Chapter 1:
Organization of the
Human Body
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Overview
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Studies of the Human Body
Anatomy
• Study of body structure
–
Dissection
Physiology
• Study of body function
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Studies of the Human Body
Levels of Organization
Chemicals
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Studies of the Human Body
Body Systems (organized by function)
• Protection, support, and movement
–
Integumentary
–
Skeletal
–
Muscular
• Coordination and control
–
Nervous
–
Endocrine
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Studies of the Human Body
Body Systems (organized by function)
• Circulation and immunity
–
Cardiovascular
–
Lymphatic
• Energy supply and fluid balance
–
Respiratory
–
Digestive
–
Urinary
• Production of offspring
–
Reproductive
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Metabolism and Its Regulation
Types of Metabolism
• Catabolism
–
Reactions that break substances down into simpler
compounds
–
Used to form ATP
• Anabolism
–
Reactions that build substances up
–
Simple compounds are used to manufacture
materials needed for growth, function and tissue
repair
–
Often require ATP-energy obtained from the
breakdown of nutrients used to form a compound
often described as the cells energy current
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Metabolism and Its Regulation
Homeostasis
• Body’s maintenance of internal balance
• Body fluid balance is especially important
–
Extracellular fluid
• Blood plasma
• Lymph
• Fluid between cells
–
Intracellular fluid
• Fluid within cells
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Metabolism and Its Regulation
Homeostasis
• Negative feedback
–
Critical for maintaining our health
–
Keeps body conditions within a normal range by
reversing any upward or downward shift
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-3 Negative feedback.
How does a thermostat respond
to a room temperature that falls
below normal?
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-5 Negative feedback in the endocrine system.
What happens to insulin
levels after a meal?
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Metabolism and Its Regulation
Effects of Aging
• Gradual changes in all body systems
• Some changes are harmless.
–
Wrinkles and gray hair
• Some changes may result in injury and disease.
–
Decreased kidney function
–
Loss of bone mass
–
Formation of deposits within blood vessels
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Body Directions
Directional Terms
• Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to
describe body directions.
–
Superior and inferior
–
Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
–
Medial and lateral
–
Proximal and distal
• All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic
position.
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-6 Directional terms.
What is the scientific name for the position in which
the figures are standing?
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Body Directions
Planes of Division
• Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each
of which is a cut through the body in a different
direction
–
Frontal plane
•
AKA “coronal plane”
–
Sagittal plane
–
Transverse plane
•
Superior/inferior
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-7 Planes of division.
Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides
the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Body Directions
Planes of Division
• Some additional terms are used to describe tissues and
CT or MRI images.
–
Cross section
–
Longitudinal section
–
Oblique section
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-8 Tissue sections.
Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis?
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Body Cavities
The body is divided into two main cavities.
Dorsal Cavity
– Two main subdivisions
•
Cranial cavity
•
Spinal cavity
Ventral Cavity
– Two main subdivisions separated by diaphragm
(muscle used in breathing)
•
Thoracic cavity
•
Abdominopelvic cavity
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view.
Replace with
Fig 1-10
Which cavity contains the diaphragm?
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Body Cavities
Thoracic Cavity
• Further subdivided
–
Pericardial cavity
–
Pleural cavity
–
Mediastinum
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-11 The thoracic cavity.
Which cavity contains the lung?
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Further subdivided
–
Abdominal cavity
•
–
Contains the stomach, most of the intestine, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas and spleen
Pelvic cavity
•
Inferior portion
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Body Cavities
Divisions of the Abdomen
• The abdomen can be divided into nine regions.
–
Epigastric
–
Umbilical
–
Hypogastric
–
Hypochondriac (left and right)
–
Lumbar (left and right)
–
Iliac, or inguinal (left and right)
•
Named for the upper crest of the hip bone and
groin region
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-12 The nine regions of the abdomen.
Which region contains the spleen?
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Body Cavities
Divisions of the Abdomen
• The abdomen can be divided into four quadrants.
–
Right upper quadrant
–
Left upper quadrant
–
Right lower quadrant
–
Left lower quadrant
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-13 Quadrants of the abdomen.
In which region is pain from
appendicitis most likely to be felt?
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-14 Adjectives for some anterior body regions.
Where would a pedal pulse be felt?
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Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Figure 1-15 Adjectives for some posterior body regions.
Where would cervical pain be felt?
Copyright © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body
Word Anatomy
Word Part
Meaning
Example
-tomy
cutting, incision of
Anatomy
-dis
apart, away from
Dissect
physi/o
nature, physical
Physiology
-logy
study of
Radiology
cata-
down
Catabolism
ana-
upward, again, back
Anabolism
home/o
same
Homeostasis
stat, -stasis
stand, stoppage, constancy
Homeostasis
extra-
outside of, beyond
Extracellular
intra-
within
Intracellular
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