Georgia Performance Standards:
SS8H1b: Evaluate the impact of European contact on
Native American culture; include Spanish missions
along the barrier islands and the explorations of
Hernando DeSoto.
1
Unit 3 Vocabulary Terms Part I
1. Renaissance: the European civilization form the 1300s to 1600
characterized by an increased interest in art and learning
2. Charter: A written contract issued by a government that
grants special rights and privileges.
3. Colony: A group of people who leave their native country to
form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected
with, the parent nation.
4. Conquistador: A Spanish explorer and conqueror who sought
to destroy and take over existing cultures in the Americas in
the 1500s.
5. Azilia: A proposed colony on the land between Spanish Florida
and English Carolina.
6. Mission: A group of people sent to a foreign country to
conduct negotiations, establish relationships, provide
scientific and technical assistance.
2
Reasons for Exploration
• The Renaissance (“rebirth”; time of new ideas
in Europe) brought about changes in learning,
religion, and trade.
• Spices were in great demand by Europeans
because meat and fish spoiled too quickly.
There were no refrigerators!
• People used spices such as salt, pepper,
cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves to help
preserve food and to help improve its
flavor.
3
Reasons for Exploration
• Customers wanted exotic spices and fabrics
from Asia, but transporting spices across great
distances by land cost too much money.
• Business owners wanted to make bigger
profits. Therefore, a shortcut was needed to
get merchandise from Asia to Europe
(Supply & Demand).
4
Reasons for
Exploration
• The 3 main reasons that kings and queens
(monarchs) financed expeditions (trips) to the
New World:
A. God: To spread Christianity to more people.
B. Gold: To find riches (Gold, silver, precious stones,
& exotic trinkets).
C. Glory: To become historically famous and to add
more territory to their kingdom.
(http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cf
m?guidAssetId=cd6df36d-b595-40f0-8064d6c6b885a409)
5
Spanish/Portuguese Explorers Chart
Refer to pages 40-44
Name________________
Date_________________
Class _________________
Portuguese Explorers
• Portuguese explorers continued to travel
farther down the coast of Africa.
• 1488-Bartolomeu Dias traveled around the
southern tip of Africa. The Portuguese named
the tip the Cape of Good Hope.
• 1497-Vasco da Gama and his sailors were the
1st Europeans to discover a sea route to Asia.
became the leader of exploration.
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8
European Exploration
• Spain and England wanted to compete with
Portugal to discover new sea routes, too!
-If you controlled the seas, then you
controlled trade with Asia= Power & Wealth
9
Spanish Conquistadors
• Conquistador- a Spanish explorer and conqueror
who sought to destroy and take over existing
cultures in the Americas in the 1500s.
• As they explored the Americas, they used guns
and swords to defeat Native Americans. The
Native Americans used bows and arrows,
and stone tools.
• Without knowing it, the explorers carried
diseases with them (smallpox, malaria, and
measles). These diseases killed many of the
natives in the Americas.
10
Christopher Columbus
• August 1492-Italian Christopher Columbus and
his group of ships (Santa Maria, Pinta, & Niña) left
Spain to find spices and gold for King Ferdinand &
Queen Isabella.
• October 12, 1492- He found islands which he
thought were part of the Caribbean (A.K.A. West
Indies).
• He brought back Native Americans (mistakenly
calling them “Indians”).
• He did not find much gold.
• The King and Queen of Spain named him,
Admiral of the Ocean Sea.
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12
Exploration by Spain
• Due to Christopher Columbus’s success in the New
World, Spain began to finance more voyages to the
Americas.
began to claim more territory and riches than
England and France.
• Juan Ponce de León was determined to find the
“Fountain of Youth” in Florida (claimed for Spain). He
came to Florida as early as 1513.
• Ponce de León discovered a powerful ocean current
called the Gulf Stream.
• This ocean current flows from the Gulf of Mexico north
along the eastern coast before turning east toward
Europe…This helped explorers get back home to
Europe quicker!
