Vote by groups in presidential elections since 1972
American Government
McGrawHill
Percentage
of 1996
Total Vote
1972
Nixon
McGovern
1976
1980
Carter Ford
Reagan Carter Anderson
Total Vote
48 Men
52 Women
83 White
61
62
61
67
36
36
37
31
50
50
50
47
48
48
48
52
51
55
47
56
41
36
45
36
7
7
7
7
10 African American
5 Hispanic
1 Asian
18
35
—
82
63
—
83
76
—
16
24
—
11
33
—
85
59
—
3
6
—
17 18–29 years old
33 30–44 years old
52
64
46
33
51
49
47
49
43
55
44
36
11
8
26 45–59 years old
24 60 and older
35 Republicans
64
68
93
33
31
6
47
47
9
52
52
90
55
54
86
39
41
9
5
4
4
26 Independents
39 Democrats
20 Liberals
65
64
—
33
33
—
43
77
71
54
22
26
55
26
25
30
67
60
12
6
11
47 Moderates
—
—
51
48
49
42
8
(Continued on next slide)
Source: New York Times, November 10, 1996, p. 28. (c) 1996,
reprinted
withMcGraw-Hill
permission of TheCompanies,
New York Times
Company.
© The
Inc.,
1998
Vote by groups in presidential elections since 1972
American Government
McGrawHill
Percentage
of 1996
Total Vote
33
23
26
30
20
6
24
27
43
26
17
46
29
3
23
11
23
27
39
18
9
Conservatives
From the East
From the Midwest
From the South
From the West
Not a high school graduate
High school graduate
Some college education
College graduate or more
College graduate
Post-graduate education
White Protestant
Catholic
Jewish
Union household
Family income is:
Under $15,000
$15,000–$29,999
$30,000–$49,999
Over $50,000
Over $75,000
Over $100,000
1972
Nixon McGovern
(Continued from
previous slide)
1976
1980
Carter Ford
Reagan Carter Anderson
—
59
59
70
57
—
—
—
—
—
—
76
54
34
50
—
39
39
29
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
22
44
64
47
29
51
48
54
46
—
—
—
—
—
—
41
43
64
59
70
47
50
45
51
—
—
—
—
—
—
58
44
34
39
73
47
51
52
53
46
51
55
52
—
—
63
50
39
44
23
42
41
44
34
51
43
35
35
—
—
31
42
45
49
4
9
7
3
10
2
4
8
11
—
—
6
7
15
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
58
55
48
36
—
—
40
43
50
63
—
—
43
53
59
64
—
—
49
39
32
26
—
—
7
7
8
10
—
—
(Continued on next slide)
Source: New York Times, November 10, 1996, p. 28. (c) 1996,
reprinted
withMcGraw-Hill
permission of TheCompanies,
New York Times
Company.
© The
Inc.,
1998
Vote by groups in presidential elections since 1972
American Government
McGrawHill
Percentage
of 1996
Total Vote
Total Vote
48 Men
52 Women
83 White
10 African American
5 Hispanic
1 Asian
17 18–29 years old
33 30–44 years old
26 45–59 years old
24 60 and older
35 Republicans
26 Independents
39 Democrats
20 Liberals
47 Moderates
1984
1988
(Continued from
previous slide)
1992
1996
Reagan Mondale Bush Dukakis Clinton Bush Perot Clinton Dole Perot
59
62
56
64
9
37
—
59
57
60
60
92
63
25
28
53
40
37
44
35
90
62
—
40
42
40
39
7
36
74
70
47
53
57
50
59
12
30
—
52
54
57
50
91
55
17
18
49
45
41
49
40
86
69
—
47
45
42
49
8
43
82
81
50
43
41
45
39
83
61
31
43
41
41
50
10
38
77
68
47
38
38
37
40
10
25
55
34
38
40
38
73
32
10
14
31
19
21
17
20
7
14
15
22
21
19
12
17
30
13
18
21
49
43
54
43
84
72
43
53
48
48
48
13
43
84
78
57
41
44
38
46
12
21
48
34
41
41
44
80
35
10
11
33
8
10
7
9
4
6
8
10
9
9
7
6
17
5
7
9
(Continued on next slide)
Source: New York Times, November 10, 1996, p. 28. (c) 1996,
reprinted
withMcGraw-Hill
permission of TheCompanies,
New York Times
Company.
