Name:
“How Genes Work” Topic – Part I
Date:
Section 1: Genes and Proteins pgs. 300-306
Due Date:
Goals/Objectives:
In this section you will….
 Describe how RNA is different from DNA
 Compare the three types of RNA
 Explain the process of transcription and RNA editing
 Identify and use the genetic code to explain translation
 Explain the relationship between genes and proteins
Main Questions:
1. Compare RNA with DNA.
2. Describe the three main types of RNA.
3. Contrast transcription with translation.
4. What happens during RNA editing?
Vocabulary terms – 12 words
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gene
messenger RNA
ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
transcription
RNA polymerase
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intron
exon
codon
translation
anticodon
promoter
Section 2: Mutations & Gene Regulation pgs. 307-312
Due Date:
Goals/Objectives:
In this section you will….
 Describe a mutation
 Compare a gene mutation with a chromosomal mutation
 Explain how prokaryotic gene are regulated and provide an example
 Compare prokaryotic gene regulation to eukaryotic gene regulation
Main Questions:
1. Compare a gene mutation with a chromosome mutation.
2. How does a substitution or deletion result in a frameshift mutation?
3. What are some possible results due to a mutation?
4. What is the promoter region of a gene? An operon?
It is the RNA polymersase binding site. An operon is a group of genes that act together.
Vocabulary terms – 17 (29) words
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Mutation
Gene mutation
Frameshift mutation
Point mutation
Chromosome mutation
Deletion
duplication
Differentiation
Hox genes
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Inversion
Translocation
Polyploidy
Operon
Lac genes
Repressor
Operator
TATA box
Class Notes on DNA & RNA
Date:
Name: __________________________
Date: _______________
Section 1 - Class notes
Block: __________
CP1 Biology
RNA –
Find, Identify and describe the three main types.
DNA
Comparison of Nucleic Acids
RNA
Steps of Transcription
1)
Example: Play the role of the RNA polymersase.
What happens before the mRNA leaves the nucleus?
Then what?
Codon Wheel
Translation
Steps of Translation:
1)
Directions: Use your codon wheel and what you just learned to fill in the missing amino acids.
Name: __________________________
Date: _______________
Block: __________
CP1 Biology
Section 1 – Review Worksheet
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
____
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1. Unlike DNA, RNA contains
a. adenine.
c. phosphate groups.
b. ribose
d. thymine.
2. How many codons are needed to specify six amino acids?
a. 3
c. 9
b. 6
d. 12
3. How many nitrogenous bases are needed to code for 4 amino acids?
a. 3
c. 9
b. 6
d. 12
4. Only RNA contains the base
a. adenine
c. guanine
b. uracil
d. cytiosine
5. Which RNA molecule carries amino acids?
a. messenger RNA
c. ribosomal RNA
b. transfer RNA
d. RNA polymerase
6. What is produced during translation?
a. RNA molecules
c. RNA polymerase
b. DNA molecules
d. proteins
7. What happens during the process of transcription?
a. Messenger RNA is made from DNA.
b. The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
c. Transfer RNA is made from messenger RNA.
d. Copies of DNA molecules are made.
8. Genes contain instructions for assembling
a. purines.
c. proteins.
b. nucleosomes.
d. pyrimidines.
9. A nucleotide does NOT contain
a. A five carbon sugar
c. A nitrogenous base
b. polymerase
d. A phosphate group
Completion and Short Answer.
10. A ________________ contains the instruction for assembling proteins.
11. _____________________ are enzymes and needed by the body for growth and repair.
12. Transcription occurs in the _____________________ of the cell.
13. What is the job of RNA polymerase?
14. Label: Identify the three main types of RNA below.
________
__________
______________
15. Describe how they are different.
16. After introns are cut out of an RNA molecule, the remaining ____________________ are spliced back together to form
the final messenger RNA.
17. Translation occurs in the ____________________________ at the _______________________.
18. Unlike the other codons, the stop codons on the mRNA do not specify for any __________________.
19. The start codon is ____________________. It codes for _____________________.
20. What codes for serine?
21. Using the codon wheel from your worksheet, complete the processes of DNA replication, transcription, and
translation below.
NAME: ________________________________
BLOCK: ______________
CP1 BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES
DATE: _______________
How Genes Work – Section 2 on Mutations
Mutations – A change in the DNA; could result in …
1) Gene Mutation A) Point mutation – involve changes in one or a few nucleotides; such as an _____________________
Ex.
B) Frameshift mutation – shifts the entire “reading frame” in the mRNA; may cause every
amino acid after that to change, totally altering the protein that is made; such as
___________________________________ or _____________________________
Ex.
