When You Begin Writing
 Double-space the text of your paper.
 Use the Times New Roman font.
 The font size should be 12 pt.
 Indent the first line of paragraph a
half-inch from the left margin.
 Centre the title and capitalize all the main words.
 Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in
quotation marks.
 Do not use a period after your title or after any
heading.
 Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to
other works in your title, just as you would in your text:
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as a Morality Play
Number all pages consecutively
with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4,
etc.), one-half inch from the top.
Double space between the title
and the first line of the text.
 Refer to the author by his or her full
name the first time it is mentioned in
the text,
 Later in the text use only the last
name of the author.
 If you have two authors with the
same last name use both the first and
last names consistently.
 Italicize titles of books, plays, magazines,
journals, newspapers, movies, television
shows, compact discs and Web sites.
 Titles of articles, chapters in a book, short
stories, essays, poems, and songs are in
quotation marks.
 Pages in a web site, individual episodes of
TV and radio broadcasts are put within
quotation marks.
 Enclose in single quotation marks a
title normally indicated when it
appears within another title requiring
quotation marks.
“Lines after Reading ‘Sailing to
Byzantium’”
 Italicize a title normally indicated by italics
when it appears within a title enclosed in
quotation marks
“Romeo and Juliet and Renaissance Politics”
 If a period is required after an italicized title
that ends with a quotation mark, place the
period before the quotation mark.
The study appears in New Perspectives on “The
Eve of St.Agnes.”
Exceptions to the Rule
 The holy books:
Bible, Quran,Upanishads.
 Laws ,acts and similar political documents.
Declaration of Independence
 Series
University of North Carolina Studies in
Comparative Literature.
 Spell out numbers that can be written in one or
two words (four, thirty-five); use numerals to
represent longer numbers (110, 5 ½).
 Do not begin a sentence with a numeral – spell it
out.
Fifty people were killed in an accident.
 Express related numbers in the same format
5 out of 50 states
In-text citation
 Follow the author-page method. The author's last
name and the page number(s) from which the
quotation is taken must appear in the text, and a
complete reference should appear on your Works Cited
page.
 The author's name may appear either in the sentence
itself or in parentheses following the quotation. The
page number(s) should always appear in the
parentheses.
Wordsworth stated that Romantic
poetry was marked by a "spontaneous
overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Romantic poetry is characterized by
the "spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
 When a source has no known author, use a
shortened title of the work.
 Place the title in quotation marks if it's an
article
 Italicize it if it's a play, book, television
show or an entire website and provide a
page number if applicable.
Citing a Work by Multiple Authors
 For a source with three or less than
three authors, list the authors' last
names in the text or in the
parenthetical citation:
Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that
tougher gun control is not needed in
the United States (76).
 For a source with more than three authors, provide the first
author's last name followed by et al. or list all the last
names.
Jones et al. counter Moore's argument by noting that the
current spike in gun violence in America compels law
makers to adjust gun laws (4).
OR
Legal experts counter Moore's argument by noting that
the current spike in gun violence in America compels law
makers to adjust gun laws (Jones et al. 4).
OR
Jones, Driscoll, Ackerson, and Bell counter Moore's
argument by noting that the current spike in gun
violence in America compels law makers to adjust gun
laws (4).
Citing Authors with Same Last Names
 If two or more authors have the same last name,
provide both authors' first initials (or even the authors'
full name if different authors share initials) in your
citation. For example:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will
lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note
that the advantages for medical research outweigh this
consideration (A. Miller 46).
Citing two articles by the same
author:
Mayore has argued that computers are not useful tools
for small children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has
acknowledged elsewhere that early exposure to
computer games does lead to better small motor skill
development in a child's second and third year
("Hand-Eye Development" 17).
Citing two books by the same
author
Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies
with our thinking style" (Write to Learn 6).
Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose of
writing is to "carry ideas and information from the
mind of one person into the mind of another" (A
Writer Teaches Writing 3).
Citing Multivolume Works
If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume
work, always include the volume number followed by a
colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the
page number(s). (If you only cite from one volume,
provide only the page number in parentheses.)
(1: 14-17)
Non Print Sources
 Include in the text the item that appears in the
Bibliography page . (e.g. name of the author, article,
website or film name).
 You do not need to give paragraph numbers or page
numbers based on your Web browser’s print preview
function.
 Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of
the site includes, for example, a domain name, like
CNN.com or Forbes.com as opposed to writing out
http://www.cnn.com or http://www.forbes.com.
Short Quotations
 To indicate short quotations (fewer
than four typed lines of prose or three
lines of verse) in your text, enclose the
quotation within double quotation
marks. Provide the author and
specific page citation and in the case
of verse, provide line numbers.
 Punctuation marks such as periods,
commas, and semicolons should appear
after the parenthetical citation. Question
marks and exclamation points should
appear within the quotation marks if they
are a part of the quoted passage but after
the parenthetical citation if they are a part
of your text.
When quoting short passages of prose, use the
following examples:
 According to some, dreams express "profound aspects
of personality" (Foulke 184), though others disagree.
 According to Foulke’s study, dreams may express
"profound aspects of personality" (184).
 Is it possible that dreams may express "profound
aspects of personality" (Foulke 184)?
When short (fewer than three lines of verse) quotations
from poetry, mark breaks in short quotations of verse
with a slash, /, at the end of each line of verse (a space
should precede and follow the slash).
 Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened
there / That's all I remember" (11-12).
Long Quotations
 For quotations that extend to more than four lines of
verse or prose, start the quotation on a new line, with
the entire quote indented one inch from the left
margin; maintain double-spacing.
 Your parenthetical citation should come after the
closing punctuation mark. When quoting verse,
maintain original line breaks.
Nelly Dean dehumanizes Heathcliff throughout her
narration:
 They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or
even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put
it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone
on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing
his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he
found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made
as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in
recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was
sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)
Adding or Omitting Words in Quotations
 If you add a word or words in a quotation,
you should put brackets around the words
to indicate that they are not part of the
original text.
Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban
legends, states, "some individuals [who
retell urban legends] make a point of
learning every rumour or tale" (78).
 If you omit a word or words from a quotation, you
should indicate the deleted words by using ellipsis
marks, which are three periods preceded and followed
by a space.
In an essay on urban legends, Brunvand notes that
"some individuals make a point of learning every
rumour or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange
of details occurs" (78).
Quotation with Ellipsis at the End
In surveying various responses to plagues in the Middle Ages,
Barbara W. Touchman writes, “medical thinking trapped in
the theory of astral influences ,stressed air as the
communicator of disease. . . .”
If there is a parenthetical reference follows the ellipses
place the sentence period after the final parenthesis.
 In surveying various responses to plagues in the Middle
Ages, Barbara W. Touchman writes, “medical thinking
trapped in the theory of astral influences ,stressed air as
the communicator of disease. . . ” (101-102).

 When omitting words from poetry quotations, use a
three-period ellipses; however, when omitting one or
more full lines of poetry, space several periods to about
the length of a complete line in the poem:
These beauteous forms,
Through a long absence, have not been to me
As is a landscape to a blind man's eye:
....................
Felt in the blood, and felt along the heart;
And passing even into my purer mind,
With tranquil restoration . (22-24, 28-30)
Bibliography
One Author
Write the author's name as Last
Name, First Name.
Diamond, Jared. Guns, Germs, and
Steel: The Fates of Human Societies.
New York: Norton, 1999. Print.
Two or More Authors
 List the names in the order they
appear on the title page, with commas
between authors, and a period after
the last author's name.
 Only the name of the first author
should be reversed the other name(s)
should be written in regular order.
Hutcheon, Linda,and Michael Hutcheon.Bodily
Charm: Living Opera. Lincoln:U of Nebraska
P,2000.Print.
King, Samuel P., and Randall W. Roth. Broken
Trust: Greed, Mismanagement, and Political
Manipulation at America's Largest Charitable
Trust. Honolulu: U of Hawaii P, 2006. Print.
 For more than three authors, either
give only the first author and add et
al., or give all the names in the order
in which they appear on the title
page.
