World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Greece and Persia
The Big Idea
Over time the Persians came to rule a great empire which eventually brought
them into conflict with the Greeks.
Main Ideas
•
Persia became an empire under Cyrus the Great.
•
The Persian Empire grew stronger under Darius I.
•
The Persians fought Greece twice in the Persian Wars.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 1: Persia became an empire under Cyrus the Great.
•
Jews in Jerusalem revolted against the Romans in the 130s.
•
Cyrus the Great won independence for Persia from the Medes, marking the
beginning of the Persian Empire.
•
Cyrus conquered many people but let them keep their own customs.
•
This kept people from rebelling against his strong empire.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
The Persian Army
The army was composed of
Immortals, which were
10,000 soldiers chosen for
their bravery and skill.
The army also had a cavalry,
a unit of soldiers who ride
horses. Cyrus used the
cavalry to charge at and
shoot enemies with arrows.
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•
This army was strong
because it was well
organized and loyal.
•
Together the
components of the
army could defeat
almost any enemy.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 2: The Persian Empire grew stronger under Darius I.
•
Within four years of Cambyses’ death, a young prince named Darius I claimed the
throne.
•
He killed all his rivals for power and then worked to restore order in Persia.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Persian Society
•
Darius organized the empire into 20 provinces, each led by a governor called a
satrap. They collected taxes, served as judges, and put down rebellions.
•
He built many roads that connected various parts of the empire.
•
He also built a new capital, called Persepolis.
•
During his rule a new religion arose, called Zoroastrianism.
-This religion taught that two forces were fighting in the universe: a good force
and an evil force.
•
Darius expanded the empire by conquering the entire Indus Valley.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 3: The Persians fought Greece twice in the Persian Wars.
•
Darius was angry that the Greeks had aided a revolt against the Persians, so he
invaded Greece in a series of battles known as the Persian Wars.
•
Greece won these battles because it had better weapons and more clever leaders.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
The Second Invasion of Greece
•
Years later, Xerxes I tried to conquer Greece again, this time joined by the Persian
navy.
•
The Spartans slowed the Persian army at Thermopylae, giving Greece enough time
to gain the upper hand and eventually beat the Persians at Plataea, ending the
Persian Wars.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Sparta and Athens
The Big Idea
The two most powerful city-states in Greece, Sparta and Athens, had very
different cultures and became bitter enemies in the 400s BC.
Main Ideas
•
The Spartans built a military society to provide security and protection.
•
The Athenians admired the mind and the arts in addition to physical abilities.
•
Sparta and Athens fought over who should have power and influence in Greece.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 1: The Spartans built a military society to provide security and
protection.
•
Daily life in Sparta was dominated by the army, and boys were trained from an
early age to be soldiers.
-Spartan men reached full citizenship at age 30 and could then move back
home, but they stayed in the army until they turned 60.
•
Courage, strength, self-discipline, and obedience were the most important
qualities to have.
•
Because men were often at war, women had more rights than other Greek women.
-They ran the household and owned property.
-They also received physical training and sometimes competed with men in
sporting events.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Government
•
Sparta was officially ruled by two kings who jointly led the army, but elected
officials actually had more power than the kings.
•
These officials handled dealings between Sparta and other city-states.
•
Sparta’s government was set up to control the city’s helots, or slaves.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 2: The Athenians admired the mind and the arts in addition to physical
abilities.
Boys and Men in Athens
•
Sparta’s main rival in Greece was Athens.
•
Though they also worked to improve their bodies, they had to devote only two
years to the army.
•
They learned to read, write, count, and sing.
•
Wealthy boys continued their education with a private tutor.
•
Boys from poor families usually became farmers.
Girls and Women in Athens
•
Unlike boys, girls received almost no education, because men did not think they
needed to be educated.
•
Athenian women had fewer rights than women in many other city-states; in fact, they
hardly had any at all.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 3: Sparta and Athens fought over who should have power and influence
in Greece.
•
Sparta and Athens worked together to win the Persian Wars.
•
After the Persian Wars, city-states joined an alliance, which historians call the
Delian League.
-“Alliance” means they agreed to work together.
•
Sparta formed its own alliance, called the Peloponnesian League.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
The Peloponnesian War
•
Sparta declared war on
Athens, starting the
Peloponnesian War.
•
The war lasted for ten
years before they
decided to call a truce.
•
•
The war started up once
more when Athens tried
to expand its empire.
