Biology
CHAPTER 24
Fish
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Ch.24 Fish
Interesting Fish Facts:
Gills
are efficient at extracting
oxygen from water that has 1/20 the
oxygen of air
Lateral line system detects water
currents and vibrations, a sense of
“distant touch”
Adapted to live in medium 800 times
denser than air
Can adjust to the salt and water
balance of their environment
“Fish” refers to one or more
individuals of one species
“Fishes” refers to more than one
species
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History of Fish
Descended
from an unknown free-swimming
protochordate (tunicates) ancestor about 550
million years ago
Earliest fish-like vertebrates: Group of
agnathan fishes
Agnathans (Jawless)
Include
extinct ostracoderms and living hagfishes
and lampreys
Hagfishes lack vertebrae
Lampreys have primitive vertebrae
Gnathostomes
(Jawed)
Appear
after Agnathans in fossil record with fully
formed jaws
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Ch.
Fishes
24
Types of Fish
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Ch.
Fishes
24
What Is a Fish?
What are the basic characteristics of
fishes?
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WhatFishes
Is a Fish?
What Is a Fish?
Fishes are aquatic vertebrates. Most
fishes have paired fins, scales, and gills.
Caudal fin
Dorsal fin
Lateral line
Scales
Eye
Mouth
Anal fin
Pelvic fin
Pectoral fin
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Operculum
(gill coverbony fish)
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Evolution
Fishesof Fishes
Evolution of Fishes
What were the important developments
during the evolution of fishes?
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Evolution
Fishesof Fishes
Evolution of Fishes
Evolution of Fishes
The evolution of jaws and the evolution of paired
fins were important developments during the rise
of fishes.
• Jaws with muscles and teeth made it possible
for fish to eat a wider variety of foods.
• Animals with jaws can also defend themselves
by biting.
•Paired fins gave fishes more control of body
movement. - Balance
•Tail fins and powerful muscles gave fishes
greater thrust when swimming.
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Evolution
Fishesof Fishes
Evolution of Fishes
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Hagfish - only caudal fin
Shark - many single and paired fins
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Evolution
Fishesof Fishes
Evolution of Fishes
The First Fishes
The earliest fishes to appear in the fossil record
lived about 510 million years ago.
These fishes were jawless and had bodies covered
with bony plates. Ostracoderms
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Evolution
Fishesof Fishes
The Rise of Modern Fishes
Early jawed fishes soon disappeared, but left
behind two major groups that continued to evolve
and still survive today.
One group—the ancestors of modern sharks and
rays—evolved a skeleton made of strong, resilient
cartilage. Chondrichthyes
The other group evolved skeletons made of true
bone. Osteichthyes
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FormFishes
and Function
Forminand
Fishes
Function in Fishes
How are fishes adapted for life in water?
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Function in Fishes
Form and Function in Fishes
Adaptations to aquatic life include:
• various modes of feeding (can vary throughout life)
• specialized structures for gas exchange (gills)
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Function in Fishes
Feeding- Digestive System
Food passes through the mouth and esophagus, into
the stomach.
In the stomach, the food is partially broken down.
Esophagus
Stomach
Mouth
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Function in Fishes
In many fishes, the food is further processed in
fingerlike pouches called pyloric ceca.
The pyloric ceca secretes digestive enzymes and
absorbs nutrients from the digested food.
Pyloric cecum
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Function in Fishes
The liver and pancreas add enzymes and other
digestive chemicals to the food as it moves through
the digestive tract.
Liver
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Pancreas
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Function in Fishes
The intestine completes the process of digestion and
nutrient absorption.
Intestine
Only show “Intestine” label on this slide.
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Function in Fishes
Undigested material is eliminated through the anus.
Anus
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Function in Fishes
Respiration
Most fishes exchange gases using gills located on
either side of the pharynx.
Gills
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Function in Fishes
Fishes use their gills to exchange gases by pulling
oxygen-rich water in through their mouths,
pumping it over their gill filaments, and pushing
oxygen-poor water out.
Gills
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Function in Fishes
Circulation
Fishes have closed circulatory systems with a
heart that pumps blood around the body in a single
loop from the heart to the gills, from the gills to the
rest of the body, and then back to the heart.
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Function in Fishes
In most fishes, the heart has four parts:
• the sinus venosus - chamber that receives bloods and forces into
atrium
• the atrium - received oxygen deprived blood
• the ventricle - pumps to force blood to gills/lungs
• the bulbus arteriosis - chamber that receives blood from ventricle
before heading throughout body thru aorta.
