DO NOW 11/17, 11/18
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Turn in SENSATION and PERCEPTION reading guide
to the inbox.
QUIZ
S cantron (bubbles AND NAME)
 Pen
 Testing Nook
 Phone on wall (cannot pick-up until given the all clear)
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Once done w/quiz return to front and answer questions
in your notebook:
Why did you take AP Psych?
 What brought you to school today?
 What do you think of when you think about your future?
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conduction hearing loss
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hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical
system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
sensorineural hearing loss
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hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's
receptors cells or to the auditory nerves; also called
nerve deafness.
Maslow handout
 Motivation Playlist
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Next class:
Fat Rat
 Reading Guide and
 Videos
 CC: Let’s Talk about Sex
 CC: The Power of Motivation
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MOTIVATION: THEORIES AND HUNGER
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• Identify and apply basic motivational concepts to
understand the behavior of humans and other animals (e.g.,
instincts, incentives, intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation).
• Discuss the biological underpinnings of motivation,
including needs, drives, and homeostasis.
• Compare and contrast motivational theories (e.g., drive
reduction theory, arousal theory, general adaptation theory),
including the strengths and weaknesses of each.
• Describe classic research findings in specific motivation
systems (e.g., eating, sex, social)
• Discuss theories of stress and the effects of stress on
psychological and physical well-being.
• Compare and contrast major theories of emotion (e.g.,
James–Lange, Cannon– Bard, Schachter two-factor theory).
• Describe how cultural influences shape emotional
expression, including variations in body language.
• Identify key contributors in the psychology of motivation
and emotion (e.g., William James, Alfred Kinsey, Abraham
Maslow, Stanley Schachter, Hans Selye).
Motivation
A need or desire that energizes
& directs behavior.
Early Motivation Theories
Motivation can be based on:
Instincts: Behavior patterned
throughout a species & is
UNLEARNED.
Homeostasis: tendency of organisms to maintain balance
When we are too cold, hypothalamus releases hormones that cause us to shiver &
seek out warmth (put on clothing). When we have not had enough sleep, we are
likewise pushed to slow down as we yawn & struggle to keep our eyes open.
Homeostasis helps us to return to balance state after we deviate from our normal
state.
COMPONENTS OF MOTIVATION:
Motive: Stimulus that moves person toward a behavior designed to
achieve a specific goal.
Need: Lack of something that one requires or desires.
Drive: Force that pushes a person to act.
Incentive: Force that pulls person toward a particular behavior.
UNCONSCIOUS/CONSCIOUS MOTIVATION
Conscious
Having
the
desire to engage
in an activity
and being aware
of the desire
Unconscious
Having
a desire
to engage in an
activity but being
consciously
unaware of the
desire
Motivation includes the
influences that account for
the initiation, direction,
intensity and persistence of
behavior
Aaron Ralston was
motivated to cut his arm to
free himself from a rock that
pinned him down.
Aaron Ralston
https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=VK0GlKtrKV8
AP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy Walgren
“why we do what we do”
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
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INSTINCT THEORY
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DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY
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AROUSAL THEORY
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INCENTIVE THEORY
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MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Instinct: innate, automatic disposition
toward responding in a particular way
when confronted with a specific stimulus
All creatures born w/innate knowledge that
allows them to survive
Tony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc.
Tony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc.
© Ariel Skelley/ Masterfile
Birds builds nests, salmon
spawn and do these
items perfectly the 1st
time…because behaviors
are engrained in their
genetic code
Motivation arises from imbalances in
homeostasis!
Internally motivated to reduce tension the need or
drive creates
GOAL:HOMEOSTASIS
Need
Drive
Behavior
(Ex: hunger,
thirst, sex)
(Random
activity)
(Eat , Drink,
Sex)
Satisfaction
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Incentive Theory
•
Overjustification Effect
Motivation produced by
need for goal
attainment.
●
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Intrinsic- Internal need /
reward
Extrinsic – External
reward
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Extrinsic rewards
decrease intrinsic
interest in task
ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
WHAT MOTIVATES US TO WORK?
(SCHOOL, JOB, SPORTS, VIDEO GAMES, RELATIONSHIPS ETC..)
Intrinsic Motivators
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Rewards we get
internally, such as
enjoyment or satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivators
Reward that we get for
accomplishments from
outside ourselves (grades
or money or etc..)
 Work great in the short
run.
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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Optimal Arousal Theory
•
Humans seek activities &
situations that create
desired levels of
physiological arousal
•
Yerkes-Dodson Law
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Optimal level of arousal
helps performance
Perform best when arousal
is moderate
We generally try to increase arousal
when too low (bored) or decrease
arousal when too high (stressed)
✕
lower needs must be met 1st
Self-actualization
personal growth and fulfilment
Esteem needs
achievement, status, responsibility, reputation
Belongingness and Love needs
family, affection, relationships, work group, etc.
Safety needs
protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc.
Biological and Physiological needs
basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
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needs not have to be fulfilled 100% to move up to next level…the average
American 85% level 1, 70% level 2, 50% level 3, 40% level 4, 10% level 5
theory a bit arbitrary – the order is not universally fixed, as there will
always be exceptions