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14
Exploration by Spain
• Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón tried to create the first
Spanish settlement along the east coast.
• 1521-He settled in present day North Carolina
and then moved on to South Carolina.
• 1526-He started a colony named San Miguel de
Gauldape off the coast of present day Georgia,
but it lasted for only one year.
• Many of the settlers and Lucas Vásquez de Ayllón
died at the San Miguel de Gauldape colony.
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Hernando DeSoto
• 1540-Hernando De Soto and his army (about 600 men)
were the 1st Europeans to enter what is now known as
Georgia.
• They were also the 1st Europeans to cross the
Appalachian Mountains.
• The Spaniards marched through Florida, Georgia, and
South Carolina, but never found the gold they sought.
• They brutally killed many Native Americans.
• Four years later, De Soto died after sustaining injuries
during battle and his men never found cities of gold.
Half of his army died during the expedition.
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Spanish Missions in Georgia
• Spain built missions, churches, with small
communities around them.
• They were built along the Atlantic coast in an
attempt to bring Christianity to the Indians.
• Also, the missions helped to keep French explorers
and army off the coast.
• 1566-Pedro Menéndez de Avilés started a mission
on St. Catherine’s Island called the Guale Mission.
• Spain controlled the coast and southern part of
Georgia for 100+ years with missions and military
posts.
• By 1700, Spain controlled much of the Americas
(South America, Central America, and Mexico).
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Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
created this mission
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Comprehension Check Questions
(1) What are the 3 Gs of Exploration and what
was the purpose for each “G”?
(2) What was Hernando De Soto searching for in
the southeastern area of North America?
(3) De Soto’s army became famous for being the
1st Europeans to cross the _____________ in
North America.
(4) What was the purpose of Spanish missions?
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Georgia Performance Standards:
SS8H1c: Explain reasons for European exploration and
settlement of North America, with emphasis on the
interests of the French, Spanish, and the British in the
southeastern area.
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French Explorers
Explorer
Area Explored
End Results
Jean Ribault
René de
Laudonniére
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Exploration by France
• They were looking for riches, fame, religious
freedom.
• The official religion of France was Catholicism,
but the Huguenots wanted religious freedom.
• In 1562, Jean Ribault brought French Protestants
called Huguenots to settle in present day South
Carolina and created Fort Charlesfort.
• The French Huguenots and the Spanish Roman
Catholics constantly fought in South Carolina.
• Three years later, the Huguenots back to France.
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Exploration by France
• In 1564, René de Laudonniére took more
Huguenots back to North America. They settled in
Florida (present day Jacksonville) and created Fort
Caroline.
• The Huguenots ran out of supplies and Jean
Ribault was sent to Florida to bring more supplies
and soldiers.
• The Huguenots and the Spanish settlers of St.
Augustine fought each other over territory.
• Spanish conquistador Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
and his men fought/conquered Ribault and the
Huguenots.
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French Land in North America
• By the 1600s, French explorers had claimed:
A. Ohio River Valley
B. Mississippi River Valley
C. the entire Great Lakes region
• By 1760, the French colony of New France had
80,000 people
24
Map of New France in 1750
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Georgia Performance Standards:
SS8H1c: Explain reasons for European exploration and
settlement of North America, with emphasis on the
interests of the French, Spanish, and the British in the
southeastern area.
26
Unit 3 Vocabulary Terms Part II
6. Malcontent: Not satisfied or content with current
conditions or circumstances.
7. Mercantilism: An economic theory in which
government controls trade and attempts to transfer
wealth from colonies to the home country.
8. Indentured Servant: A person who sold his or her labor
to a person in return for passage to the New World.
9. Monopoly: A company that eliminates it competition
and controls an industry.
10. Trustee: A person who is appointed to take care of
business or property for the benefit of someone else.
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Exploration by England
• People from England wanted to find a new home
in America because of:
1. Population= Overcrowded cities
2. Food Shortage = The English countryside could
not produce enough food for all the people.