• Blood flows from heart to gills to body and back
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Bulbus Arteriosis
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Function in Fishes
Circulation in a Fish
Gills
Body
muscle
circulation
Digestive system
circulation
Brain and
head
circulation
Heart
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Function in Fishes
Excretion
Wastes are removed by kidneys.
Kidney
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Function in Fishes
The kidneys of freshwater fishes pump out dilute
urine. (High water content, low salt)
The kidneys of saltwater fish, pump out concentrated
urine.(Low water content, high salt)
Kidney
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Function in Fishes
Response
Fishes have well-developed nervous systems
organized around a brain.
Brain
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Function in Fishes
The olfactory bulbs are
involved with the sense of
smell, or olfaction.
Olfactory
bulb
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Function in Fishes
In most vertebrates, the
cerebrum is responsible
for all the voluntary
activities of the body.
Cerebrum
In fishes, however, the
cerebrum primarily
processes the sense of
smell.
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Function in Fishes
The optic lobes process
information from the
eyes.
Optic lobe
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Function in Fishes
The cerebellum
coordinates body
movements.
Cerebellum
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Function in Fishes
The medulla oblongata
controls the functioning
of many internal organs.
Medulla
oblongata
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Function in Fishes
Almost all fishes that are active in daylight have welldeveloped eyes and color vision.
Many fishes have extraordinary senses of taste and
smell.
Most fishes have ears but may not hear sounds well.
Fishes use the lateral line system to sense the
motion of other fishes or prey swimming nearby.
Some fishes can detect low levels of electric current.
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Function in Fishes
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Lateral Line in Scales
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Lateral Line in a shark
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Function in Fishes
Many bony fishes have an internal, gas-filled organ called a swim bladder
(or air-bladder) that adjusts their buoyancy.
Gases are pulled out of circulatory system and into the bladder to increase
buoyancy. Controlled by pressure of water.
Swim bladder
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Function in Fishes
Reproduction
The eggs of fishes are fertilized either externally or
internally, depending on the species.
Fishes whose embryos in the eggs develop and
hatch outside the mother's body are oviparous.
The embryos of oviparous fishes obtain food from
the yolk in the egg.
Male banded jawfish: Retrieves females eggs
and incubates until they hatch.
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Function in Fishes
In ovoviviparous species, the eggs stay in the
mother's body after internal fertilization.
Each embryo develops inside its egg, using the yolk
for nourishment.
The young are “born alive” like most mammals.
Rainbow surfperch:
Giving birth
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FormFishes
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In viviparous animals, the embryos stay in the
mother's body after internal fertilization.
These embryos obtain the substances they need
from the mother's body (not from material in an egg).
Referred to as “Uterine Milk” made by uterus. Some fish will
produce more eggs, simply to feed young. Or feed on siblings.
The young of viviparous species are “born alive.”
Bull shark give
live birth to up to
13 young.
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
What are the three main groups of fishes?
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
Groups of Fishes
All living fishes can be classified into three
groups: jawless fishes (Agnathan), and
Chondrichthyes fish and Osteichthyes fish
(gnathostomes).
Chondrichthyes = cartilage skeleton (sharks)
Osteichthyes = bony fish- ray-finned (most) or
lobe-finned (gave rise to tetrapods)
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
Groups of Fishes
Jawless Fishes- Agnathan
Jawless fishes have no true teeth or jaws.
Their skeletons are made of fibers and cartilage.
They lack vertebrae, and keep their notochords as
adults.
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
Groups of Fishes
Modern jawless fishes are divided into two classes:
lampreys and hagfishes.
Lamprey
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
Groups of Fishes
Lampreys are typically filter feeders as larvae and
parasites as adults.
Adult lampreys attach themselves to fishes, whales,
and dolphins.
They scrape away at the skin with small toothlike
structures.
The lamprey sucks up the tissues and body fluids of
its host.
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
Groups of Fishes
Hagfishes have pinkish gray, wormlike bodies and
four or six short tentacles around their mouths.
They lack eyes, but have light-detecting sensors
scattered around their bodies.
They feed on dead and dying fish by using a toothed
tongue to scrape a hole into the fish’s side.
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Hagfishes
30-2 Fishes
- Jawless fish
Hagfish use teeth to grasp food
Hagfish knotting, to help tear flesh
from prey
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Lamprey
30-2 Fishes
- Jawless fish - feeding on fish
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Lamprey
30-2 Fishes
- Jawless fish - Life Cycle
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Sharks
30-2 Fishes
(Chondrichthyes): Groups of Fishes
Sharks and Their Relatives - Chondrichthyes
The class Chondrichthyes contains sharks, rays, skates,
sawfishes, and chimaeras.