© The
Inc.,
1998
Vote by groups in presidential elections since 1972
American Government
McGrawHill
33
23
26
30
20
6
24
27
43
26
17
46
29
3
23
11
23
27
39
18
9
Percentage
1984
1988
1992
of 1996
Total Vote
Reagan Mondale Bush Dukakis Clinton Bush
Conservatives
82
17
80
19
18
64
From the East
53
47
50
49
47
35
From the Midwest
58
41
52
47
42
37
From the South
64
36
58
41
41
43
From the West
61
38
52
46
43
34
Not high school graduate 50
50
43
56
54
28
High school graduate
60
39
50
49
43
36
Some college education 61
38
57
42
41
37
College graduate or more 58
41
56
43
44
39
College graduate
—
—
62
37
39
41
Post-graduate education —
—
50
48
50
36
White Protestant
72
27
66
33
33
47
Catholic
54
45
52
47
44
35
Jewish
31
67
35
64
80
11
Union household
46
53
42
57
55
24
Family income is:
Under $15,000
45
55
37
62
58
23
$15,000–$29,999
57
42
49
50
45
35
$30,000–$49,999
59
40
56
43
41
38
Over $50,000
69
30
62
37
39
44
Over $75,000
—
—
—
—
36
48
Over $100,000
—
—
65
32
—
—
(Concluded from
previous slide)
1996
Perot Clinton Dole
18
20
71
18
55
34
21
48
41
16
46
46
23
48
40
18
59
28
21
51
35
21
48
40
17
47
44
20
44
46
14
52
40
21
36
53
20
53
37
9
78
16
21
59
30
19
20
21
17
16
—
59
53
48
44
41
38
28
36
40
48
51
54
Perot
8
9
10
7
8
11
13
10
7
8
5
10
9
3
9
11
9
10
7
7
6
Source: New York Times, November 10, 1996, p. 28. (c) 1996,
reprinted
withMcGraw-Hill
permission of TheCompanies,
New York Times
Company.
© The
Inc.,
1998
Top contributors of soft money
American Government
McGrawHill
Contributions to party committees from
January 1, 1995, through June 30, 1996
To the Democrats
Joseph E. Seagram & Sons Inc./MCA Inc.
MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings/Revlon
Walt Disney Co.
Dream Works SKG
Goldman Sachs
To the Republicans
Philip Morris
RJR Nabisco Holdings
American Financial Corporationa
Atlantic Richfield (ARCO)
UST Inc.
$620,000
536,250
532,000
525,000
510,000
$1,632,283
970,450
794,000
615,175
448,768
Source: New York Times, September 8, 1996, p. B6. (c) 1996,
reprinted
withMcGraw-Hill
permission of TheCompanies,
New York Times
Company.
© The
Inc.,
1998
Pieces of the action: The B-1 bomber
American Government
McGrawHill
Tail,
Martin Marietta,
Baltimore, MD
Engines,
General Electric,
Evendale, OH
Air conditioning,
United Technologies,
Windsor Locks, CT
Cockpit,
Rockwell International,
Palmdale, CA
Emergency electrical
power,
Sperry Vickers,
Jackson, MS
Aft fuselage,
Vought, Dallas, TX
Defensive avionics,
Eaton, Deer Park, NY
Offensive avionics,
Boeing, Wichita, KS
Forward fuselage,
Rockwell International,
Columbus, OH
Tires,
B.F. Goodrich,
Akron, OH
Wheels, brakes,
Goodyear, Akron, OH
Main landing gear,
Cleveland Pneumatic,
Cleveland, OH
Wings,
AVCO, Nashville, TN
Source: U.S. News & World©Report,
July 11, 1983, p.35.