2) Chromosomal Mutations –
NAME: ________________________________
BLOCK: ______________
CP1 BIOLOGY CLASS NOTES
DATE: _______________
How Genes Work – Section 2 on Gene Regulation
I. Prokaryotic Gene Regulation in Escherichia coli
Directions: Find, Label and Define the terms as we go through the lesson
1) Operon -
2) Promoter –
3) Repressor –
4) Lactose –
5) O region –
II. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Case Study Research:
1) Where did you find your diagnosis?
2) What is your diagnosis? Why do you think this?
Name
“How Genes Work” Topic – Part II
Date:
Section 3: Modern Genetics pgs. 319-326 & pgs. 342-353
Due Date:
Goals/Objectives:
In this section you will….
 Explain how scientists use technology to change and use DNA
 Describe gel electrophoresis
 Use a pedigree to follow genetic traits/disorders through a family
 Talk about different current issues concerning genetics
Main Questions
1) What is genetic engineering and what does it involve?
2) Compare an autosome to a sex chromosome.
3) What is a pedigree and what is it used for?
4) What is a sex-inked gene? Why are x-linked alleles expressed in all males?
5) What is nondisjunction? Give an example.
Vocabulary terms – 12 (41) words
* = not in this section of reading, from notes and projects
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Genetic engineering
Restriction enzyme
Gel electrophoresis
Recombinant DNA
PCR
Pedigree chart
Sex linked genes
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Transgenic organism*
Cloning*
Genetically modified foods*
DNA profiling*
nondisjuntion
Gel Electrophoresis Procedure – The Basics
Example of a DNA Profile/Fingerprint
Human Pedigree Example
Sex-Linked Pedigree Example
Name:
CP1 Biology
Date:
How Genetics Works Questions
Test Date: _____________
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA?
a. ribose + phosphate group + thymine
b. ribose + phosphate group + uracil
c. deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil
d. deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine
____
2. Unlike DNA, RNA contains
a. adenine.
b. uracil.
____
3. Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis?
a. transfer RNA only
b. messenger RNA only
c. ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA only
d. messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
____
4. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids?
a. 3
c. 9
b. 6
d. 12
____
5. Which of the following terms is LEAST closely related to the others?
a. intron
c. polypeptide
b. tRNA
d. anticodon
____
6. Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code?
a. rRNA
c. mRNA
b. tRNA
d. RNA polymerase
____
7. Which of the following is NOT a gene mutation?
a. inversion
c. deletion
b. insertion
d. substitution
____
8. Which of the following statements is true?
a. A promoter determines whether a gene is expressed.
b. An expressed gene is turned off.
c. Proteins that bind to regulatory sites on DNA determine whether a gene is expressed.
d. RNA polymerase regulates gene expression.
____
9. A lac repressor turns off the lac genes by binding to
a. the promoter.
c. the operator.
b. tRNA.
d. the lac genes.
c. phosphate groups.
d. thymine.
____
10. Gene regulation in eukaryotes
a. usually involves operons.
b. is simpler than in prokaryotes.
c. allows for cell specialization.
d. includes the action of DNA polymerase.
____
11. In eukaryotes, DNA
a. is located in the nucleus.
b. floats freely in the cytoplasm.
c. is located in the ribosomes.
d. is circular.
____
12. RNA contains the sugar
a. ribose.
b. deoxyribose.
c. glucose.
d. lactose.
____
13. What is produced during transcription?
a. RNA molecules
b. DNA molecules
c. RNA polymerase
d. proteins
____
14. What happens during the process of translation?
a. Messenger RNA is made from DNA.
b. The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
c. Transfer RNA is made from messenger RNA.
d. Copies of DNA molecules are made.
____
15. Genes contain instructions for assembling
a. purines.
b. nucleosomes.
c. proteins.
d. pyrimidines.
____
16. A mutation that involves a single nucleotide is called a(an)
a. chromosomal mutation.
c. point mutation.
b. inversion.
d. translocation.
____
17. A promoter is a
a. binding site for DNA polymerase.
b. binding site for RNA polymerase.
c. start signal for transcription.
d. stop signal for transcription.
____
18. In E. coli, the lac operon controls the
a. breakdown of lactose.
b. production of lactose.
c. breakdown of glucose.
d. production of glucose.
____
19. Hox genes determine an animal’s
a. basic body plan.
b. size.
c. skin color.
d. eye color.
____
20. What does Figure 13-1 show?
Figure 13–1
a.
b.
c.
d.
gel electrophoresis
DNA sequencing
a restriction enzyme cutting different sequences of DNA
polymerase chain reaction
____
21. Analyzing DNA by gel electrophoresis allows researchers to
a. identify similarities and differences in the genomes of different kinds of organisms.
b. determine whether a particular allele of a gene is dominant or recessive.
c. compare the phenotypes of different organisms.
d. cut DNA with restriction enzymes.
