INTRODUCTION
TO BIOLOGY
AND
CLASSIFICATION
What is Biology?
The study of living things.
K
H
D
d
c
m
Metric System
Know how to convert one type of unit
into another.
“King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk”
0.000256
25.6 cm = _______
Km
How did we get that?
KHDBDCM
0.000256
Meter - length
Liter - volume
Metric Ruler
Gram – mass
Celsius – Temperature
Graduated cylinder
Triple Beam Balance
Thermometer
Steps of the Scientific Method
Observation
Question or Problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data Analysis
Conclusion
Report Findings
Scientists develop
an “If, then”
statement.
Scientists must be
able to TEST their
hypothesis
Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.
Normal Sun
1 Hr of Sun
2 Hrs of Sun
3 Hrs of Sun
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (I.V.)
Amount (Hrs) of Sun given to the plants
What “I” change in the experiment.
Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.
Normal Sun
1 Hr of Sun
2 Hrs Sun
3 Hrs of Sun
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (D.V.)
The height of the plants after 7 days.
The “D”ata collected.
Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.
Normal Sun
1 Hr of Sun
2 Hrs of Sun
3 Hrs of Sun
CONTROL
Plant that got Normal Sun.
Comparison Tool
Measuring plant height (growth) after 7 days.
Normal Sun
1 Hr of Sun
2 Hrs of Sun
3 Hrs of Sun
CONSTANTS
Things that are kept the same in the control group
and the experimental group (gets I.V.) such as:
Soil, Amount of Water, Type of Plant,
Size of Container, Temperature
Quantitative
Data that is
measured
and numbers
are obtained
Observations
Hint: Quantitative
has an “N” for
NUMBERS
Qualitative
Data
obtained
using 5
senses
Observations
Biggest
Smallest
Biosphere = All areas of earth with life
Ecosystem = Living and non-living in an area
Community = Different species in an area
Population = Same species (organisms) in an
area
Organism = Group of organ systems make up
this
Organ system = Group of organs working
together
Organ = Group of tissues working together
Tissues = Group of cells working together
Cell = SMALLEST LIVING THING!!!
Molecules = Units that make up cells NOT LIVING
What is the main definition
of a species?
Must be able to reproduce and produce
fertile offspring.
8 Characteristics of Living Things
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Made of at least one cell
Growth and Development
Obtain and Use energy
Homeostasis – Keep balance, stable
internal environment
Evolve
Adapt to its environment
Have genetic code (DNA)
Reproduce
What is Taxonomy?
System of classifying and naming
living things
Who was the “Father of Taxonomy”?
Linnaeus
What 2 kingdoms did Linnaeus first
recognize? Plant & Animal
How many taxons (levels) were
in his taxonomy system?
7
Name them from largest to
smallest
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, Species
(King Phillip Came Over For Green Soup)
•What system did Linnaeus create to help
name species?
Binomial Nomenclature
Helped people talk about same living organism
•What 2 parts are in this naming system?
Genus species
(scientific name)
•What language is used in names?
Latin
These animals belong to the same
genus Ursus
Ursus arctos
Ursus collaris
Ursus beringianus
DOMAIN
was added to
make 8 taxons in
the MODERN
system of
classification
How many DOMAINS & KINGDOMS?
3 DOMAINS
6 KINGDOMS
BACTERIA
EUBACTERIA
ARCHAE
ARCHAEBACTERIA
EUKARYA
PROTISTA
FUNGI
PLANTAE
ANIMALIA
Why do we classify living things?
Give 4 reasons
• Universal System
Common names are different in various
locations around the world making it
difficult to talk about an animal.
Ex: puma, mountain lion, cougar
• Organizes living things
• Easier to study living things
• Looks at relationships (interactions)
Traditional classification is based
on shared physical characteristics.
Evolutionary classification is based
on evolutionary (ancestors)
characteristics.
Molecular (clock) classification is
based on DNA and time.
EVOLUTIONARY Classification uses derived
characteristics to show evolutionary
descent from a single ancestor. It uses a
cladogram!
Hint:
Looks like a hand and
sounds like “clap”
What is a dichotomous key?
Lists paired
choices
(1.a or 1.b etc.)
to lead you to
the organism’s
name.
Be able to use
one!!!!
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria belong
to what group of organisms:
Prokaryotes
No Nucleus
or
Membrane Bound Organelles
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
belong to what group of organisms:
Eukaryotes
Have a Nucleus and
Membrane Bound Organelles
What are autotrophs?
They make their own
food (energy) mostly by
photosynthesis (Plants,
Some Protista, Some
Archae, Some Bacteria)
What are heterotrophs?
They must consume
their food for energy
(Animals, Fungi, Some
Archae, Some Bacteria,
Some Protista)
What kingdom was first considered
to be in the Plant Kingdom and
then moved to a different one?
Fungi
•Eukaryote
•Heterotroph
•Multicellular
•Cell wall of
chitin
Extremophiles = bacteria that can
live in extreme conditions
(hot, cold, salty)
Kingdom = Archaebacteria
What is metabolism?
Process of gaining and using
energy
Know the key points of the Classification of Living Things
Chart that you were given in class and be able to use one to
identify information from it.
Know the Laboratory Safety Rules that you
were given at the beginning of the school
year.
Know the parts of the microscope, magnifications, and field of view of
the objective lenses.
Review
Your
Intro to Biology
&
Classification
Test
Answers!