The Spartans won.
With the defeat of
Athens, Sparta became
the most powerful citystate in Greece.
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•
Other city-states started
to resent Sparta, leading
to a period of war.
•
Control of Greece
shifted from one citystate to another for
years.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Alexander the Great
The Big Idea
Alexander the Great built a huge empire and helped spread Greek culture into
Egypt and Asia.
Main Ideas
•
Macedonia conquered Greece in the 300s BC.
•
Alexander the Great built an empire that united much of Europe, Asia, and Egypt.
•
The Hellenistic kingdoms formed from Alexander’s empire blended Greek and
other cultures.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 1: Macedonia conquered Greece in the 300s BC.
•
•
Phillip II became king of
Macedonia and
targeted Greece for an
invasion.
He beat Athens, and the
rest of Greece agreed to
make him their leader
after seeing Athens’s
defeat.
•
Phillip was a brilliant
military leader.
•
His soldiers fought as a
phalanx with spears
that were longer than
the Greeks.
•
He also had a cavalry
and archers supporting
the phalanx.
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When Phillip died, his
throne and his plans were
passed on to his son,
Alexander.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 2: Alexander the Great built an empire that united much of Europe, Asia,
and Egypt.
•
Alexander began his rule by ending the revolt in Thebes, setting an example to the
Greeks not to rebel.
•
He then set out to build an empire and earned the name Alexander the Great.
•
He went on to conquer Egypt and was crowned pharaoh without a fight.
•
He then defeated Persia and became the ruler of the Persian Empire.
•
Alexander wanted to push into India, but his troops were exhausted and refused to
go. He began the march home, but died from sickness before making it back to
Greece.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Spreading Greek Culture
•
Alexander’s empire was the largest the world had ever seen.
•
An admirer of Greek culture, he worked to spread it throughout his empire.
•
He encouraged Greek settlers to move to the new cities he conquered.
-These settlers passed along the language and culture of Greece.
•
Alexander also encouraged people to keep their own culture, so Greek and native
customs blended. Historians call the culture Hellenistic, or Greek-like.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 3: The Hellenistic kingdoms formed from Alexander’s empire
blended Greek and other cultures.
•
•
After Alexander died,
his generals fought for
power and divided the
empire among
themselves.
The three kingdoms
were Macedonia,
Greece, and Syria.
•
Macedonia had the
weakest government
and had to put down
Greek revolts.
•
Syria was weakened by
rebellions.
•
Egypt, especially
Alexandria, became a
great cultural center.
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Each empire was eventually
taken over by the Romans.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Greek Achievements
The Big Idea
Ancient Greeks made lasting contributions in the arts, philosophy, and science.
Main Ideas
•
The Greeks made great contributions to the arts.
•
The teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the basis of modern philosophy.
•
In science, the Greeks made key discoveries in math, medicine, and engineering.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 1: The Greeks made great contributions to the arts.
•
Greek statues look as though they could come to life at any time, because Greek
artists wanted to show how beautiful people could be.
•
Greek paintings are known for their realism and detail.
•
The Greeks made temples with rows of tall columns rounded in the middle so they
appear perfectly straight.
-The Parthenon was their most impressive temple.
•
The Greeks excelled at writing.
-They created dramas, or plays.
-The Greeks were the first to write about history.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 2: The teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the basis of modern
philosophy.
•
Socrates taught by asking questions, a technique we call the Socratic method.
-He wanted people to question their beliefs and look for knowledge. This
angered and frightened people.
-He was arrested and condemned to death for questioning the authority of
the gods.
•
Plato and Aristotle followed after Socrates in their pursuit for knowledge and
deeper understanding.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Plato and Aristotle
• Plato had been a student of Socrates.
• Aristotle was Plato’s student.
• Plato created a school, the Academy, to
discuss ideas.
• He taught about living life in
moderation, or balance.
• He also wrote The Republic, which
described his ideal society.
• He believed moderation was based on
reason, or clear and ordered thinking.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
Main Idea 3: In science, the Greeks made key discoveries in math, medicine, and
engineering.
•
Euclid spent his life studying mathematics, especially geometry.
•
Greek doctors studied the human body to understand how it worked.
•
Hippocrates was a Greek doctor known for his ideas about how doctors should
behave.
•
Engineers like Archimedes made great discoveries, such as the water screw, which
brought water to the fields.
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World History: Ancient Civilizations Through the Renaissance
Chapter 9
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