Higher Geography
Global Issues
Key Concept
• Inequality of social and economic
development is a major feature of the
contemporary world.
• It exists on various scales and is
measurable in several ways.
• Levels of health and the incidence of
disease are major indicators of levels of
development. Such indicators may be
explained geographically by reference to a
variety of interacting processes.
WE WILL
• Understand a range of social, economic
and composite methods of measuring
spatial inequality of development e.g.
birth rate,
death rate,
per capita Gross Domestic Product
Physical Quality of Life Index
Development is any
improvement in the
standard of living of the
people living in a country.
It is measured using
development indicators
Indicators of Development
Social
• Average life expectancy at
birth in years
• Birth Rate per 1000 of
population
• Access to water %
Economic
• Gross Domestic Product per
capita US$
• Average Annual Income per
capita US$
• GNP per capita US$
• Adult literacy rates
(percentage)
• Infant mortality rates per
1000 live births
• Vehicles per 1,000 people
• Telephones per 1,000 people
• Percentage of People Employed
in Agriculture
Social Indicators
Advantage
Disadvantage
• Large range of indicators
• Difficult to quantify
• Can show Governments
ability to supply basic
services.
• Difficult to collect
• Some are averages
• Regional differences
A single indicator should never
be used to show development
as a country may have a good
rating in one section and not in
another.
Composite Indicators of
Development
• PQLI – Physical Quality of Life Index (life
exp., literacy and infant mortality)
• HDI – Human Development Index
(adjusted income per capita, educational
attainment, life exp. At birth) A rating of 01
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-1-humandevelopment-index-and-its-components
Internet Activity
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/int/geog/heal
th
• Click on the side menu (development –
social indicators)
• Click on the side menu (development –
economic indicators)
• Read the information – make notes around
a blank world map and try the exercise.
Explain why such indicators of
development may fail to
provide an accurate
representation of the true
quality of life in an
economically less developed
country.
Problems with Indicators
 Essentially these indicators are just too broad/
generalised.
 They are averages which disguise or distort wide internal
variations eg a few immensely wealthy families but the
majority of the population may be living at subsistence
level.
 Some regions/areas of a country may be much better off
than others – ‘north/south’ divides; urban/rural contrasts.
E.g. Brazil North East compared to South East
 GNP figures in some cases are grossly inflated by oil
revenues. E.g. Saudi Arabia
 Certain indicators are perhaps irrelevant to the real quality
of life in many poorer subsistence-based economies. E.g.
number of cars/TV sets/telephones etc per 1000 people.
GIVE EXAMPLES – BRAZIL, KENYA
Question – 2008 6a(i)
• Describe clearly two economic and
two social indicators of development
which could be used to produce a map
such as this.
(8 marks)
ANSWER
Economic indicators
• Gross Domestic Product per
capita
• Average Annual Income per
capita
• Percentage of working
population employed in,
say, the Primary sector.
Social indicators
• adult literacy rates (%)
• average life expectancy at
birth
• infant mortality rates per 1000
live births
• number of cars/TV
sets/telephones etc per 1000
people.
2010
• “Life expectancy in Chad is only 47
years.”
• Suggest the physical and human
factors which may have led to this low
life expectancy.
Lesson Review
 What is meant by development?
 Name 3 social indicators.
 Name 3 economic indicators.
 Why is the HDI one of the best composite
indicators?
 How can these indicators help
Governments?
2014
•
It is clear from looking at all these development indicators that
Southern India is the most developed region (1 mark)
•
With Eastern India and The Plains vying for the least developed
regions (1 mark).
•
For % Literacy Rate, it could be noted that only 9% separates all the
regions so there is not a great difference between them all. However,
South India has the highest literacy rate at 83%, whereas Eastern
India has the lowest at 74%.
•
For Infant Mortality Rate, it could be noted that South India has the
lowest (best) figures at 29, whereas The Plains has the highest
(worst) infant mortality at 47 (a difference of 18 live births per
1000).
•
For Birth Rate, it could be noted that South India has the lowest at
16, whereas The Plains has the highest birth rate at 23.
•
For % households using electricity for lighting, South India is again
the best with 94%, whereas Eastern India has only 62% (a difference
of 32%).
Differences between
ELDCs
WE WILL
• Describe and explain differences in
levels of development between and
within countries
• e.g. differences between newly
industrialising countries (eg Pacific
Rim countries) and other ELDCs (eg
Bangladesh)
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/cl
ips/factors-which-disruptdevelopment/6986.html
Internet Activity
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/int/geog/he
alth
• Click on the side menu to find out about
both physical and human factors in
development. (it will take you to a map
to clip on specific case studies)
• Take notes to make these into case
studies you can use.
______________ – Areas such
as the Sahara have extremely dry
climates. Burkina Faso is a good
example. Soils tend to be poor, it
is difficult to grow crops and there
is always the danger of famine.
Because of the difficult conditions
it is very hard to attract industry to
these regions
Resources – Diamonds and gold can fetch a good price
when sold abroad. Other resources such as oil and coal can
be useful in attracting industry to a region. Some countries
have little or no resources to export or use to attract industry.
This makes development very hard.
Natural disasters – Areas such as
__________________ are prone to
typhoons, hurricanes and floods. The
cost of repairing the damage from these
disasters alone is enough to keep some
countries poor. Homes and businesses
are destroyed and transport links can
be damaged regularly
Trade – With little industry, most
developing countries have few high
value goods to export abroad. Most
exports from developing countries
consist of low-cost primary goods such
as minerals and foodstuffs. When they
do have higher value goods to export,
such as _________________ products,
cars and washing machines, they often
find that developed countries set up
trade barriers to protect their own
industries.
Population growth – The rate of
population growth in developing countries
is considerably higher than in developed
countries. The UK has a population of 59
million people. Due to its low population
growth it will take around _____ years for
the UK to double its population. Ghana
has a population of around 18 million. It
will take around _____ years for Ghana to
double its population. Extra mouths to
feed put a terrible burden on poor
countries. Governments struggle to
provide jobs; education and medical care
for rapidly increasing populations.
Relief – Mountainous regions the
world over, such as
_______________, can cause major
barriers for development. It can be
very difficult and expensive to build
roads and rail networks. This means
that it is hard to establish businesses
where transportation is important.
Mountainous areas tend to have poor
soil and this means that agriculture
doesn’t tend to be that productive.
Political turmoil – Political unrest, corruption
and civil wars are a major hindrance to a
country’s development. It can disrupt and
destroy domestic businesses and also scare
off foreign industries from setting up factories
in the country. A major international company
would not risk spending millions of pounds
setting up a factory in an ___________
country only to see the factory destroyed in a
war. Israel and the Middle East region are
examples of areas that are troubled by unrest.
_____________________ – Agriculture
does not create high value goods. It is
industry that creates wealth for a nation. In
the UK only 2% of people are employed in
agriculture. In India 67% of the workforce is
employed in agriculture. In developing
countries to work in agriculture is basically
the only way of feeding a family. Click on the
exercise button to work though the reasons
why a lack of industry can hinder
Activity
• Read pages 167-179
• Make a spider diagram of factors
influencing development (page 168)
• Take notes (especially the case studies on
Singapore and Kenya)
• Complete questions 8,9 and 10 on page
179
Activity
• You will find a newspaper article/you tube video to use as a case
study for each of the following:
• China, South Korea – manufacturing (labour force)
• Bangladesh - floods/cyclones
• Thailand – tourism
• Saudi Arabia – oil
• Zimbabwe – political instability
• Brazil - manufacturing
Make a poster to show the reasons for different levels of
development betweeen ELDCs
GDP
China
Bangladesh
Thailand
Saudi Arabia
Zimbabwe
Brazil
Life exp.
Infant
Mortality
Literacy
Exam Style Question
• Referring to named developing
countries that you have studied,
suggest reasons why there is such a
wide range in levels of development
between developing countries.
10
• Suggest reasons for the wide variations
in development which exist between
Economically Less Developed Countries
(ELDCs). You should refer to named
ELDCs you have studied.
Point
Natural
Disasters
Political
instability
Newly
Industrialising
Countries
(NICs)
Resources
Tourism
Manufacturing
Reason
Fact
Point
Natural
Disasters
Reason
Fact
Restrict development/hamper progress eg The worst floods in Bangladesh in 1998 killed
drought in sub Saharan Africa (Mali, Chad,
more than 3,500 and destroyed crops and
Burkina Faso ...) - floods/cyclones in Bangladesh - infrastructure worth more than $2 billion.
hurricanes in the Caribbean - tsunamis in Sri
Lanka, Indonesia
Political
instability
Recent disruptive civil wars in places such as
Sudan/Rwanda/Somalia/Liberia/Sierra Leone or
larger-scale conflicts in Iraq or Afghanistan
have also had a negative impact. Widespread
corruption and mismanagement have accounted
for the marked decline of Zimbabwe’s economy
and are a continuing problem in many other
African nations.
Newly
Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs) eg China,
Industrialising South Korea, Taiwan are able to earn substantial
Countries
amounts from steel-making, shipbuilding, car
(NICs)
manufacturing, electrical goods, toys, clothing
etc. They have been able to benefit from their
population’s entrepreneurial skills and low labour
costs
Resources
Oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia, or to
relatively well-off countries like Malaysia which
are able to export primary products such as
tropical hardwoods, rubber, palm oil and tin as
opposed to poorer nations such as Burkina Faso
or Chad which lack significant resources
Tourism
The expansion of tourism has helped to improve
living standards/create new job opportunities in
countries like Thailand, Jamaica, Kenya,
Malaysia, Sri Lanka and earns valuable foreign
currency
Manufacturing Some countries such as Brazil and Malaysia have
both resources and growing manufacturing
industries
Around three million people have been
displaced within Sudan.
Since the beginning of the conflicts
of70,000 people have died during both the
conflict and period of displacement
China’s automotive production grew from 2
million cars in 2000 to over 13 million cars in
2009.
Proven oil reserves in Saudi Arabia are the
second largest claimed in the world,
estimated to be 267 billion barrels
13.5 million visitors in 2009 accounted for
6.5% of Thailand's gross domestic product
Manufacturing accounts for about one-fifth
of the GDP of Brazil and more than onetenth of the labour force.
Fact
The worst floods in Bangladesh in 1998 killed more than 3,500 and destroyed crops and
infrastructure worth more than $2 billion.
Around three million people have been displaced within Sudan.
Since the beginning of the conflicts of70,000 people have died during both the conflict and
period of displacement
China’s automotive production grew from 2 million cars in 2000 to over 13 million cars in 2009.
Proven oil reserves in Saudi Arabia are the second largest claimed in the world, estimated to
be 267 billion barrels
13.5 million visitors in 2009 accounted for 6.5% of Thailand's gross domestic product
Manufacturing accounts for about one-fifth of the GDP of Brazil and more than one-tenth of
the labour force.
Many countries are afflicted by recurring natural disasters
which restrict development/hamper progress eg - drought
in sub Saharan Africa (Mali, Chad, Burkina Faso ...) floods/cyclones in Bangladesh - hurricanes in the Caribbean
- tsunamis in Sri Lanka, Indonesia
Political instability – eg recent disruptive civil wars in places such as
Sudan/Rwanda/Somalia/Liberia/Sierra Leone or larger-scale conflicts
in Iraq or Afghanistan have also had a negative impact. Widespread
corruption and mismanagement have accounted for the marked decline
of Zimbabwe’s economy and are a continuing problem in many other
African nations.
Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs) eg China, South
Korea, Taiwan are able to earn substantial amounts from
steel-making, shipbuilding, car manufacturing, electrical
goods, toys, clothing etc. They have been able to benefit
from their population’s entrepreneurial skills and low labour
costs
Oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia, or to relatively
well-off countries like Malaysia which are able to export
primary products such as tropical hardwoods, rubber, palm
oil and tin as opposed to poorer nations such as Burkina
Faso or Chad which lack significant resources
The expansion of tourism has helped to improve living
standards/create new job opportunities in countries like
Thailand, Jamaica, Kenya, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and earns
valuable foreign currency
Some countries such as Brazil and Malaysia have both
resources and growing manufacturing industries
•
Oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia, Brunei, the UAE or to relatively well-off
countries like Malaysia which are able to export primary products such as tropical
hardwoods, rubber, palm oil and tin as opposed to poorer nations such as Burkina
Faso or Chad which lack significant resources.
•
Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs) eg China, South Korea, Taiwan are able to earn
substantial amounts from steel-making, shipbuilding, car manufacturing, electrical
goods, toys, clothing etc. They have been able to benefit from their population’s
entrepreneurial skills and low labour costs.
•
Some countries such as Brazil and India have both resources and growing
manufacturing industries.
•
The expansion of tourism has helped to improve living standards/create new job
opportunities in countries like Thailand, Jamaica, Kenya, Sri Lanka and earns valuable
foreign currency.
•
Many countries are afflicted by recurring natural disasters which restrict
development/hamper progress eg drought in sub Saharan Africa (Mali, Chad, Burkina
Faso…) – floods/cyclones in Pakistan/Bangladesh – hurricanes in the Caribbean –
tsunamis in Sri Lanka, Indonesia.
•
Political instability – eg recent disruptive civil wars in places such as
Sudan/Rwanda/Somalia/Liberia/Sierra Leone or larger-scale conflicts in Iraq or
Afghanistan have also had a negative impact. Widespread corruption and
mismanagement have accounted for the marked decline of Zimbabwe’s economy and
are a continuing problem in many other African nations.
Exam Style Question
• Suggest reasons for the wide
variations in development which exist
between Economically Less Developed
Countries (ELDCs)
You should refer to named ELDCs you
have studied.
(6 marks)
You should not be asked about this in
the final exam unless it is a data style
question. This was in the old Higher
course.
WE WILL
• Describe and explain differences
within ELDCs (eg between south-east
and north-east Brazil).
• Study Brazil but you can also use the
information about Kenya as a case
study if you prefer.
Causes of problems in Africa
Arid continent – deforestation,
overgrazing, soil erosion and
desertification.
Disease – loss of economically
active members of the country,
strain on health system.
Exploitation of resources –
little development of
manufacturing industries
Lack of natural resources
High population growth –
family planning had little
impact
Poor
infrastructure
External debt – G8 working
towards cancelling debt
Civil wars – military
expenditure and
political instability
Post independence struggle – poor
leadership, failed large scale
projects
Kenya
Factor
Arid
Example
North Kenya semi arid plains and deserts are prone to drought
Population
density
Central Highlands are the most fertile and have 85% of
population
Agriculture
Only one fifth of country suitable for agriculture
Climate
Succession of droughts resulted in overgrazing, land
degradation, and soil erosion.
Industry
Kenya is East Africa’s most industrialised country, however,
growth is hampered by lack of fuel. Suffers from frequent power
cuts.
Infrastructure
Corruption
Kenya needs to improve infrastructure due to increased
pressure from growing population and increased tourism
In 1997 the IMF suspended loans to the country because of
government corruption.
Reasons for Differences Within
Kenya
Relief
Climate
Land use
potential
Accessibility
Contrast
North and East
South and West
• Dry bushland, desert –
harvests fail on average 3
out of 5 years.
•
Coastal plain or upland
•
Fertile soils
• Accessibility is poor
•
Land – medium to high capacity
• Mostly Nomadic people
(Masai) with herds of cattle.
•
Over 28 million people live in the
area
• Neglected by Kenyan
Government
•
Produces majority of crops
•
Focus of development – large
scale irrigation schemes
•
Health and family planning
clinics freely available
• Poorly Served by health and
family planning clinics.
Only 30% live in urban
areas.
70% in urban areas have
access to clean water
compared to 50% in rural
areas.
The bottom 9
countries out of
175 in terms of
HDI are all in
Africa.
Contrasts Within Urban Areas
Nairobi Centre
Surrounding Slums
• Tall modern buildings
• Growing Rapidly
• Areas of good quality housing
• Water supply is inadequate
• Many unable to afford food or education
• Few sewage systems
• Disease spreads rapidly
• Unemployment rate 50%
South East
• Concentration of industry and commerce in the “Golden
Triangle” of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte.
• Best transport system in Brazil
• the greatest number of services
• benefited most from Government help
• coffee growing has long been carried out on the rich terra
rossa soils around Sao Paulo producing job opportunities
and creating wealth for the area and the national economy
Rio de Janeiro
• a good natural harbour which encouraged trade,
immigration, industry, and more recently, tourism.
North East
Disadvantaged by more ‘negative’ factors such as
• periodic droughts
• Fewer mineral resources
• Shortage of energy supplies
All of which have encouraged outwards migration
The North (Amazonia)
• Peripheral location
• Inhospitable (Rainforest) climate
• Poor soils
• Dense vegetation
• Inaccessibility
• Lack of government investment
Not surprisingly, it is the poorest of Brazil’s five main
regions
Rural
Urban areas
• population often
illiterate/isolated/more scattered • greater
communities
opportunities/more jobs
• lack of basic medical provision
• vicious circle of poverty
• water more likely to be
contaminated
• better health
care/education/housing
• better services
• greater occurrence of disease
• more aid given to urban
• dependent on subsistence farming
areas
• low standard of living
• greater reliance on
• wars and natural disasters have
industry.
severe consequences in rural areas
• isolated from political decision
making.
Provision of safe water and sanitation
Urban Sanitation
72% served
28% unserved
Rural Sanitation
49% served
51% unserved
• Differences in living standards which exist between relatively
wealthy and better provided for urban areas compared to
poorer more isolated rural areas and to the contrasts that can
be found within urban areas
• eg hillside favelas such as Rocinho in Rio versus the
prosperous apartments overlooking Copacabana Beach.
Question – 2008 6a(iii)
• There are often considerable
differences in levels of development
and living standards within a single
country.
• Referring to a named ELDC which you
have studies, suggest reasons why
such regional variations exist.
(10
marks)
Activity
• Make a poster to show the differences
in levels of development within Brazil
Suggest reasons for the
differences in the figures
below.
6 Marks
South-East
Amazonia (North East)
84% adult literacy
58% adult literacy
57% of Brazil's wealth
4% of Brazil's wealth
42% of Brazil's energy use
1% of Brazil's energy use
In what ways does the information given in
the table suggest that the eight provinces of
Kenya are at different levels of
development?
10 Marks
Sample Answer
The eight provinces are at different levels of development
as the percentage of females with no education in North
Eastern is 87% while in Nairobi it is 10%. This shows that
Nairobi is more developed than the North Eastern in that
respect.
There are 5 provinces with more than half their population
below the poverty line showing that they are less developed.
In North Eastern province, 92% of children 12-23 months
are without vaccinations suggesting they cannot afford
them and they will die because of it. The most developed
province is Central as all their percentages are below 40%.
Sample Answer
The eight provinces are at different levels of development
as the percentage of females with no education in North
Eastern is 87% while in Nairobi it is 10%. egThis shows that
Nairobi is more developed than the North Eastern in that
respect.
There are 5 provinces with more than half their population
below the poverty line showing that they are less developed.
In North Eastern province, 92% of children 12-23 months
eg
are without vaccinations suggesting they cannot afford
them and they will die because of it. The most developed
eg
province is Central as all their percentages are below 40%.
1
2
3
7/10
WE WILL
• Understand the physical and human factors
involved in the levels of health and the
incidence of disease, eg factors related to:
climate
water supply
wealth
nutrition
remoteness
Physical Factors
Hot Wet Conditions
• Encourage the spread of infectious
diseases
• Ideal breeding ground for vectors
Drought and Arid Conditions
Affect water supply – increase in disease
due to contaminated water.
Diarrhoea is one of the most common
illnesses related to contaminated
water supply.
Mountainous Areas
• Poor communications
• Remote/isolated
• Difficult to access health care
Human Factors
Poverty
• Living in slum conditions – lack water
and sanitation.
• Homelessness
Lack of Education
• If people are unaware of hygiene and
how to live a healthy lifestyle (diet,
exercise) then they are more
susceptible to disease.
Poor Nutrition
“Malnutrition essentially means “bad nourishment”. It concerns not
enough as well as too much food, the wrong types of food, and the
body's response to a wide range of infections that result in
malabsorption of nutrients or the inability to use nutrients properly
to maintain health. Clinically, malnutrition is characterised by
inadequate or excess intake of protein, energy, and micronutrients
such as vitamins, and the frequent infections and disorders that
result.”
• Unable to afford a healthy diet.
• People who are undernourished are more
susceptible to disease.
Activity
• Pick on case study country and complete
the table with information you could use
when writing about the physical and human
factors which impact on health.
• This information will also help with other
questions in the exam.
If you finish share you information with someone in
the class who has selected a different country –
then you will each have two case study countries
Factor
HDI
GDP
Disease level –
Malaria,
HIV/AIDS,
cholera…
Climate
Water Supply
Sanitation
Remote/
Isolation
Communication
Links
Access to
health care
Poverty
Education
Nutrition/ diet
Other
Statistic
Analysis (what does this figure
mean/ How might it impact on
health)
Lesson Review
• Can you describe one physical factor which impacts
on health?
• Can you describe one human factor which impacts
on health?
• Explain why poverty links so many of the factors
impacting on health.
• State one statistic relating to:
Malnutrition
Water related disease
CfE Higher Geography
Global Issues
WE WILL
• Understand what Malaria is and the
symptoms.
• Be able to describe the physical and
human factors which contribute to the
spread of Malaria.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease
caused by Plasmodium parasites that
are transmitted to people through the
bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes
"malaria vectors“ which bite mainly
between dusk and dawn.
http://www.bbc.co.uk
/learningzone/clips/th
e-malariacycle/6989.html
In 2008, there
were 247 million
cases of malaria
and nearly one
million deaths –
mostly among
children living in
Africa.
90% of all
malaria cases
are in subSaharan Africa
where it is the
main cause of
death and a
major threat to
child health
Worldwide, a child
dies of malaria
every 20/30
seconds.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5J72xda
vT4
Symptoms
• Symptoms appear seven days or more (usually 10–15 days)
after the infective mosquito bite.
• The first symptoms – fever, headache, chills and vomiting –
may be mild and difficult to recognise as malaria.
• If not treated within 24 hours, P. falciparum malaria can
progress to severe illness often leading to death.
• Children in endemic areas with severe disease frequently
develop one or more of the following syndromic presentations:
severe anaemia, respiratory distress.
• In adults, multi-organ involvement is also frequent.
• Clinical relapses may occur weeks to months after the first
infection, even if the patient has left the malarious area. These
new episodes arise from "dormant" liver forms (absent in P.
Falciparum and P.malariae), and special treatment – targeted
at these liver stages – is mandatory for a complete cure.
Cycle of Malaria
Physical and Human
Factors Contributing to the
Spread of Malaria
The parasitic disease is
present in 90 countries and
infects one in 10 of the world's
population
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-climactic-and-human-factors-whichaffect-the-distribution-of-malaria/6990.html
Ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes – still, shallow water.
Mosquitoes will breed in small puddles, even in animal
hoof prints, empty cans and bomb craters.
A jar containing mosquito larvae.
A high risk area – people, vegetation cover
and stagnant water during the wet season.
Suitable breeding habitat for the
female anopheles mosquito –
areas of stagnant water such as
irrigation channels, water barrels,
padi fields, puddles etc
Temperatures of
between 15°C and
40°C
Settlements to provide a
‘blood reservoir’
Areas of shade in which the
mosquito can digest human
blood
Hot wet climates such as those
experienced in the tropical
rainforests or monsoon areas of
the world
Increase in Cases
• The disease is becoming resistant to traditional
treatments. In some areas of Asia, none of the
major drugs are effective in fighting malaria.
• Mosquitoes are developing resistance to the main
insecticides which have been used to control the
spread of the disease.
• Political and social upheaval has led to large
numbers of people moving into new areas where
disease is spread more easily.
• Changes to the environment, caused by roadbuilding, mining and irrigation projects, have
created a good breeding ground for malaria.
Exam Style Question
• Describe the environmental and
Human factors which put people at
risk of contracting malaria
6
ANSWER
Environmental factors:
• Suitable breeding habitat for the female
Anopheles mosquito – areas of stagnant
water to lay eggs in
• Hot and wet climates such as those
experienced in the Tropical Rainforests or
Monsoon areas of the world
• Temperatures between 15°C and 40°C
• Areas of shade in which the mosquito can
digest blood.
Human factors
• Nearby settlements to provide a ‘blood
reservoir’
• Encouraged by bad sanitation and poor
irrigation or drainage that leaves standing
water uncovered eg tank wells, irrigation
channels, water barrels, padi fields.
Lesson Review
Post-it summary
On your post-it write one physical and
one human factor that contributes to
the spread of Malaria.
Write one question for something you
would like t know about Malaria.
WE WILL
• Be able to describe the methods used
to control the spread of Malaria.
• Assess how effective each measure is
in controlling the spread of Malaria.
Previous Lesson
• What are the physical and human
factors that contribute to the spread
of Malaria?
Activity
Each station has information about methods to
control malaria.
Complete either the table or spider diagram by
noting:
The method
A description of the method
Comment on the effectiveness of the method
Method
Description
Effectiveness
Quinghaosu
Plant extract used as a traditional
cure in China for centuries.
