Anatomy of Plants
Chapter 4
Prokaryotes
• No membrane enclosed organelles
• Considered primitive
• Examples: Bacteria & Blue green algae
Eukaryotes
• Organelles bound with membranes
• Organelles such as: nucleus, mitochondria,
vacuoles etc.
• Examples: plant & animal
Cell Walls
•
•
•
•
Made of hemicellulose
Protects the organelles
Give structure and support
Secondary cell walls are made up of
cellulose, pectic, suberin, cutin, and lignins
Plasma Membrane
• The lipid bilayer membrane surrounding
the cytoplasm
• Selective absorption
Protoplast
• Refers to the inside of the cell
• Cytoplasm:
– The fluid surrounded by plasma membrane
– Made up of proteins
– Suspends the organelles
Organelles
• Internal structures within the protoplast
Chloroplasts
•
•
•
•
•
Responsible for photosynthesis
Contains pigments
Solar energy is harvested
Made up of flattened discs called grana
Double membranes plastids
Mitochondria
•
•
•
•
The manufacturing plant
Site of respiration
Involved in producing ATP
Double membrane surrounding it
Nucleus
• Control center of the cell
• Contains chromosomal DNA
• Double membrane which is porous to allow
material to pass in and out of the nucleus
Vacuoles
• 90% in mature cells
• Storage devices
• Water, Sugar, Salts, and toxic waste
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Site of protein synthesis
• Two types: Rough ER has ribosomes and
Smooth ER does not have ribosomes
Ribosomes
• Decodes DNA
• Contains RNA
Golgi Apparatus (Body)
• Membrane bound
• Packages energy
• Delivers packaged energy to different parts
of the cell
Tissues
• Meristems
– Apical
– Subapical
– Intercalary
– Lateral/cambial
Permanent Tissue
• Epidermis
• Parenchyma
– Collenchyma, support function
– Sclerenchyma, they make plant fibers or gritty
cell like in pears
Complex Permanent Tissue
• Xylem
• Phloem
Structure of Primary Root
Structure of Primary Stem
Structure of leaves
Cell
Division
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase