Semester 2 Final Review Part 2
Carbohydrates, Photosynthesis &
Respiration and Ecology
(in the old OChem Notes)
Carbohydrates are:
Sugars and starches
 Sugars end with suffix “-ose”
 Produced by photosynthesis
 Contain the elements: C,H,O or C(H2O)
Monosaccharides:
 Monomer (1 sugar)
 Simple sugars
 Ex. Glucose
C6H12O6
* very, very important!
 It is from this molecule that animals get
their energy
 Ex. Fructose
C6H12O6
“1”
Disaccharides
“2”
 Polymer (more than 1)
 Glucose + glucose
= maltose
 glucose + fructose
= sucrose (table sugar)
 glucose + galactose
= lactose (milk sugar)
Polysaccharides “many”
 Polymer (more than 1)
 Complex carbohydrates
Long chains of monosaccharides.
 Used either for storage or reinforcing structure.
Cellulose
Carbohydrate Vocabulary
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Glucose
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis: What is it?
Photosynthesis is part of the carbon cycle.
Photosynthesis: What is it?
• Converting the solar energy from
the sun into chemical energy
stored in glucose.
– Glucose is a molecule that is part of
many carbohydrates (i.e. starch)
• The glucose can later be used to
fuel life processes
Photosynthesis: who
does it?
• Autotrophs
– Organisms that
make their own
food
• Some bacteria
• Plants
• Lichens(fungus
and algae together)
• Some plankton
Photosynthesis: where does it
happen?
• In plant cells, photosynthesis takes
place in the CHLOROPLAST
– Thylakoid (the solid part)
• Where light is captured
• Where ATP is made
– Stroma (the liquid part)
• Where glucose is made
Step 1: Light absorption by pigments
• Pigments: chemicals that
absorb light of various
wavelengths.
• In many plants, chlorophyll is
the pigment that absorbs light
energy
• Chlorophyll is found in the
thylakoid of the chloroplast
• Chlorophyll absorbs all but
green wavelength light
– Green light is reflected, so we
see green plants
6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Respiration
Converting and using energy
Respiration
Respiration: What is it?
► Essentially
cellular respiration breaks
food particles (glucose) down into ATP.
• ATP is the form of energy that cells can
use.
• Respiration provides all living things with
the energy they need.
• This is aerobic respiration, which requires
oxygen.
Respiration: What is it?
Respiration: Who does it?
► All
living things do
cellular respiration
…including plants.
Respiration: Where does it happen?
► Mitochondria
of a cell
 The “powerhouse” of the cell
 Found in plants and animals
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 H2O + 6 CO2
P & R Vocabulary
Photosynthesis
Autotroph
Chloroplast
Thylakoid
Pyruvic Acid
Chlorophyll
Stomata
ATP
Respiration
Mitochondria
Aerobic
Stroma
Anaerboic (Fermentation)