • Transportation system was poor – few roads and waterways • Most North Carolinians did not want to pay taxes for public programs (education and transportation) • Archibald Debow Murphey – early reformer Slow Improvements • Constitution of 1835 – spread power more evenly between east and west, removed land ownership from voting requirements • 1830’s – 1840’s – improvement in transportation – plank roads and first railroads – helped western farmers and businesses move product more easily • Public education system begun in the 1850’s – Calvin Wiley – first state education superintendent Reform Era Study Guide Chapter 13 Religious Revival • • • • 2nd Great Awakening 1790’s-1830’s Charles G. Finney Believed that sin was avoidable and each person was responsible for their own salvation • Led to large growth in church membership Transcendentalism • Belief in spiritualism over money and belongings • Each person should rely on themselves instead of outside authority • Ralph Waldo Emerson – Self-Reliance – 1841 • Henry David Thoreau – Walden - 1854 Utopian Communities • Some Transcendentalists tried to form perfect societies • Brooks Farm • Shakers – did not believe in private ownership, lived plain lifestyle Romanticism • Belief that all individuals brought unique, important views to the world • Nathaniel Hawthorne – Scarlet Letter • Edgar Allan Poe • Emily Dickinson New Immigration • 1840-1860 – 4 million new immigrants • Mostly German and Irish – fleeing famine and harsh government • Many native citizens resented them and feared that they would take their jobs Nativists • Know-Nothing Party – opposed to immigrants • Major urban growth – jobs in factories • Middle class • Poor people lived in bad conditions tenements Prison and Mental Health Reform • Many people wanted to improve society • Dorothea Dix – mental health reformer • Child Crime • Prison Conditions Alcohol Abuse • 1830’s – average person consumed 7 gallons of alcohol a year • Temperance Movement – stop drinking • Lyman Beecher Education Reform • 1800’s – poor public education • Few resources, little money, untrained teachers, one-room schools • Many children worked to support their families • Common-school movement • Horace Mann • Lengthened school year, better salaries and training Women and Minorities • Few women went past grade school • Catharine Beecher • Emma Willard • Led to increased opportunities for women • Oberlin College – 1837 – first co-ed college • Free Blacks in the North had separate schools at first • Few colleges would accept them – Oberlin in 1835 was first • Southern Blacks had little to no Education Seneca Falls Convention • First women’s rights convention – July 1848 – New York • Beginning of the Women’s Rights movement • Declaration of Rights and Sentiments • Lucretia Mott • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Sojourner Truth • Susan B. Anthony Lucretia Mott Sojourner Truth Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton