Biology I
FINAL EXAM
REVIEW
QUESTIONS
What is the goal of science?
• To investigate and understand the natural
world, to explain events in the natural world
and to use those explanations to make useful
predictions.
In an experiment, the variable that is
changes is termed the……
• MANIPULATED VARIABLE
Name 5 characteristics of all living
things
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Respond to the environment
Reproduce
Grow and develop
Maintain homeostasis
Evolve as species over time
Are made up of cells
Obtain and use materials and energy
Are based on a universal genetic code
Define HOMEOSTASIS
• The process in which organisms keep their
internal conditions fairly constant
The disproved idea that life could arise
from nonliving matter is termed…
• SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
_______ are atoms of the same
element that differ in their number of
neutrons
• ISOTOPES
Proteins that speed up chemical
reactions are called…
• ENZYMES
Name the 4 main classes of organic
compounds.
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CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Identify the purpose and set up of the
pH scale.
• Purpose is to show the relative concentration
of Hydrogen ions and indicate whether a
substance is an acid a base or neutral. 7 is
neutral above that is a base and below is an
acid the further away from seven the stronger
of an acid/base it is. Each change in number is
10 times different.
What is the difference between a
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
• PROKARYOTIC = smaller, less complex, no
nucleus
• EUKARYOTIC = larger, more complex, has
membrane bound organelles and a nucleus
_______ is the diffusion of water
through a selectively permeable
membrane.
• OSMOSIS
What (two-word) term refers to cells
having different roles in an organism?
• CELL SPECIALIZATION
Put the following in order from most
complex level to most simple level:
tissue, organ, cell, organ system
• ORGAN SYSTEM, ORGAN, TISSUE, CELL
If the cell has to use energy to
move substances in and out of the
cell this type of transport is called
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
The nuclei of eukaryotic cells is
important because…
• It contains coded information (DNA) that
determines the structure and functioning of
the organism.
What are the three parts of the cell
theory?
• Cells are the basic units of life
• All living things are made up of cells
• Cells only come from pre-existing cells
Photosynthesis takes place in this
specialized organelle…
• CHLOROPLASTS
What is the difference between
autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Autotrophs make their own food while
heterotrophs have to get energy by obtaining
it from other organisms.
What are four main things required for
the process of photosynthesis?
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SUNLIGHT (UV LIGHT)
CHLOROPHYLL
WATER
CARBON DIOXIDE
One cause of muscle soreness is the
production of __________ through
fermentation in our muscle cells.
• LACTIC ACID
Cellular respiration occurs in……
• MITOCHONDRIA
• ALL LIVING THINGS
• EVEN PLANTS
What are the products of cellular
respiration?
• CARBON DIOXIDE
• WATER
• STORED ENERGY IN OUR ATP
The process by which a cell divides
into two daughter cells is called…
• CELL DIVISION
What are the 4 phases of mitosis (IN
ORDER)?
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PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
The splitting of the cell’s cytoplasm is
termed…
• CYTOKINESIS
What is the significance of stem cells?
• They have not yet become specialized, so they
have the potential to become different cells in
the body. If we can figure out how (and if it is
ethical to) to develop these that match our
cells, how to deliver them to the target part of
the body, and how to program them, we
would be able to potentially cure many
diseases, disorders or damage done to the
body.
What are two reasons cells remain
quite small?
• Keep the surface area to volume ratio low so
that nutrients/wastes could effectively move
in and out of the cell.
• Not enough DNA to meet the needs of larger
cells – DNA OVERLOAD
Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are
called…
• CYCLINS
__________ is a type of cell division
that has the purpose of producing
gametes.
• MEIOSIS
Chemical factors that determine traits
are called…
• GENES
A Heterozygous brown rabbit is
crossed with a white, homozygous
recessive rabbit. The probability that
the offspring will be white is….
• 25%
Who is the scientist that laid the
foundation of the field of genetics with
his study of pea plants?
• MENDEL
What is the difference between
phenotype and genotype?
• Phenotype is the physical expression of a trait
(what you see), while genotype refers to an
organism’s alleles for a trait (their written
genetic make-up).
How is codominance different than
incomplete dominance?
• Codominance is where both alleles contribute
to the genotype and are both distinctly and
visibly expressed, whereas incomplete
dominance is where neither allele is
completely dominant so the expressed trait in
a heterozygous individual is in between the
two homozygous phenotypes.
What are two differences between
mitosis and meiosis?
• Mitosis = one round of division, produces two
identical diploid cells, used for
growth/development and repair or
replacement of body cells.
• Meiosis = two rounds of division, produces 4
genetically different haploid cells, used for
producing gametes
What is a mutation?
• Any change in the sequence of DNA that affect
genetic information
During transcription a DNA “gene” is
converted into ...
• MESSENGER RNA (mRNA).
During the process of translation,
messenger RNA is read by a ribosome
to assemble a _________ by linking
together individual ___________.
• PROTEIN (POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN)
• AMINO ACIDS
DNA is double stranded and
complimentary. During replication a
strand that has the sequence
AAGGGCATACAT would have ______
formed as its compliment.
• TTCCCGTATGTA
How is DNA different than RNA?
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Function or biological role
Double stranded vs. single-stranded
Different sugar – deoxyribose vs. ribose
RNA has U (uracil) in place of T (thymine)
A normal male chromosome make-up
would be? Female?
• 46, XY
• 46, XX
What does a pedigree chart show?
• It shows the pattern of inheritance for traits
through generations of offspring.
What was the goal of the Human
Genome Project?
• Goal was to sequence the complete DNA for
the human organism.
Transgenic organisms are those that
contain __________ from a different
species. What are some purposes for
creating
• GENES
• Increasing food supply, creating cells, organs
for transplant, creating large amounts of
biologically important molecules
Gene Therapy is an effort to…
• Replace or fix a faulty gene with a working
one.
Breeders can increase genetic
variation by…
• INDUCING MUTATION
The hypothesis that species change
over time by means of natural
selection was proposed by…
• CHARLES DARWIN
Darwin’s exploration of the
Galapagos Islands led him to see
that each island….
• Had unique species of very similar type
organisms as well as environmental
differences.
From reading Lyell and Hutton, Charles
Darwin learned that the Earth…
• Is very old
• Is formed by processes that still operate to
change the Earth today.
Thomas Malthus proposed that…
• The world’s population would one day
outgrow (outpace) its supply of food
resources.
Artificial Selection is a process in
which….
• Human beings, not nature chose which
organisms to breed together based on desired
characteristics.
_______ is the ability of an organism
to survive and reproduce in its specific
environment.
• FITNESS
What are at least 3 areas of evidence
supporting the theory of biological
evolution?
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Fossil Record
Observed microevolution events
Geographic distribution of species
Homologous structures
Similarities in embryology
Molecular evidence
Scientists have discovered, identified
and classified ________ of the planet’s
living species.
• Some, a part, less than ½…
In a system called________ ________
each species is assigned a two-part
universally accepted scientific name.
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Traditional classification efforts
concentrated only on…
• Similarities in appearance or structure.
In biological classification, several
different orders make up a
________ of organisms.
• CLASS
What is phylogeny?
• The study of evolutionary relationships among
organisms
What characteristics differentiate the
kingdom Animalia from the kingdom
Plantae?
• Animals are heterotrophic, do not have cell
walls, and are motile.