Reprinted withInc.,
permission.
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
1998
PAC contributions by candidate status, 1980-1994
American Government
McGrawHill
(Continued from
previous slide)
Top PAC givers
by category
In 1996 elections, amounts in millions:
Business
Labor
Spent $132.8 million,
70% on Republicans
American Medical Assn.
$2.4
Assn. of Trial Lawyers of Amer. $2.3
National Auto Dealers Assn.
$2.2
National Assn. of Realtors
$231
United Parcel Service
$1.7
Spent $42.7 million,
91% on Democrats
Teamsters Union
National Education Assn.
United Auto Workers
AFSCME
Laborers Union
$2.7
$2.3
$2.3
$2.1
$2.1
(Continued on next slide)
Sources: Federal Election Commission; Knight-Ridder Washington Bureau
correspondent
Goldstein; all figures
through Oct.
16,1998
1996.
© TheJosh
McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc.,
PAC contributions by candidate status, 1980-1994
American Government
McGrawHill
(Continued from
previous slide)
Top PAC givers
by category
In 1996 elections, amounts in millions:
Business
Labor
Spent $132.8 million,
70% on Republicans
American Medical Assn.
$2.4
Assn. of Trial Lawyers of Amer. $2.3
National Auto Dealers Assn.
$2.2
National Assn. of Realtors
$231
United Parcel Service
$1.7
Spent $42.7 million,
91% on Democrats
Teamsters Union
National Education Assn.
United Auto Workers
AFSCME
Laborers Union
$2.7
$2.3
$2.3
$2.1
$2.1
Labor
Spent $42.7 million,
91% on Democrats
National Rifle Assn.
National Committee for an
Effective Congress
Human Rights Campaign
Monday Morning PAC
National Committee to
Preserve Social Security
$1.5
$0.94
$0.64
$0.62
$0.58
(Continued on next slide)
Sources: Federal Election Commission; Knight-Ridder Washington Bureau
correspondent
Goldstein; all figures
through Oct.
16,1998
1996.
© TheJosh
McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc.,
PAC contributions by candidate status, 1980-1994
American Government
McGrawHill
(Continued from
previous slide)
How PACs gave
In 1996 congressional elections:
Gop got more
PACs representing special interests gave:
$105 million
To Republicans
To Democrats
$186 million
(Concluded on next slide)
Sources: Federal Election Commission; Knight-Ridder Washington Bureau
correspondent
Goldstein; all figures
through Oct.
16,1998
1996.
© TheJosh
McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc.,
PAC contributions by candidate status, 1980-1994
American Government
How PACs gave
In 1996 congressional elections:
Gop got more
PACs representing special interests gave:
$105 million
To Republicans
To Democrats
$186 million
Incumbents got lion’s share
71%
Incumbents
Challengers
Open seats
McGrawHill
(Concluded from
previous slide)
13%
16%
Sources: Federal Election Commission; Knight-Ridder Washington Bureau
correspondent
Goldstein; all figures
through Oct.
16,1998
1996.
© TheJosh
McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc.,
American Government
McGrawHill
Changing Parties:
PAC contributions to Congressional candidates
before and after ‘94 elections
Percentage of PAC contributions to Democratic and Republican members of
Congress for entire 1993-1994 election cycle (“Before”) and for the one-month
period after the election (“After”), selected PACs.
PAC
Before
%Dem %Rep
After
%Dem %Rep
National Rifle Assn.
23
77
4
96
National Assn. of Life
Underwriters
51
49
20
80
United Parcel Service
53
47
2
98
National Assn. of Federal
Credit Unions
61
52
4
96
Martin Marietta
53
47
19
81
Source: Congressional
Quarterly
Weekly Reports,
April 15, 1995,
1055.
