Chapter 24: World War Looms
WWII (1939-1945)
8.2: The causes and course of
World War II, the character of the
war at home and abroad, and its
reshaping of the U.S. role in world
affairs
Road To WWII
• Totalitarianism –
Total control over every
aspect of citizen’s lives
• - a form of dictatorship
• Totalitarian
governments gained
power in Europe in the
1930’s
• Fiction vs. Reality
Protesting Totalitarianism in Today’s
World- Thailand 2014
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Iet_QkuU
Gs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOI7gejQcj
I
Political Philosophies
• 1. Communism• a society without class
distinctions or private
property (equality?)
• state has absolute authority
•
•
•
•
2. Fascism1 political party
state has absolute authority
Unlike communism, defends
private property and social
classes
• People do not have right
to free speech!
Political Philosophies
• 3. Democracy – a system of
government in which
• the people have the power to
rule, either directly or
indirectly
• through their elected officials
• Example of a Democratic
Government:
• The United States
• FREEDOM of speech, press,
religion
• Right to vote and elect political
leaders
• Many political parties to
choose from
Political Philosophies
• Communist & Fascist
regimes are examples of
Totalitarianism
• Examples:
• Soviet Union –
Communist (1920’s-1991)
• Italy & Germany –
Fascist (1930’s – 1945)
Totalitarian Rulers Around the World
1930’s-1940’s
• 1. Benito Mussolini –
(Italy) fascist/military
• 2. Adolf Hitler –
(Germany) gains power
1933. Fascist/military
• 3. Joseph Stalin –
Soviet Union
(Communist)
• 4.Japanese Military
dictatorship 1930’s
• Fascist/Military
Anti-Comintern Pact, 1937
• Alliance formed
Between: Germany,
Italy, Japan
• They pledge to oppose
international
communism
• Join forces against the
Soviet Union ( & the
spread of communism)
Nazi- Soviet Pact, 1939
• But then…
• Hitler (Germany) signed
non-aggression pact with
Stalin (Soviet Union )!
• They agreed Not to
invade/ attack each
other
Section 2: War in Europe
WWII Explained in Seven Minutes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvDFsxjaP
aE
Events Leading Up to WWII
• Hitler invaded:
• 1.Rhineland, 1936
• Region between Germany
& France
• 2. Austria 1938
• 3. Sudetenland 1938
(Czechoslovakia)
• Why??
WWII Officially Began When…
• Hitler & his German
Troops invaded
• Poland Sept. 1st, 1939
• Great Britain & France
declared war on Germany
Why Didn’t Anyone Stop Hitler Prior To
Sept. 1st 1939?
• The “Appeasement” Policy:
• Allowing aggressors to have what they want…
• In the hope they will demand no more
Sides & Alliances
•
•
•
•
•
ALLIES:
1. Great Britain
2. France
3. U.S. (joined 1941)
4. Soviet Union
(joined 1941 After
Hitler betrayed
Stalin)
•
•
•
•
AXIS POWERS:
1. Germany
2. Italy
3. Japan
1940-German Troops…
• Invaded Northern
European countries:
• Denmark, Norway
May, 1940- Hitler & German Troops
• Invaded France May
10, 1940
• France surrendered
on June 22, 1940
• Defeat of France
shocked the world
August 1940-Battle of Britain
• German planes bombed
Great Britain Aug.
1940
• 1 night 70,000 fire bombs
dropped
• Massive destruction
• Great Britain Defeated
the German air force
(Luftwaffe) …barely
After the Battle of Britain, 1940
• Winston Churchill
(British Prime Minister)
asked American
President Franklin
Roosevelt for help
• Did the U.S. Join the war
at this point???
Yes, This is a WWII Reference
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrHkKXFR
bCI
Section 4: America Moves Towards War
American “Neutrality” Since 1939
• Neutrality Act of 1939
• U.S. neutrality in name, not in deed.
• Allowed for sale of American weapons/ supplies
to European allies on a
• “Cash-and-Carry” basis – Great Britain had
to travel to U.S. pick up supplies, pay in cash
“Destroyers for Bases” Deal, 1940
• U.S. provided Great Britain with older naval
ships (50)
• In return,
• U.S. gained rights to establish military bases in
British held Caribbean islands
American President Franklin D.