3. Religious Freedom = Some people did want to
practice the religion of the Church of England.
4. Mercantilism = Wanted new economic
opportunities (more chances to sell and buy
things)
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Exploration by England
• Spain and England were enemies and
competitors.
• Spain’s official religion was Catholicism and
England’s was Protestant.
• During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, their navies
fought a major battle at sea and England
won…ENGLAND BECOMES THE MOST
POWERFUL COUNTRY IN THE WORLD!
Remember: If you control the sea, you have the
most power!
• Now, England wanted to create its own colonies
in North America.
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Failed Exploration by England
• 1585-Queen Elizabeth I gave
Sir Walter Raleigh
permission to start a colony
in Virginia, at Roanoke
Island.
• This colony was not
successful, because the
settlers ran out of food and
supplies.
• The colonist disappeared
without a trace; therefore, it
is known as the “Lost
Colony.”
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English Colonies in North America
• 1607-King James I granted
two charters with
businesses to create
colonies.
• Charter: A written contract
issued by a government
that grants special rights
and privileges.
• The colony named
Jamestown was started in
Virginia with 100 people.
• John Smith was the leader
of Jamestown.
• 1612-A new type of tobacco was
developed at Jamestown and
became popular in England.
• Indentured servants came to
Jamestown for a better life. An
indentured servant is a person
who agree to be someone’s
servant so they will pay for them
to go to the New World.
• 1619-The 1st African slaves were
brought to Jamestown.
• This was England’s 1st succes sful
colony!
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Other English Colonies
• 1620- English pilgrims landed at Plymouth.
• 1663- Carolina became a colony.
• 1670- English settlers created Charlestown
(name was changed to Charleston).
• 1685- The English settlers of Charlestown
allows the French Huguenots to move in
(wanted religious freedom).
• 1700s- The English and Spanish fought over
land from South Carolina to Georgia.
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English Colonies in North America
• By the 1700’s, the French and Spanish had lost power
in Georgia.
• The English controlled all guns and products to the
Native Americans. (Monopoly- a company that
eliminates it competition and controls an industry)
• English traders began to cheat and mistreat the Native
Americans because the English had all the power. That
is the problem with a monopoly!
• 1715- The Yamasee tribe (Creek Indians) led an attack
against the English traders of Carolina. The English
settlers were able to beat the Yamasees and force
them to move to the area known as Alabama.
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New World-Old World Exchanges
• Both the New World (North and South America) and the
Old World (Europe) benefited from exploration.
Old World Benefits
New World Benefits
• Agricultural Products – Rye,
radishes, beets, sugar cane, rice,
peaches, and wheat all came from
Europe to the New World.
• Agricultural Products – Corn, white
potatoes, yams (sweet potatoes),
peanuts, and pumpkins all came
from the New World and were
taken to Europe.
• Animals – Horses, chickens, pigs,
oxen, sheep, goats, and cattle all
came from Europe to the New
World. Many of these animals
destroyed the land and led to the
extinction of some native animals.
• Animals – Turkeys were brought
from the New World and taken to
Europe.
The Creation of Georgia
SS8H2: The student will analyze the colonial period of
Georgia History.
Explain the importance of James Oglethorpe, the
Charter of 1732, reasons settlement (charity,
economics, and defense), Tomochichi, Mary
Musgrove, and the city of Savannah.
35
The Creation of Georgia
• England wanted a barrier between the Spanish
colonies in Florida and the English colonists in
Carolina.
• 1717- Sir Robert Montgomery proposed (thought
of) a new colony built in the area now known as
Georgia. This proposed colony was called Azilia.
• Due to fears of attacks from the Native Americans
and the Spanish in Florida, Azilia was never
created.
36
James Oglethorpe
• James Oglethorpe was born
in England in 1696.
• He was elected into
Parliament at 25 years old. He
wanted reform (change) in
the Jail System in England.
• One of Oglethorpe’s friends
was put in debtor prison (a
person who owes someone
money that they can not pay
back). His friend died in
prison.
