Period 4
1800-1848
Key Concept 4.1 “The United States developed the world’s first modern
mass democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while Americans
sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and to reform its
institutions to match them.”
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Political Parties (G.Wash warned against)
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1st Party system
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Revolution of 1800- 1st peaceful transfer of power from Feds to Dem-Reps
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Era of Good Feelings- 1816-1824- nationalism and one party control
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2nd Party system
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Democrats- Andrew Jackson (1829 elected) “Common Man”- against BofUS and elites
Whigs- favor strong central gov’t, internal improvements, BofUS
Define democratic ideals:
• John Marshall court:
• Known for expansion of federal power
• Loose constructionist
• Federalist
• Cases:
• Marbury v. Madison- S.C. has power to rule Congressional Acts
unconstitutional (judicial review)
• Midnight judges- Federalist judges appointed by Adams at last minute
before he left office
• McCulloch v. Maryland- fed. Gov’t can establish BofUS (necessary and
proper clause)
• Gibbons v. Ogden- federal laws regulate interstate commerce
Economy
• Hartford Convention- Federalists upset about embargos and War
of 1812 affecting trade; want Washington to compensate for lost
trade; rumors of succession; proved death for Federalists
• American System- Henry Clay- protective tariff; national bank;
internal improvements
• Regional political and economic loyalties overshadowed
national concerns
• Nullification Crisis- S. Carolina and other southern states
opposed tariff of 1828 and 1832; S. Carolina nullified and even
threatened succession
• Force Bill- Jackson to use army and navy to enforce Congress
Southern Slavery
• Southerners economy dependent on cotton
• Slave codes- laws est. the status of slaves denying them basic
rights
• Wealthy owners saw slaves as status symbol
• Many poor whites favored slavery (higher on social ladder)
2nd Great Awakening and
reform movements4.1II
• 2nd Great Awakening
• Charles G. Finney- massive sermons
• Seneca Falls Convention- Women’s rights; Elizabeth Cady
Stanton
• Utopian Societies- Oneidas; Brook Farm
• Dorothea Dix- treatment for mentally ill
• Horace Mann- education
Abolitionism/ rights of
African Americans
• International slave trade outlawed in 1808
• American Colonization Society- end slavery by liberation and
transport to Africa (Liberia)
• William Lloyd Garrison- abolitionist; The Liberator- an
antislavery newspaper
• Sojourner Truth- former slave; abolitionist and feminist
• Frederick Douglass- former slave; Narrative of the Life of
Frederick Douglass
Resistance to reform
• John C. Calhoun- Slavery as a Positive Good
• Xenophobia- nativism (Irish immigrants)
• Know-Nothing Party- (American Party) in favor of
immigration restriction
• Anti-Indian policies
• Indian Removal Act- Trail of Tears
Culture
• Hudson River School- 1st school of painting in U.S.;
landscapes
• John James Audubon- study of birds
• Transcendentalism- intuition highest source of knowledge
• Ralph Waldo Emerson- write and poet; transcendentalist
• Henry David Thoreau- write and naturalist
• “Cult of Domesticity”- women higher educaiton
African American Leadership
and Culture
• Sought to protect family structures and community
• Surrogate families
• Slave music- religion; work; recreation
• David Walker- Af-Am who wanted slaves to rebel against
masters
• 2 yrs. Later- Nat Turner’s Rebellion- helped strengthen
Southern black codes
Key Concept 4.2 “Developments in technology, agriculture, and
commerce precipitated profound changes in U.S. settlement patterns,
regional identities, gender and family relations, political power, and
distribution of consumer goods.”
• Samuel Slater- “Father of the American Industrial Revolution”; brought
BR textile technology back to U.S.
• Textile machines – made production faster – Spinning Jenny
• Steam engines – Allowed boats to go against the current
• Interchangeable parts – Eli Whitney – increased production
• Canals – shipping goods farther – Erie Canal
• Railroads – increased drastically
• Telegraph – information spread more rapidly
• Cyrus McCormick- Mechanical Reaper
• John Deere- Steel plow
• Lowell System- 1st ex of planned automated factory
Regional Economic Interests
4.2II
• King cotton• South specialization; single cash crop
• Trade with European countries tide to our economy
• North factories benefited from trade
• Tariff of abominations
• Bank of US; Second Bank of US
Am. Expansionism and
Internationalism 4.3I
• Seeking natural resources:
• Free migration of people:
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(Manifest Destiny)
Population growth
Threats removed (War of 1812)
Infrastructure- roads, canals-Erie, railroads
Louisiana Purchase 1803- double size of US; full control of Miss R.
Lewis and Clark- expedition through LA Purchase
Adams-Onis Treaty-SP ceded Florida to US
Webster-Ashburton Treaty- est. Maine border with Canada
Annexation of TX
Oregon Treaty
Mexican Cession- present day southwestern US
Am. Expansionism and
Internationalism 4.3I
• Forced Migrations
• Slavery further west- Cause of Civil War
• Native Americans- Indian Removal Act- Trail of Tears
• Major question raised= slavery???
• Internationalism- Monroe Doctrine
Immigration Patterns 4.2 III
• Immigrants from Europe- settle in East and Midwest
• Germans- Ohio as farmers
• Irish- cities as urban workers (Potato famine 1840’s and
1850’s)
• Little immigration to South- hard to compete w/ slave labor
Eco. changes effects on family
• Market Revolution
• Gap b/w rich and poor increased
• Home and workplace become more separate
• Cult of Domesticity- separate spheres for women- subordinate to men
and raise children
Key Concept 4.3 “US interest in increasing foreign trade, expanding its
national borders, and isolating itself from European conflicts shaped the
nation’s foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.”
• Debates over expansion
• Missouri Compromise- attempt to balance slave and free states
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Missouri slave
Maine free
No slavery north of 36 30 except Missouri
(later overturned by KS-NB Act)
• Native American conflicts
• Worcester v. Georgia- state did not have power to enforce laws on
lands not under jurisdiction- Marshall said state of GA did not
have power to remove Indians; only fed gov’t has power to
regulate Indians
• Seminole Wars- Seminoles of Florida opposed removal and
resisted US troops
Important Documents
• Monroe Doctrine
• Lowell Mill Girls and the factory system, 1840