Roosevelt
• Franklin D. Roosevelt ran
for 3rd term (1940)
• Won 54% of popular vote
• “better a third term than
a third rater”
Roosevelt’s Address to Congress (1940)
• To Protect “4
Freedoms”
• 1. Freedom of Speech
• 2. Freedom of Religion
• 3. Freedom of Want
• 4. Freedom of Fear
Lend Lease Act, 1941
• Franklin D. Roosevelt
& British Prime
Minister Winston
Churchill met
secretly
• U.S. let Great Britain
borrow war supplies
Churchill & FDR also signed the…
• Atlantic Charter, 1941
• The Cornerstones of a
world free of fascism
include…
• 1. Self determination of
people
• 2. Free trade
• 3. disarmament
• U.S. & Great Britain share
political ideologies
Question!!
• Has the United States joined World War II yet??
• When will the U.S. join WWII? Why?
1941- Operation Barbarossa
• Hitler Betrayed
Stalin!
• And invaded the
Soviet Union in
June!
• Soviet Union
officially joined the
allies - 1941
1941 – The Holocaust
• 1941 – extermination
of Jews, people of
color, Gypsies, Clergy,
disabled, opponents
of Hitler’s regime
• Gestapo = secret
police arrest Hitler’s
opponents
Concentration Camps
• 1941-1942: Jews
from all over Europe
transported to
concentration camps
• 6 million Jews Killed
• 6 Million Non- Jews
Killed
CLARIFICATION
• WWII began Sept.
1st, 1939
• Germany (Hitler)
acted as the aggressor
and invaded various
countries throughout
Europe.
• Meanwhile, Japan
acted as an aggressor
and invaded various
countries in Asia.
***
Japan Invaded its Neighbors
 1. Conquered
Manchuria 1931
 2. Invaded China 1937
 Nanking- 200,000
Chinese citizens killed
 3. Invaded Indo-China
(Vietnam)
Tripartite Pact – Formal Alliance of
Axis Powers
• 1940 An Alliance between Germany, Japan, Italy
In response to Japanese Aggression…
President Roosevelt
• U.S. refused to
trade with Japan
• Froze Japanese assets
in U.S.
• Restricted oil exports
to Japan
• Placed an embargo on
sale of scrap iron to
Japan
In Retaliation, Japan Planned a Secret
Attack on American Territory
America the Story of Us; WWII
• Pearl Harbor to 9:45
1941- Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
• December 7, 1941
• Japanese planes
attacked American
Naval fleet
• 2,400 died
• 1,200 wounded
Pearl Harbor-Statistics
• 8 Battleships sunk
• 10 other ships damaged
• Including the U.S.S.
Arizona
• 200 planes destroyed
Why Pearl Harbor, Hawaii?
Why Pearl Harbor?
• Key American
military base in the
Pacific
• Dec. 8 : President
Roosevelt/Congress
declared war on
Japan
• Dec. 11: Germany &
Italy declared war on
U.S.
Franklin D. Roosevelt…
• “Yesterday, December 7th,1941… a date
which will live in infamy” - FDR
Section 1: Mobilizing for Defense
****1941- 1945*****
Executive Order #9066
• “… the successful prosecution of the war
requires every possible protection
against espionage and against sabotage
to national-defense material, nationaldefense premises, and national-defense
utilities…” – Feb. 1942
Executive Order 9066
• Feb 19, 1942
• 100,000 people of
Japanese descent (Nisei)
On West Coast
• Removed from homes
• Placed in “Internment
camps”
Japanese Internment
Japanese Internment
• A Civil Rights
infringement?
• Was the decision to
intern all people of
Japanese descent in the
West coast justified?
Japanese Internment- Justified?
• More 60% were U.S.
citizens
• 1/3 under the age of 19
Re: Japanese Internment
• “I was born in Hawaii. I worked most of my life
on the West Coast. I have never been to Japan.
We would have done anything to show our
loyalty. All we wanted to do was to be left alone
on the coast. . . . My wife and I lost $10,000 in
that evacuation. She had a beauty parlor and
had to give that up. I had a good position
worked up as a gardener, and was taken away
from that. We had a little home and that’s gone
now. . . .” – anonymous “older Nisei”, 1943
(Manzanar)
Korematsu vs. United States (1944)
• RE: Japanese Internment
• Supreme Court decided
that in times of war,
the curbing of civil
rights is justified.
• 1988 U.S. government
formally apologized paid
surviving families
$20,000
Santa Anita Racetrack, Arcadia CA
• Used as an “assembly center”
Japanese Arriving at Santa Anita
Santa Anita Racetrack – over 3,000
Internees
Economic Impact of War in U.S.
• 1. War Industry/ Defense Jobs
• End of the economic depression as jobs became
available
• 2. “Bracero Program” 1942- 200,000
Mexican farm workers were recruited to work in
agriculture
• 3. Movement of People: 8 million people
moved West of the Mississippi 1940-1950
Native American “Code Talkers”
• “code talkers”
used NativeAmerican
languages
• to encode & decipher
secret messages
• Employed by every
branch of the military
“Rosie the Riveter” – Women & Work
• Women recruited to
work in war
industries
• 6 million women
entered the job force
• Contributed to the
war effort by
producing weapons,
supplies, etc.