Plag, Ingo, et al. Introduction to English
Linguistics.Berlin:Mouton, 2007. Print
Plag, Ingo, Maria Braun and Mareile
Schramm. Introduction to English
Linguistics.Berlin:Mouton, 2007. Print
Work in an Anthology
 Author, title and if relevant translator,
editor or the complier of the book should
be mentioned.The page numbers too
should be mentioned.
Bordo ,Susan. “The Moral Content of
Nabokov’s Lolita.” Aesthetic Subjects.
Ed.Pamela R.Mathews and David
McWhirter. Minneapolis:U of Minnesota
P,2003.125-52.Print.
Editors, Compilers, Translators
If the persons named on the title
page are editors, compilers, or
translators, add a comma and a
descriptive label, e.g., eds.,
comps., trans.
Lucas, John S., and Paul C. Southgate, eds. Aquaculture:
Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants. Oxford:
Blackwell, 2003. Print.
Allende Isabel. “Toad’s Mouth.” Trans. Margaret Sayers
Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes. Oxford:
Blackwell, 2003. Print.
Edition
 If a book is identified as being other than the first
edition (e.g., 2nd edition, Revised edition), give the
edition just before the publication information.
Newcomb, Horace, ed. Television: The Critical View. 7th
ed. New York : Oxford UP,2007.Print.
Work in an Anthology
 When citing an essay, short story, or other work that is
contained in an anthology or other book collection,
provide information about both the piece and the
complete book
Humphries, LaJean. "How to Evaluate a Web Site." Web
of Deception: Misinformation on the Internet. Ed.
Anne P. Mintz. Medford: U of Minnesota ,2002. 165-73.
Print.
Book in a Series
 If the title page or other introductory pages indicate
that the book is part of a series, give the series name
and the series number, if any, at the end of the entry.
Abbreviations may be used, including Ser. for series.
 Neruda, Pablo.Canto General. Trans.Jack Schmitt.
Berkely: U of California P,1991.Print.Latin American
Literature and Culture 7.
Encyclopaedias and Reference
Books
 When citing familiar reference books, especially those
that appear often in new editions, full publication
information is not necessary.
Pelley, Patricia M. "Vietnam." The World Book
Encyclopedia. 2008 ed. 2008. Print.
Two or More Works by the Same Author(s)
 When citing two or more sources by the same author,
give the name in the first entry only. For the next
entries, type three hyphens, add a period, and skip a
space (---. ) then give the title.
Scott, Susan. Exploring Hanauma Bay. Honolulu: U of
Hawaii P, 1993. Print.
---. Plants and Animals of Hawaii. Honolulu: Bess
Press, 1991. Print.
PERIODICALS
 Magazine Articles
 Author. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Date:
Page(s). Type of Material.
 If no author's name is given for an article, begin with
the title of the article.
 "Sachin The Star." Sports Illustrated 30 Mar. (2009): 18.
Print.
Scholarly Journal Articles
Baskin, Yvonne. "Sea Sickness: The Upsurge in Marine
Diseases." Bioscience 56.6 (2006): 464-69. Print.
Davis, William D., Thomas Cleary, Michelle Donnelly,
and Samuel Hellerman. "Using Sensor Signals to
Analyze Fires." Fire Technology 39.4 (2003): 295-308.
Print.
Newspaper Articles
 Dior,Jim. “Yeats Meets the Digital Age.” New York
Times 20 July 2012 New England ed.:Print.
Web Sites
 When citing web sites, include the author, title, and
publication information and add the date of access,
because web pages are often updated or moved. All
components in the format below may not be
identifiable for a web site; include as much as is
available.
Altonn, Helen. "Marine Team Sounds Alarm for Reefs.”
The Devil’s Dictionary 2008. Web. 17 June 2009.
A Film
 It’s a Wonderful Life. Dir.Frank Capra. Perf. James
Stewart and Donna Reed.Cinecom Intl.,2000.Film.
E-mail (including e-mail
Interviews)
 Give the author of the message, followed by the subject
line in quotation marks. State to whom to message was
sent, the date the message was sent, and the medium
of publication.
 Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Message
to the author. 15 Nov. 2000. E-mail.
Interview
Gordimer,Nadine. Interview.New York Times 10 Oct
2010,Print.
Lansbury,Angela.Interview by Ted Koppel.Nightline.
ABC,New York.18 Apr.2002.Television.