Biology Semester Exam Study Guide
Chapters 1,2,7,8,9,12,13
1. Science is best described as a ____________________________________________________________.
2. The work of scientists usually begins with careful ___________________________________.
3. Information gathered from observing a plant grow 3 cm over a two-week period is called _______________________.
4. During a controlled experiment, a scientist isolates and tests ____________________________________.
5. A student sees a bee on a flower. The student wonders how the bee finds flowers. This student is displaying the
scientific attitude of ________________________________.
6. Why is creativity considered a scientific attitude
_______________________________________________________________________________.
7. A theory is _________________________________________________________________________________.
8. A well-tested explanation that explains a lot of observations is _______________________.
9. A personal preference or point of view is _______________________.
10. What are the 3 characteristic of all living things? _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________.
11. Cells in multicellular organisms have many different sizes and shapes. These differences in cells is called cell
specialization. Cell specialization allows cells to __________________________________________.
12. The process by which organisms keep everything inside their bodies within certain limits is called
_______________________.
13. What are the smallest objects that biologists study? _______________________.
14. The basic unit of length in the metric system is the _______________________.
15. How many meters are in 2.4 km? _______________________.
16. The standard or English system of measurement uses units such as yards, miles, quarts, and gallons. The metric
system uses units such as meters, kilometers, milliliters, and liters. Why is the metric system easier to use than
the English system? ______________________________________________________________________.
17. The three particles that make up atoms are __________________________________________________________.
18. What are found in the space surrounding the nucleus of an atom? _______________________.
19. If an atom contains 3 protons, 4 neutrons, and 3 electrons, its mass number is _______________________.
20. If an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is _______________________.
21. What makes up a molecule of water? _________________________________________________________.
22. What type of ion forms when an atom loses electrons? _______________________________.
23. When salt is dissolved in water, water is the _______________________.
24. A substance with a pH of 6 is called _______________________.
25. What is a monomer? __________________________________________________________________________.
26. What are the function of proteins? ______________________________________________________________.
27. In chemical reactions, atoms are _____________________________________.
28. When hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, water is the _______________________.
29. Identify the reactant(s) in the chemical reaction, CO2 + H2O  H2CO3. _______________________
30. A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is called an _______________________.
31. Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the ______________________________________________.
32. Who used a compound microscope to see chambers within cork and named them “cells”?
_______________________.
33. What advance in technology made the discovery of cells possible? _______________________
34. What is the cell theory? __________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
35. How are the color seen in images made from electron microscopes created?_
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
36. Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
37. Which of the following enclose their DNA in a nucleus? _______________________.
38. Give an example of a prokaryote _______________________.
39. What is the function of the nucleus? _______________________________________________________________
40. Which organelle breaks down organelles that are no longer useful? _______________________
41. What are the functions of the cytoskeleton? ________________________________________________________
42. Which structures are involved in cell movement? _______________________
43. Which structure makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus? _______________________
44. Which organelles are involved in energy conversion? ________________________________________________
45. What organelle would you expect to find in plant cells but not animal cells? _______________________
46. Unlike the cell membrane, the cell wall is __________________________________________________________.
47. Which structures serves as the cell’s boundary from its environment? _______________________.
48. How do unicellular organisms maintain homeostasis? __________________________________________________
49. Which term describes the relatively constant internal physical conditions of an organism? _______________________
50. Give an example of an organ? _______________________
51. A group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called _______________________.
52. An organ system is a group of organs that _________________________________________________________.
53. What are the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most complex level?
Cells, ______________________, _______________________, _______________________.
54. What are the three parts of an ATP molecule? ________________, __________________, ___________________.
55. Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called _______________________.
56. Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from external sources are called
_______________________.
57. What happens during photosynthesis? _____________________________________________________________
58. Plants get the energy they need for photosynthesis by absorbing _______________________.
59. Most plants appear green because chlorophyll _______________________ green light.
60. A granum is a ____________________________________________________________________________.
61. The stroma is the region outside the _________________________.
62. Where in the chloroplast is chlorophyll found? _______________________________________________________.
63. What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis? _______________________________________________________.
64. A student is collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of 27°C. The gas being
collected is probably __________________________.
65. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into _____________________________.
66. The Calvin cycle is another name for the ___________________________________________________.
67. The Calvin cycle takes place in the _____________________________.
68. What are the products of the Calvin cycle? _____________________________.
69. If carbon dioxide is completely removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to the plant’s
production of high-energy sugars? ________________________________________________________.
70. What is the sequence of events in cellular respiration? ______________________, _______________________,
_______________________.
71. Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down ___________________________.
72. What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration? ___________________and ____________________.
73. What are the products of cellular respiration? ________________________________________________________.
74. Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires _____________________________.
75. Why are cellular respiration and photosynthesis opposite processes? ______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
76. Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in ___________________________________
77. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants in ___________________________________________.
78. Where does Glycolysis take place? ______________________________________________.
79. Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of _____________ ATP.
80. Glycolysis requires ________________________________________________.
81. What is the role of an electron carrier in cellular respiration?
_________________________________________________________________________________.
82. The Krebs cycle produces ________________________________________________.
83. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by ________________________________.
84. In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the ______________________________________________.
85. Which of the following pass high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain?
___________________________________________________________________________.
86. The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is directly used to
_____________________________________________________________________________.
87. Cellular respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce approximately _____ ATP.
88. The two main types of fermentation are called _________________________ and _________________________.
89. The air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process? ___________________________________
90. During fermentation, __________________________________________________________________________.
91. Breathing heavily after running a race is your body’s way of replenishing __________________________________.
92. When the body needs to exercise for longer than 90 seconds, it generates ATP by carrying out
__________________________________.
93. Which bacteria killed the mice in Griffith’s transformation experiment? ___________________________
94 . What did Avery conclude caused transformation? _______________________
95. What happened when Griffith injected mice with the harmless, R-strain bacteria alone?
_______________________________________________________________________________
96. What do bacteriophages infect? ________________________
97. Which scientist made x-ray diffraction photos of DNA? ______________________________________
98. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases
_____________________________________
Figure 12–5
99. In Figure 12–5, what nucleotide is going to be added at point 1, opposite from thymine? ______________________
100. In Figure 12–5, what is adding base pairs to the strand? ____________________________________
101. In eukaryotes, DNA is located where? _________________________________
102. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, how many copies of the chromosome are left after replication? _________
103. Unlike DNA, RNA contains ________________________.
104. Which type of RNA brings the information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell?
___________________________________________________
105. Which molecules are involved in protein synthesis? ________________________________________________
106. What is produced during transcription? ______________________
107. A promoter is a _____________________________________________________________________________.
108. What happens during translation? _______________________________________________________________
109. A protein is being assembled when _______________________________________________________________.
110. Which is the correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms? ____________________ to
______________________ to ________________________.
111. In eukaryotes transcription takes place in the __________________ and translation takes place in the
_______________________.
112. A mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides is called ___________________________________________.
113. What are the 4 chromosomal mutations?
______________________,______________________,______________________, and
______________________, .
114. A lac repressor turns OFF the expression of the lac genes by ____________________________,
115. What is involved with the regulation of eukaryotic genes? _____________________________________________
116. Specialized cells regulate the expression of genes because they do not need the proteins that are
______________________ by certain genes.
117. Hox genes determine an animal’s ______________________________________________________________.