Now in pill form so is easy to take
– may be the long awaited
breakthrough.
Now in pill form so is easy to take – may
be the long awaited breakthrough.
Plant extract used as a traditional cure in
China for centuries.
Quinghaosu
Methods to Control the Spread of
Malaria
Mosquito Nets
A mosquito net
offers protection
against mosquitos,
flies, and other insects, and thus
against the diseases they may
carry.
They are relatively cheap.
Insecticides
Insecticides can be sprayed in
homes to kill mosquitoes e.g.
Malathion.
Effective but expensive as it is
petroleum based. Also smells bad
and stains walls yellow.
Mustard Seeds
Mustard Seeds are put on water
surfaces as they become sticky
when wet. They drag mosquito
eggs under water and drown them.
This is difficult to maintain & seems
wasteful in ELDCs.
Fish
Larvae-eating fish introduced to padi fields.
These are effective PLUS a useful source of protein to be added to
peoples diet.
An example is the Muddy Loach
Egg Whites
Spraying Egg Whites also kills larvae on stagnant water as it
suffocates them by clogging up their breathing tubes.
This also seems wasteful in ELDCs as a food source.
Coconuts
Bti bacteria in coconuts is eaten by larvae and destroys their stomach
lining. Coconuts are left to ferment for a few days, broken open & thrown
into ponds.
Effective
1. 2/3 coconuts ‘control’ a pond for 45 days
2. Cheap to produce & plentiful
3. Bacteria is not harmful to humans or animals
Draining Swamps
Drainage of swamps & irrigation
channels.
This is effective but not always
practical in tropical places as it
rains a lot.
Also very expensive.
Release Dams
Release water from dams to drown larvae.
This is successful but has to be done every 7-10 days to fit in
with breeding cycle.
Eucalyptus Trees
Planting Eucalyptus trees to absorb excess water from the soil helps
drain breeding sites.
Anti-malarial Drugs
Chloroquine: Easy to use and cheap
but mosquitoes are becoming
resistant to it.
Larium: Powerful and effective but
can have harmful side-effects.
Malerone: Most effective antimalarial. Little or no side effects
present. However, this is the most
expensive by far.
Lesson Review
• Each person in the class has a card it
either has the method or the description
of the method.
• You must find your matching card.
• When you find your partner you need to
think of one reason it is effective and one
reason why it may not be effective.
Can you think of any other
strategies used to control
Malaria?
Eucalyptus Trees
I absorb excess water from
the soil and help drain
breeding sites.
Anti-malarial Drugs
I am easy to use but
sometimes I can have harmful
side-effects. Mosquitoes are
becoming resistant to some
forms of me.
Release Dams
I drown larvae but have to be
done every 7-10 days to fit in
with breeding cycle.
Draining Swamps
I am not always practical in
tropical places as it rains a lot.
Coconuts (Bti Bacteria)
I am eaten by larvae and I
destroy their stomach lining.
Egg White
I am sprayed on stagnant
water and I suffocate the
larvae by clogging up their
breathing tubes.
Fish
I am introduced to padi fields
to eat larvae.
I am also a source of protein
to be added to peoples diet.
Mustard Seeds
I am put on water surfaces
and I drag mosquito eggs
under water and drown them.
Insecticides
I can be sprayed in homes to
kill mosquitoes and I stain
walls yellow.
Mosquito Net
I offer protection
against mosquitoes, flies, and
other insects, and thus
against the diseases they may
carry.
Best Solution
• No one solution has been found.
• A combination of strategies/control
methods, combined with increasing public
awareness/education programmes (eg
WHO’s ‘Roll Back Malaria’ – a global
campaign aimed at halving the number of
malaria cases by 2010) will be needed just
to keep malaria in check.
• Some progress may be made thanks to the
millions which the Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation has set aside for research into a
cure.
Disney clip
• Now person A must re-draw all the
reasons for the spread of malaria.
• Then person B must draw the
methods used to try to control the
spread of malaria.
Now you must both turn the
pictures into bullet points.
• Stagnant water drained or
flushed.
•Larvae eating fish introduced.
• Areas of stagnant water
mosquito lay larvae
Strategies
• Insecticides eg DDT – however this is environmentally
harmful – impacts on the food chain and is supposed to be
banned as a result. In addition the mosquitoes build up a
resistance to chemical insecticides through time and they
become less effective
• Newer insecticides such as Malathion – these are oil-based
and so more expensive/difficult for ELDCs to afford – also
stains walls and has an unpleasant smell – so not popular!
• Mustard seed ‘bombing’ – become wet and sticky and drag
mosquito larvae under the water drowning them
• Egg-white sprayed on water – suffocates larvae by clogging
up their breathing tubes (as with mustard seeds – wasteful,
costly and fairly impractical)
• BTI bacteria grown in coconuts. The larvae eat the bacteria
and have their stomach linings destroyed! Cheap,
environmentally friendly and 2/3 coconuts will control a
typical pond for up to 45 days.
•
Larvae eating fish – effective and a useful additional source of protein in
people’s diets
•
Drainage of swamps – requires much effort – not always practicable in
the Tropics.