____
22. Which of the following techniques do scientists use to make many copies of a gene?
a. cloning
c. gel electrophoresis
b. transformation
d. polymerase chain reaction
____
23. One function of gel electrophoresis is to
a. separate DNA fragments.
b. cut DNA.
____
24. The process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms is called
a. selective breeding.
c. inbreeding.
b. genetic engineering.
d. hybridization.
____
25. Knowing the sequence of an organism’s DNA allows researchers to
a. clone the organism.
c. study specific genes.
b. mutate the DNA.
d. extract the DNA.
c. recombine DNA.
d. make many copies of DNA.
____
26. Which of the following are shown in a karyotype?
a. homologous chromosomes
c. autosomes
b. sex chromosomes
d. all of the above
____
27. What is the approximate probability that a human offspring will be female?
a. 10 percent
c. 50 percent
b. 25 percent
d. 75 percent
____
28. A pedigree CANNOT be used to
a. determine whether a trait is inherited.
b. show how a trait is passed from one generation to the next.
c. determine whether an allele is dominant or recessive.
d. none of the above
____
29. Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because
a. fathers pass the allele for colorblindness to their sons only.
b. the allele for colorblindness is located on the Y chromosome.
c. the allele for colorblindness is recessive and located on the X chromosome.
d. males who are colorblind have two copies of the allele for colorblindness.
____
30. Which of the following combinations of sex chromosomes represents a female?
a. XY
c. XXXY
b. XXY
d. XX
____
31. The process of DNA fingerprinting is based on the fact that
a. the most important genes are different among most people.
b. no two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA.
c. most genes are dominant.
d. most people have DNA that contains repeats.
____
32. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype?
a. 2
c. 44
b. 23
d. 46
____
33. In humans, a male has
a. one X chromosome only.
b. two X chromosomes.
c. one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
d. two Y chromosomes.
____
34. In a pedigree, a circle represents a(an)
a. male.
b. female.
____
35. Which of the following is determined by multiple alleles?
a. Rh blood group
c. PKU
b. ABO blood group
d. Huntington’s disease
____
36. The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called
a. nondisjunction.
c. Turner’s syndrome.
b. X-chromosome inactivation.
d. Down syndrome.
c. child.
d. adult.
____
37. The Human Genome Project is an attempt to
a. make a DNA fingerprint of every person’s DNA.
b. analyze the human DNA sequence.
c. cure human diseases.
d. identify alleles in human DNA that are recessive.
Completion
Complete each statement.
38. The order of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the order of ____________________ in proteins.
39. There is no ____________________ that is specified by a stop codon on an mRNA molecule.
40. The lac repressor releases the operator in the presence of ____________________.
41. In eukaryotes, proteins that attract RNA polymerase bind to ____________________ sequences in DNA.
42. After introns are cut out of an RNA molecule, the remaining ____________________ are spliced back together
to form the final messenger RNA.
43. A mutation in a series of genes, called the ____________________, can change the organs that develop in
specific parts of an embryo.
44. A(An) ____________________ can be used to determine whether a person has inherited the normal number
of chromosomes.
45. A(An) ____________________ is a diagram that follows the inheritance of a single gene through several
generations of a family.
Short Answer
46. In Figure 12-2, which molecule is tRNA, and what is its function?
Figure 12–2
47. According to Figure 12-3, what codons specify the amino acid arginine?
Figure 12–3
48. What happens to lac repressors in E. coli when lactose is present?
49. Why are hox genes that are found in different animals very similar to one another?
50. What must happen to a DNA molecule before RNA polymerase can make RNA?
51. What is a mutation?
52. Why are all X-linked alleles expressed in males, even if they are recessive?
Other
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 12–8
53. Classifying What general type of mutation results from processes A, B, C, and D in Figure 12-8?
54. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 12-8, which process or processes involve two chromosomes?
55. Comparing and Contrasting Contrast process A and process B in Figure 12-8.
56. Interpreting Graphics During which process in Figure 12-8 does a segment of a chromosome become
oriented in the reverse direction?
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a
family. Attached earlobes is caused by a recessive allele (f).
Figure 14–1
57. Inferring Is individual 2 in Figure 14-1 homozygous or heterozygous for free earlobes? Explain.
58. Interpreting Graphics In Figure 14-1, how many children of individuals 4 and 5 have attached
earlobes?
59. Inferring Can you be certain of the genotype of individual 5 in Figure 14-1? Explain.
60. Predicting Predict the genotype and phenotype of individual 14 in Figure 14-1.
61. Inferring In Figure 14-1, are any of the descendents of individuals 1 and 2 homozygous for free
earlobes? Explain your answer.