SKELETAL SYSTEM
Skeletal system …
made of organs that are
called bones, there are
206 bones in the body.
WHAT IS A BONE CELL CALLED?
 Osteocytes are part of a dense network of connective
tissue. The hardening and development process of the
osteocytes is called ossification.
Functions of Bones

Framework: support the body’s muscle fat, and skin.
 Protection
 Surround vital organs to protect them
 Examples.
o Skull that surrounds brain
o Ribs that protect heart and lungs.
 Levers: attach to muscles to help provide movement
 Produce blood cells: produce red and white blood cells
and platelets.
 Storage: store most of calcium supply blood
long bones
 Long bones are
bones of
extremities (arms
and legs)
 Diaphysis is the
long shaft
Yellow Bone Marrow
 Yellow marrow
 Contains mainly fat cells
Red Bone Marrow
 Red marrow
 Found in certain bones such as
vertebrae, ribs, sternum,
cranium, and proximal ends of
humerus and femur.
 Produces red blood cells platelets,
and some white blood cells.
 Involved with the body’s immune
systems.
 Used in diagnosing blood diseases
 Given as transplants to people
with defective immune systems
CATEGORIES OF BONES
Long and Short Bones
Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid
 Long- form the arms and
 Flat bones- large
legs; has a shaft called
diaphysis, oxygen and
nutrients are brought form
the bloodstream. Short
bones- small cube-shaped
of the writs, ankles and
toes.
somewhat flat surface;
shoulder blades, pelvis and
skull. Irregular- Bones of
the ears vertebrae and face.
Sesamoid bones- are
formed in the tendon near
joints, The patella is an
example.
2 SECTIONS OF SKELETON
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AXIAL SKELETON
MAIN TRUNK OF BODY
INCLUDES THE SKULL, SPINAL
COLUMN, RIBS, STERNUM
8 BONES IN THE SKULL
SPACES CALLED FONTANELS
ALLOWS FOR SKULL TO
EXPAND AS BRAIN GROWS
14 FACIAL BONES, MAXILLAUPPER JAW, MANDIBLELOWER JAW
SUTURES: CRANIAL BONES
JOINED TOGETHER.
AXIAL SKELETON
 SPINAL COLUMN HAS 26
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BONES; VERTEBRAE HAS
5 MAIN SECTIONS, ie.
Waist area is the lumbar
PROTECTS AND
PROVIDES SUPPORT
RIBS :12 PAIRS OF LONG
BONES
TRUE RIBS-FIRST 7 PAIRS
FALSE RIBS-NEXT 3 AND
THEN 2 LAST FLOATING
PAIRS
APPENDECULAR SKELETON
 FORMS ARMS AND
 BONES OF LEGS:
LEGS AND COMPOSED
OF SHOULDER
GIRDLE AND LONG
BONES
 SHOULDER CONTAINS
2 CLAVICLES (COLLAR
BONE) AND 2
SCAPULAS
(ATTACHMENT OF
UPPER ARM BONE
 FEMUR, PATELLA, TIBIA,
FIBULA, METATARSALS-5,
TARSALS- 7, AND PHALANGES
-14 ON EACH FOOT
 JOINTS: 3 TYPES
 BONES OF THE ARMS:
 HUMERUS, RADIUS, ULNA,
CARPALS-8, METACARPALS -5
ON EACH HAND, AND
PHALANGES-14 ON EACH
HAND TO FORM THE THUMB.
DISEASES OF SKELETAL SYSTEM
 ATHRITIS –
Inflamation of the
joints.
 2 MAIN TYPES –
Both are chronic
diseases
 BURSITIS
 OSTEOMYELITIS
 Osteoarthritis –
Occurs with aging
 SYMPTOMS: joint
pain, stiffness, aching
limited range of
motion.
 TX: Rest, heat/cold
applications,
aspirin,antinflammator
y medications, steroid
injections, special
exercises.
Diseases Continued….
 Rheumatoid arthritis –
Inflammatory disease of
connective tissue and joints.
3Xs more common in
women, may begin at 35-45
years. Permananent
deformity from atrophy and
scar tissue.
 TX: Rest and RX
exercises, antiinflamatory
medications, surgery or
arthroplasty to replace
damaged joints such as hips
or knees
 Bursitis- Inflamation of
bursae, small fluid sacs
surrounding joints
 Frequently affects shoulders,
elbows, hip or knees
 Symptoms: severe
pain,limited movement,
accumulations of fluid in joint
 TX: Pain meds and rest,
steroid injections, aspiration
(withdrawel of fluid
w/needle), PT to preserve
joint motion.
BONES, THEM BONES !
Osteomyelitis (NOT
Osteoporosis)
 Inflammation of bone
usually caused by
pathogenic organism.
 Pathogens causes formation
of abscess within bone and
accumulation of pus in
medullary canal.
 SYMPTOMS: Pain in site,
swelling, chills, fever
 TX: Antibiotics for
infection.
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FRACTURES
Involves a crack or break in
bone
GREENSTICK-incomplete
break (common in children)
SIMPLE-complete break, no
damage to skin
COMPOUND-break in bone
and skin, chance of
infections
IMPACTED-broken bone
ends jam into each other.
COMMINUTED: Bone
fragment or splinters into
more than 2 pieces.
REDUCTION
 Process by which bone is put back into
proper alignment.
 Closed reduction; position bone in
alignment, usually with traction, and apply
cast or splint to maintain position
 Open reduction; surgical repair of bone,
and times, insertion of pins, plates and
other devices.
WHAT ARE THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF
BONES?
1. support the body’s muscle fat, and skin.
2. Protection -Surround vital organs to protect them.
levers: attach to muscles to help provide movement.
4. Produce blood cells: produce red and white blood cells
and platelets.
3.
WHAT ARE 4 BONE DISEASES?
DON’T
FORGET
TO
STUDY
FOR TEST
ON
WEDNES
-DAY!
1. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
2. OSTEOARTHRITIS
3. BURSITIS
4. OSTEOMYELITITS