•
Drugs: - Chloroquin – easy to use/cheap but mosquitoes are developing
a resistance to it - Larium – powerful, offers greater protection but can
have harmful side effects - Malarone – fairly new drug – said to be 98%
effective – few side effects but very expensive
•
Quinghaosu extracted from the artemesian plant – a traditional Chinese
cure
•
Vaccines – still being developed/not yet in widespread use (eg Dr Manuel
Pattaroya’s in Colombia)
•
ITN – Insecticide treated nets – cheap method and can protect people
whilst they sleep.
•
Genetic engineering eg of sterile males – complicated, costly and
difficult on a large scale.
ANSWER
Trying to eradicate the mosquito:
Treating those suffering from malaria:
•
insecticides eg DDT and now Malathion
•
drugs like chloroquin, larium and malarone
•
mustard seeds thrown on the water that become wet and sticky so
dragging the mosquito larvae under, drowning them
•
quinghaosu extracted from the artemesian plant – a
traditional Chinese cure
•
egg-white sprayed on the water creates a film which suffocates the
larvae by clogging up their breathing tubes
•
continued search for a vaccine – not available as yet
•
education programmes in – the use of insect repellents eg
Autan covering the skin at dusk when the mosquitoes are most
active
•
sleeping under an insecticide treated mosquito net
•
bti bacteria grown in coconuts – the fermented coconuts are
broken open after a few days and thrown into the mosquito
infested ponds. The larvae eat the bacteria and have their stomach
linings destroyed
•
larvae eating fish introduced to ponds
•
mesh coverings over windows/door openings
•
draining swamps, planting eucalyptus trees that soak up excess
moisture, covering standing water
•
WHO ‘Roll back malaria’ campaign
•
genetic engineering eg of sterile males
•
the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Sample Answer
For malaria there are two ways of combating the disease: attack the mosquito
and attack the parasite. For attacking the mosquito (the female anopheles
mosquito) the most common thing to do is to have bed nets, and keep all limbs
covered between dawn and dusk as that is when the mosquito feeds. Also, many
insecticides have been used. DDT was very common and works really well, but
was discovered to be harmful to the environment and was globally banned in
2007. Now the main one is malerone, it is not as popular because it smells of
rotten cabbage, stains walls and has to be done every 6 months.
Sweeping the compound and not leaving any rubbish lying for water to collect
in also works as it drains the water and the mosquito has nowhere to lay her
larvae. Planting eucalyptus trees which are fast growing and soak up water is
also effective. Throwing mustard seeds in water is effective as it sticks to larvae
and drags it down drowning it but is wasteful. As is egg yolk on the surface of
the water suffocates the larvae. Throwing in coconut milk is also wasteful but
effective. The larvae eat the coconut and the bti bacteria eats the lining of their
stomachs. Genetically engineering sterile males, effective but fidly.
For attacking the parasite there are Chinese remedies eg. Quinghaosu. But there
isn’t a vaccination yet, but the Bill Gates Foundation is researching it now.
There are drugs such as quinine but they aren’t always effective.
Sample Answer
For malaria there are two ways of combating the disease: attack the mosquito
and attack the parasite. For attacking the mosquito (the female anopheles
mosquito) the most common thing to do is to have bed nets, and keep all limbs
covered between dawn and dusk as that is when the mosquito feeds. Also, many
insecticides have been used. DDT was very common and works really well, but
was discovered to be harmful to the environment and was globally banned in
2007. Now the main one is malerone, it is not as popular because it smells of
rotten cabbage, stains walls and has to be done every 6 months.
Sweeping the compound and not leaving any rubbish lying for water to collect
in also works as it drains the water and the mosquito has nowhere to lay her
larvae. Planting eucalyptus trees which are fast growing and soak up water is
also effective. Throwing mustard seeds in water is effective as it sticks to larvae
and drags it down drowning it but is wasteful. As is egg yolk on the surface of
the water suffocates the larvae. Throwing in coconut milk is also wasteful but
effective. The larvae eat the coconut and the bti bacteria eats the lining of their
stomachs. Genetically engineering sterile males, effective but fidly.
For attacking the parasite there are Chinese remedies eg. Quinghaosu. But there
isn’t a vaccination yet, but the Bill Gates Foundation is researching it now.
There are drugs such as quinine but they aren’t always effective.
Sample Answer
For malaria there are two ways of combating the disease: attack the mosquito
and attack the parasite. For attacking the mosquito (the female anopheles
mosquito) the most common thing to do is to have bed nets, and keep all limbs
covered between dawn and dusk asegthat
is when the mosquito feeds. Also, many
1
insecticides have been used. DDT was very common and works really well, but
was discovered to be harmful to the environment and was globally banned in
2007. Now the main one is malerone, it is not as popular because it smells of
rotten cabbage, stains walls and has to be done every 6 months.
Sweeping the compound and not leaving any rubbish lying for water to collect
in also works as it drains the water and the mosquito has nowhere to lay her
larvae. Planting eucalyptus trees which are fast growing and soak up water is
also effective. Throwing mustard seeds in water is effective as it sticks to larvae
and drags it down drowning it but is wasteful. As is egg yolk on the surface of
the water suffocates the larvae. Throwing in coconut milk is also wasteful but
effective. The larvae eat the coconut and the bti bacteria eats the lining of their
stomachs. Genetically engineering sterile males, effective but fidly.
eg 2
For attacking the parasite there are Chinese remedies eg.