“Rosie “ at Work
America the Story of Us; WWII
• Women at work 9:46-19:00
Women in the Military
• 260,000 women
volunteered for
military service
• 1.Women’s Army
Corp (WACs)
• 2.Women
Appointed for
Voluntary
Emergency
Service (WAVES)
Women in the Military
• 3.Women’s
Auxiliary
Ferrying
Squadron (WAFs)
• Female pilots
• Team of 28
• Transported soldiers
& light aircraft
Women in the Military
• 4. U.S. Cadet
Nurse Corps
• 20 nursing schools in
the country
• Government paid
training
Section 2: The War for Europe and North Africa
***
“Operation Overlord”
• Turning point in war!
• 176,000 Allied Soldiers
• British, Canadian,
American Troops
• 600 warships, 10,000
aircraft
• Landed in…Normandy,
France
• Also known as “DDAY”
Why is D-DAY Significant?
• June 6, 1944
• Victory for Allies
• Launched “amphibious”
attack against German
army
• Allies won – German
forces retreated August
25
America the Story of Us- WWII
• D-DAY 27:00 – 39:00
Allies Liberated France from German
control - 1944!
Battle of the Bulge - 1944
• December, 1944
• Allied Forces
continued towards
Belgium
• Faces defensive attack
by German forces
Yalta Conference -Feb. 1945
• “The Big 3”
• 1. Franklin D.
Roosevelt (U.S.)
• 2. Winston Churchill
(G.B.)
• 3. Joseph Stalin
(Soviet Union)
• Discussed postwar
aftermath
“The Big Three”
• Agreed to divide Germany
4 Zones:
• Soviets would control
east,
• U.S., Great Britain,
France would control
western Germany
• Berlin, Germany = joint
occupation
• Germany to pay $20
billion in war reparations
Spring, 1945
• American President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Died Suddenly April,
1945
• V.P. Becomes
President – Harry S.
Truman
Spring, 1945
• Allies liberated Concentration camps
May, 1945
• Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945
• Nazis surrendered May 7, 1945
• Was this the end of the WWII???
Section 3: The War in the Pacific
Top Secret Manhattan Project
• Harry S. Truman (
American President)
• Considered using the
top secret weapon
• The Atomic Bomb
Top Secret Manhattan Project
• $2 million top secret
American nuclear
weapon experiment
• First “A-bomb”
tested July, 16 1945
• In southwestern
desert
America the Story of Us-WWII
• A –bomb 39:35- to end
President Truman’s Choice
• Ordered military to
drop A-Bomb on
Japan
• If they didn’t
surrender by August
3.
August 6, 1945
• B-29 bomber airplane
called Enola Gay
• Dropped 5 ton
uranium bomb (“little
boy”)
• Hiroshima, Japan
• 80,000 people
killed
• 60,000 more died
radiation by the end
of the year
August 9, 1945
• Second bomb
dropped (“ Fat man”)
in
• Nagasaki, Japan
• Another 60,000
people died
• Japan
surrendered
September 2, 1945
The Bombing of Hiroshima & Nagasaki
• Necessary to end
the war?
• Why is this still
considered a
controversial
decision ??
WWII Aftermath…
• 55-60 Million People died during WWII
• Half were civilians (Holocaust, Atomic
bomb)
• How much is a population of 60 million?? 2010
Population in California : 38 Million
• “Crimes against humanity” entered vocabulary
– refers to atrocities committed by Nazis
• WWII Officially ended : September 1945
After WWII…
Impact on American Economy
• 1. End of Great
Depression
• Increase in
productivity
(manufacturing)
• Full employment
•
The Iconic Photograph…
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPLuecUvb
Rc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pjHKxG2
MO8
New Technology Introduced During
WWII
•
•
•
•
•
1. radar
2. computers
3. electronics
4. rockets
5. Nuclear Weapons
(atomic bomb)
Opportunities for Women, Minorities
• 1. Women entered job
force
• 2. Desegregation of
armed forces AFTER
the war
• 3. Native American
Code talkers
• 4. Bracero program –
Mexican farm
workers recruited
Impact on American Life
• G.I. Bill :
also known as the
“Servicemen’s
Readjustment Act”
• WWII Veterans are
rewarded
• 1. College scholarships
• 2. home loans
• 3. small business loans
Two World Powers Emerged …
• 1. The United
States
• And…
• 2. The Soviet
Union
•