• James Oglethorpe is
considered the founder and
father of Georgia.
The Creation of Georgia
• At this time, people in England could go to prison
for being in debt (owing money).
• James Oglethorpe asked the King for a colony
between South Carolina and Florida to send
debtors instead of prison.
• Also, this proposed colony would ease:
1. Overcrowding population in England
2. Solve the homeless problem in England
3. Provide work opportunities for the unemployed
people of England.
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The Creation of Georgia
• 1730- James Oglethorpe
and 20 other important
men became trustees of
Georgia (named in honor
of King George II).
• 1732- The trustees
decided to only allow
“worthy poor” people
with good character to
move to Georgia.
James Edward Oglethorpe
King George II
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1. Charity – relief for debtors
and the “worthy” poor
(humanitarian effort)
2. Economics (money) – a self-supporting colony that
would provide cheap natural resources for Britain
3. Defense - protection between FL and Charleston;
easy to defend because of geography – think regions!
Charter of 1732
• In 1732, King George II created a charter
allowing 21 Trustees to create a Georgia
colony and oversee it (take care of it) for 21
years.
• It included the land between the Savannah
and Altamaha rivers and extended west to the
Pacific Ocean.
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Charter of 1732- Primary Document
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The Creation of Georgia
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Georgia’s 21 trustees established rules:
Colonists could not own land in Georgia
Only men could inherit land
No liquor
No Catholics
No slavery
No lawyers
No gambling
•
115 settlers and Oglethorpe traveled 2 months to Georgia.
•
They sailed to Charleston. Then, Oglethorpe, the Georgia
militia (army), and two leaders from Charleston traveled to
Georgia.
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Who gets to go?
• People applied in newspapers.
• Those who were selected were hardworking
people, just down on their luck.
• 35 Families were selected
• No debtors were selected!!
• Those chosen were promised 50 acres of land,
tools, and enough food for one year.
• They needed skilled colonists:
– Farmers, Carpenters, Tailors, Bakers, Merchants
The Creation of Georgia
• The 21 Trustees reached Yamacraw Bluff (modern day
Savannah) and met John & Mary Musgrove, Yamacraw
Indians (Creek Indians), and Chief Tomochichi.
• Oglethorpe formed a treaty with Chief Tomochichi in
order to settle at Yamacraw Bluff.
• Oglethorpe and others went back to Charlestown to
bring the colonists to Georgia.
• February 12, 1733-They arrive at Yamacraw Bluff
(colonists named it Savannah).
• Treaty of Savannah was signed by Oglethorpe and
group of Creek Chiefs…The Creek Indians gave the
colonists the land and the colonists agreed to trade
with the Creeks at set prices.
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Tomochichi and Mary Musgrove
• Oglethorpe became friends with Tomochichi, chief of
the Yamacraw Indians (Creek Indians).
• The Yamacraw Indians were struggling to survive.
Tomochichi believed that Oglethorpe would benefit his
people and form a new trading partnership.
• Mary Musgrove and her husband John created a
trading post (a place to trade goods) near the
Yamacraw Bluff (Savannah) where they would trade
British goods with the Native Americans.
• Tomochichi spoke very little English so Mary Musgrove
served as the interpreter between Oglethorpe and
Tomochichi.
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City of Savannah
• Built along Yamacraw
bluff on the Savannah
River.
• First planned city in the
New World.
• First year 25% of the
settlers died due to
contaminated drinking
water. They died of
dysentery.
The Salzburgers Arrive in GA
• Forty original settlers died in the first year, so new
people were brought from Europe.
• Salzburgers – In 1733, a group of German protestants
from Salzburg, Germany arrived. They came to America
because of religious persecution. They settled about 25
miles from Savannah.
• Oglethorpe and Chief Tomochichi returned from a trip
to England in 1736 with 300 more settlers, including
religious leaders John and Charles Wesley. They started
the Methodist religion.
