Foreign Policy

 What is foreign policy?
 For what reasons did the United States acquire territories such as Florida, Louisiana and Texas?
 Did these territories have political, social or economic reasons to be acquired? What were they?
 Why would the United States want to acquire lands outside the borders of the continental United States?

Spanish-American War

 1890 – Spain’s empire was Cuba, the Philippines,
Puerto Rico, and some smaller islands
 Most Cubans were poor peasants and laborers
 US raised tariff on foreign sugar
 Cuban exiles returned home and declared Cuba independent from Spain
 Spain went to crush the rebellion

Spanish-American War

 Spain’s treatment of the Cubans led to concerns in the US
 Yellow journalism helped fueled concerns by over
sensationalizing what was happening in Cuba
 Americans wanted to protect their investments in
Cuba

Spanish-American War

 1898 – De Lome letter
 Spanish ambassador called President McKinley
“weak”
 Shortly afterwards, USS Maine sent to Cuba to protect Americans
 Sunk by an explosion that killed 258 US sailors an injured many others
 Cause remains unknown but newspapers blamed the
Spanish

Spanish-American War

 US angry, and Spain promised to halt fighting but not give Cubans independence
 War fought on 2 fronts – Pacific and Caribbean
 US went to Philippines to help Filipinos rebels against Spain
 Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders defeat the Spanish in San Juan Hill in Cuba
 Within four months, Spain was defeated
 US was in occupation of Philippines, Cuba, Puerto
Rico, and Guam

Spanish-American War

 The Spanish-American
War became a turning point for the US
 In your table groups, use your textbook and devices to research the causes and effects of the
Spanish-American War
 You will have 20 minutes.


 Think about European imperialism from last year in world history
 Write a one page comparison between why the US started its imperialistic pursuits and why Europe started its own and how both were similar and different in their approaches.


Spanish-American War

 What events prompted Americans to become vocal about U.S. involvement in Cuba?
 (The De Lome letter called McKinley weak which angered
Americans. The U.S.S. Maine was sent to Cuba to protect
American lives and property, but was sunk. Yellow journalism sensationalized the news about Cuba which caused Americans to become concerned about investments and trade in Cuba.)
Would the actions of the U.S. be considered isolationist? Why or why not?
 (The U.S. involvement in the Spanish American war are not considered isolationist in that the U.S. became directly involved in the affairs of a European country, Spain, by engaging in conflict.)

American Imperialism

 After the Spanish-American War, the
US started to take colonies like
Europe.
 Look at the Imperialism Quotes. Read the quotes and summarize the arguments for and against imperialism on Geography of
American Expansionism
 Draw a map of America’s colonial empire below. Use callout boxes to explain reasons for and against keeping the colonies of Philippines,
Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Samoa, and Midway. Do the best you can.
You are not graded on artistic merit.
 You will have 30 minutes.

American Imperialism

 What are the advantages of keeping the colonies?
 U.S. influence spreads through the Pacific; new markets open for American industry; U.S. more able to spread democracy across the world; America can protect trade with naval stations around the world, etc.
 What are the disadvantages to keeping the colonies?
 colonies revolt against American control; violates
American principles of self-government and popular sovereignty, etc.

Power Position Cards

 For each person, event, or policy on the list, answer the question: “How did this event, person, or policy move the United States into a position of world power?”
 Draw a small picture underneath it

World War I

 In your table groups, get out one piece of paper
 The first person will have 1 minute to write everything they know about World War I
 Pass it right, and you will have 30 seconds to add to it
 Pass it right, and you will have 30 seconds to add to it
 Pass it right, and you will have 30 seconds to add to it

World War I

 What were the underlying causes of WWI?
 Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, and Alliance
System
 What was the spark that caused WWI?
 Assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand, 1914
 Who fought in it?
 The Allies and the Central Powers
 Allies: France, Great Britain
 Central: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

World War I

 What kind of warfare was it?
 Trench warfare
 Two Fronts – Western Front (France) and Eastern
Front (Russia)
 Where was the US?
 We were attempting to follow the traditional
American policy of neutrality
 Wilson promised during re-election to stay out of the war

World War I

 So why did the US become involved?
 Closer ties to the Allies
 German actions and Allied propaganda
 Zimmerman Telegram
 Secret message from the German Foreign minister to
Mexico promising to return US territories to Mexico if
Mexico would help Germany fight the US
 Freedom of the Seas

WWI

 Freedom of the Seas?
 Germany started a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare
 The British blockade stopped arms and foods from being
shipped to Germany and the US became the Allies main
supplier.
 The Lusitania was a British passenger ship sank by the
Germans. It killed more than 1,000 passengers, including 128
Americans
 Americans were obviously angry
 Sussex Pledge
 French ship that provided ferry service on the English channel that was sank by a German submarine killing 50 passengers
 Wilson threatened to cut off relations and Germany promised to stop sinking ocean liners without prior warning

World War I

 Freedom of the Seas?
 Near starvation, Germany announced that would
sink all ships in the blockaded areas – unrestricted submarine warfare
 Violated the idea of “freedom of the seas” – the right of neutral nations (like the US) to ship non-military goods to nations at war
 German submarines attacked American merchant vessels and Wilson asked Congress to declare war on
Germany

World War I

 With a partner, you will work to give a summary of each event from World War I
 You will give a date for the event
 If it was a cause of WWI, put why
 If it was a reason for the US to enter the war, put why
 You will have the whole class period

World War I

 In small groups, you will travel to each placard to consider how each discovery or innovation changed the course of war or of history.
 As you travel to each placard, answer the questions on the recording sheet

World War I – Pre-AP

 Using the events from the previous activity, create an annotated timeline of the events

Major Events of WWI

 The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) under the
command of John J. Pershing were sent to Europe to fight after war was declared.
 Pershing was a veteran of several conflicts (including
San Juan Hill) and insisted American soldiers be properly trained before being sent to fight
 Few American troops sent to Europe before 1918

Major Events of WWI

 Battle of Argonne Forest
 One of the greatest battles in 1918 in France near the
Belgian border
 Battle lasted one and half months and thought to have helped lead directly to armistice

World War I

 You are going to be given articles and readings based on the major events of World War I
 For each section, your group will write a summary of what it was about and how the US contributed to
WWI

US Involvement in WWI

 In your table groups, analyze the four primary sources given and answer each of the questions.
 On the back, answer the following questions:
 What evidence supports remaining neutral?
 What evidence supports an American desire to become a world power?
 Do you think President Wilson incorporated the wishes of the American people into the Fourteen Points?
 What would have changed the outcome of World War I?

WWI Outcomes

 Economic
 U.S. market expands and finds more resources.
 Wartime production fuels the economy.
 Increased industrialization, increased exports, increased agricultural production.
 Scientific discoveries and innovations in medical, military, and agriculture make national more competitive militarily and economically.

 Political
WWI Outcomes

 U.S. attempts to facilitate a national organization to maintain the world order through the League of
Nations.
 Congress rules that the U.S. mail could not be used for sending treasonous material.
 Espionage Act
 Selective Service Act

WWI Outcomes

 Social
 Americans accept more government control over certain aspects of daily life to support the war effort.
(Select Service, Espionage Act, food regulation, industrial production, etc.)

WWI Outcomes

 Geographic
 Treaty of Versailles established new political boundaries in Europe.
 U.S. placed naval stations in Hawaii to protect world trade.
 Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico become U.S territories.
 Panama Canal zone is built and managed.

EPGS Charts

 Using what we just discussed, complete EPGS chart for the outcomes of WWI.

Assignment

 Create a political cartoon supporting a point of view on Wilson’s 14 points and the Treaty of Versailles.