The skeletons of these fishes are built entirely of cartilage.
Many sharks have thousands of teeth arranged in several
rows, new teeth develop internally, and those on the
external rows are shed.
Most species of sharks do not attack people.
Sharks do not have a swim bladder, instead they rely on
their liver which produces oil (less dense).
All birth methods- viviparous, oviparous, ovoviviparous
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Sharks
30-2 Fishes
(Chondrichthyes):
Groups of Groups
Fishes of Fishes
Male Spiny
Dogfish Shark
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Sharks
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(Chondrichthyes):
Groups of Groups
Fishes of
Fishes
Sharks
(Chondrichthyes):
Groups
of Fishes
In
males, the medial part of the pelvic fin is modified to form a
clasper used in copulation
Lateral eyes are lidless
Behind each eye is a spiracle
Remnant of the first gill slit
Tough, leathery skin with placoid scales
Reduce water turbulence
Paired nostrils are anterior to mouth
Detect prey at a distance by large olfactory organs sensitive to one
part per 10 billion
Prey may also be located from long distances sensing low
frequency vibrations in the lateral line
Electroreceptors, the ampullae of Lorenzini, are located on the
shark’s head - allow shark to find bioelectric field of prey
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Sharks
30-2 Fishes
(Chondrichthyes):
Groups of Groups
Fishes of
Fishes
Sharks
(Chondrichthyes):
Groups
of Fishes
Sensory Canals and Receptors
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30-2 Fishes
Groups of FishesGroups of Fishes
Rays
(Chondrichthyes):
Some skates and rays feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates.
The largest rays eat floating plankton.
Skates and rays glide through the sea with their large, winglike
pectoral fins.
Many skates and rays cover themselves with sand and rest on
the ocean floor.
Some “Electric” Rays produce a high-amp current from electric
organs. Voltage = 50 , Output = 1 kilowatt
During Egyptian times Rays were used to treat arthritis.
Feed on mollusks, crustaceans, small fish
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Rays
30-2 Fishes
(Chondrichthyes):
Groups of
Groups
Fishesof Fishes
Contain cells called electrocytes:
When discharged simultaneously,
a high amperage current flows into the
surrounding water to stun prey or
discourage predators. This is controlled
by the Cerebellum.
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
Groups of Fishes
Bony Fishes - Osteichthyes
Bony fishes make up the class Osteichthyes.
Their skeletons are made of bone.
Almost all living bony fishes are ray-finned fishes.
“Ray-finned” refers to the slender bony spines, or
rays, that are connected by a thin layer of skin to
form the fins.
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
Groups of Fishes
Ray-Finned Fish
Class Actinopterygii
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
Groups of Fishes
Only seven living species of bony fishes are not
classified as ray-finned fishes.
These are the lobe-finned fishes, a subclass that
includes lungfishes.
The fleshy fins of lobe-finned fishes have support
bones.
Some of these bones are jointed.
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Groups
Fishes
of Fishes
Groups of Fishes
Lobe-Finned fish - Class Sarcopterygii
Ancestors to the tetrapods:
have lungs and gills
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Ecology
Fishes
of Fishes
Some fishes spend
most of their lives in the
ocean but migrate to
fresh water to breed.
These fish are called
anadromous.
Salmon are
anadromous.
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Ecology
Fishes
of Fishes
Spawning
Salmon
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Ecology
Fishes
of Fishes
Some eels spend most
of their lives in
freshwater but migrate
to the sea to breed.
These fish are called
catadromous.
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The American Eel is
catadromous.
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Ecology
Fishes
of Fishes - Eel Migration
Young travel up stream to develop,
adults swim to oceans to breed and die.
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Continue to:
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A characteristic of almost all fish is (not catfish
and eel)
a. a notocord absent as an adult.
b. the presence of scales.
c. a skeleton made of cartilage.
d. the lack of jaws.
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Fishes whose eggs hatch outside the mother’s
body are
a. ovoviviparous.
b. oviparous.
c. viviparous.
d. parous.
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Salmon are anadromous fishes that
a. spend their lives in the sea.
b. spend their lives in rivers or streams.
c. migrate to the sea in order to spawn.
d. migrate to rivers and streams to spawn.
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An example of a fish that is a filter feeder as a
larva and a parasite as an adult is a
a. shark.
b. skate.
c. lamprey.
d. lungfish.
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Most members of the class containing sharks
and rays are characterized by
a. a cartilaginous skeleton.
b. a bony skeleton.
c. a single operculum over the gills.
d. swim bladder.
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