© The
McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc.,p.1998
Types of interest groups
American Government
McGrawHill
Who Supports What
Economic
Chamber of Commerce
AFL-CIO
American Farm Bureau Federation
American Medical Association
Civil rights
National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People (NAACP)
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
National Organization for Women (NOW)
Single issue
National Campaign to Stop the B-1 Bomber
National Right-to-Life Committee
National Abortion Rights Action League
National Rifle Association
National Coalition to Ban Handguns
Religious
National Council of Churches
B’nai B’rith
Council of Catholic Bishops
Ideological
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA)
American Conservative Union (ACU)
People for the American Way
From McKenna: The Drama of Democracy, 3rd Ed.
Public Interest
Common Cause
Public interest research groups (PIRGs)
State and Local
American Automobile Association
Liquor interests
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998
What lobbyists do
American Government
Techniques Used to Exercise Influence
Percentage of
Organizations
Using
Testifying at hearings
99
Contacting government officials directly to present your point of view
98
Engaging in informal contacts with officials—at conventions, over lunch, and so on
95
Presenting research results or technical information
92
Sending letters to members of your organization to inform them about your activities 92
Entering into coalitions with other organizations
90
Attempting to shape the implementation of policies
89
Talking with people from the press and the media
86
Consulting with government officials to plan legislative strategy
85
Helping to draft legislation
85
Inspiring letter writing or telegram campaigns
84
Shaping the government’s agenda by raising new issues and calling attention to
previously ignored problems
84
Mounting grass-roots lobbying efforts
80
(Continued on next slide)
McGrawHill
Source: Table, “What Lobbyists Do” on p. 150 from Organized Interests and American
Democracy by Kay Lehman Schlozman and John T. Tierney. Copyright (c) 1986 by Harper &
Row Publishers. Reprinted by permission
of Addison WesleyCompanies,
Educational Publishers,
Inc.
© The McGraw-Hill
Inc., 1998
What lobbyists do (Continued from previous slide)
American Government
McGrawHill
Techniques Used to Exercise Influence
Percentage of
Organizations
Using
Having influential constituents contact their congressional representative’s office
80
Helping draft regulations, rules, or guidelines
78
Serving on advisory commissions and boards
76
Alerting congressional representatives to the effects of a bill on their districts
75
Filing suit or otherwise engaging in litigation
72
Making financial contributions to electoral campaigns
58
Doing favors for officials who need assistance
56
Attempting to influence appointments to public office
53
Publicizing candidates’ voting records
44
Engaging in direct-mail fund-raising for your organization
44
Running advertisements in the media about your position on issues
31
Contributing work or personnel to electoral campaigns
24
Making public endorsements of candidates for office
22
Engaging in protests or demonstrations
20
Source: Table, “What Lobbyists Do” on p. 150 from Organized Interests and American
Democracy by Kay Lehman Schlozman and John T. Tierney. Copyright (c) 1986 by Harper &
Row Publishers. Reprinted by permission
of Addison WesleyCompanies,
Educational Publishers,
Inc.
© The McGraw-Hill
Inc., 1998
American Government
Top ten PAC money raisers,
January 1, 1995 though March 31, 1996
1. Emily’s List
$7,737,301
2. Democratic Republican Independent Voter Education Committee
$5,791,809
3. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees—
People, Qualified
$4,121,054
4. American Medical Association Political Action Committee
$3,013,705
5. UAW–V–CAP (UAW Voluntary Community Action Program)
$3,007,310
6. National Education Association Political Action Committee
$2,878,426
7. Association of Trial Lawyers of America Political Action Committee
$2,734,864
8. NRA Political Victory Fund
$2,205,098
9. Dealers Election Action Committee of the National Automobile
Dealers Association (NADA)
$2,090,018
10. Machinists Nonpartisan Political League
McGrawHill
$2,062,862
Source: Federal Election Commission press release. June 7, 1996, p.8.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1998