The Highland Scots and the Malcontents
• The Highland Scots (from Scotland) arrived and
settled in Darien, GA in 1735.
• Some of the Highland Scots became unhappy
with the Trustees and the colony rules. They
became known as the Malcontents.
• Malcontents wanted to purchase additional
land and enslave Native Americans to help them
achieve greater wealth.
Spanish Threat from Florida
• After the explorations of Hernando DeSoto and other
Spanish conquistadors, Florida was colonized by Spain.
• The Spanish were interested in the land north of their
colony that later became Georgia.
• The British built Fort Frederica in Georgia in an effort
to protect the colony.
• Georgian soldiers led an attack on St. Augustine,
Florida in 1740. Two years later the Spanish attacked
Fort Frederica.
Battle of Bloody Marsh
• The Battle of Bloody Marsh was the main battle
between British Georgia and Spanish Florida.
Oglethorpe led the Georgia soldiers to victory
(though he did not capture St. Augustine) and
Spain never again attacked a British colony on the
eastern coast.
• English had 650 troops. Spanish had 2,000 troops.
• Oglethorpe (English colony leader) placed
soldiers on left and right side of road.
• Spanish are marching – British attack
• Spanish run out of ammunition, captain wounded
Marshes
End of the Trustee Period
• In 1743, Oglethorpe was called to Great Britain facing charges
that he had not acted correctly when he failed to capture St.
Augustine.
• Many changes happened in Georgia at this time:
1. People were also allowed to begin buying and selling rum
(alcohol) in 1742.
2. People wanted to own more land and slaves. By 1750, land
laws (each person could only own 500 acres of land) and
anti-slavery laws were repealed (gotten rid of). People
were now able to own as much land and as many slaves as
they could afford.
• In 1752, one year before the end of the Charter of 1732, the
trustees returned Georgia to King George II and Georgia
became a Royal Colony.
Georgia’s Change in Government
• Georgia became a Royal Colony when the Trustee
Period ended in 1752.
• Royal Colony – Colony overseen (taken care of) by the
king/queen of England.
Three Royal Governors:
John Reynolds
• John Reynolds – Georgia’s first royal governor
• Governor from 1754 to 1757
• Governor Reynolds created a bicameral (two houses)
legislature and the creation of a court system.
• Due to a disagreement between Governor Reynolds and the
legislature, the legislature was sent home. Reynolds tried
and failed to rule Georgia himself.
• The British Parliament fired Reynolds in 1757 and said that
he was not good at his job.
Three Royal Governors:
Henry Ellis
• Henry Ellis – Georgia’s second royal governor
• Governed from 1757-1760
• Governor Ellis tried to learn from the mistakes of John
Reynolds. Ellis set up a budget and kept track of trade with
the Native Americans.
• During this time, the size of the colony of Georgia. By 1759,
the colony had increased to over 10,000 people, including
3,600 slaves.
• In 1759, Henry Ellis became ill and returned to Great Britain.
He was replaced as the governor of Georgia in 1760.
Three Royal Governors:
James Wright
• James Wright – Georgia’s third (and last) royal
governor
• Governed from 1760-1776
• After the French and Indian War ended in 1763,
Georgia gained a large amount of land.
• James Wright was the Royal Governor of Georgia
until the Revolutionary War.
Failures & Gains of Colony
Gains
Failures
•
Few debtors ever reached colony’s
shores.
•
5,500 people settled in Georgia and
built new homes to start their lives.
•
Colony was an economic failure (did
not make money).
•
Protestants were able to practice
their religion freely.
•
Many colonists moved elsewhere.
•
•
Rum and slavery were eventually
introduced after all.
Georgia and Carolina were safe from
Spanish invasion and had worked out
treaties with Indians.
•
Colonists gained ownership of land
and women could inherit property.
•
Colony survived despite hardships of
the first 20 years.
•
Lack of leadership after Oglethorpe
left. The colony had 4 different leaders
before it became a Royal Colony.