Quinghaosu.
But there
eg 3
isn’t a vaccination yet, but the Bill
Gates Foundation is researching it now.
eg 4
There are drugs such as quinine but they aren’t always effective.
18/18
For malaria or any other water-related disease that you have studied:
(a) explain the methods used to try and control the spread of the disease; and
(b) evaluate the effectiveness of these methods.
10
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The female anopheles mosquito acts as a vector for the transmission of malaria, so one method
used was to spray pesticides/insecticides such as DDT in an attempt to kill the mosquitoes by
destroying their nervous systems. (1 mark)
Breeding genetically modified sterile mosquitoes and mercenary male mosquitoes were also
attempts to kill off the mosquito for good, and so stop the spreading of the disease. (1 mark)
Another method was to use specially designed mosquito traps, which mimic animals and humans
by emitting a small amount of carbon dioxide in order to lure the mosquitoes into the trap where
they are killed. (1 mark)
BTI bacteria can be artificially grown in coconuts and then, when the coconuts are split open and
placed in a stagnant pond, the larvae eat the bacteria which destroy the larvae stomach lining,
killing them. (1 mark)
Putting larvae-eating fish such as the muddy loach into stagnant ponds or
paddi fields can also help to reduce the larvae as the fish eat the larvae. (1 mark)
Other methods were aimed at getting rid of the stagnant water required for mosquitoes to lay their
eggs, eg draining stagnant ponds or swamps every seven days as it takes longer than this period of
time for the larvae to develop into adult mosquitoes. (1 mark)
Planting eucalyptus trees, which soak up excess moisture in marshy areas, was also an attempt to
prevent the formation of stagnant pools. (1 mark)
Covering water storage cans/small ponds was also used as an attempt to stop mosquitoes from
reproducing successfully. (1 mark)
The increased use of insecticide-coated mosquito nets at night was an attempt to stop the
mosquitoes from biting people and passing on the disease as they slept. (1 mark)
Attempts were also made to cure people once they had contracted the disease by killing the
plasmodium parasite once people had been contaminated with it. Drugs like Quinine, Chloroquine,
Larium and Malarone were all developed in an attempt to kill the parasite. (1 mark)
A drug developed from the Chinese herb Artemisia, and an artificial version of this called Oz‘,
appears to work in some parts of the world at least, by reacting violently with the iron in the
parasite and killing it before the parasite can adapt. (1 mark)
Possible comments on the
effectiveness might include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Insecticides to kill the mosquito were effective at first and helped to eradicate the disease in
Southern Europe and Florida, however the mosquito became resistant to DDT and alternative
insecticides are often too expensive for developing countries. (1 mark)
Mosquito traps have been effective at a small scale, but mosquitoes breed so quickly that it is
impossible to trap them all. (1 mark)
The approaches aimed at killing the mosquito larvae have had only limited success (and only at
a local scale) and have been criticised for causing pollution/changing the ecosystem of water
courses. (1 mark)
The BTI bacteria in coconuts is a cheap and environmentally friendly solution, with 2/3
coconuts clearing a typical pond of mosquito larvae for 45 days. (1 mark)
Draining stagnant ponds is impossible to be effective on a large-scale, especially in tropical
climates where it can rain heavily most days. (1 mark)
Using mosquito nets at night/covering up exposed skin is effective as mosquitoes are often
most active during dusk and dawn. (1 mark)
Drugs to kill the parasite once inside humans have been effective for a spell, but the parasite
often adapts and becomes resistant — this is true even of the Artemisia-based drugs in SE Asia.
(1 mark)
Anti-malarial drugs often have unpleasant side-effects such as nausea, headaches and in some
cases hallucinations. (1 mark)
They are also expensive to research, develop and produce, making them often too expensive
for people living in developing countries. (1 mark)
Attempts are ongoing to develop a vaccine that could eradicate malaria for good, but so far this
has not been successful. (1 mark)
Economic Impact of Malaria
• Economic impact of the disease is
immense, causing many lost days of
work and loss of tourism and
investment.
• Malaria can decrease gross domestic
product by as much as 1.3% in
countries with high disease rates.
Funds can be diverted elsewhere in the
health sector or transferred to other
budgets that help development
Productivity will
increase as the
workforce takes less
sick leave/life
expectancy increases
Benefit of
controlling
Malaria
Workforce will be fitter (eg
farmers better able to produce
food), thus also helping to raise
health levels and contribute to
economy
National debt can be
reduced
Possible reduction in birth
rates as a result of a fall in
infant mortality rates.
Area will become more
attractive to tourists, foreign
currency income can be
generated and this will also
assist in developing tourism
related services/industries
World Malaria Day
April 25 each year
• Gives people the chance to promote or
learn about the efforts made to
prevent and reduce Malaria around the
world.
What Happens
• Organizations such as the World Health
Organization (WHO), which is the United
Nations’ (UN) directing and coordinating
authority for health, actively play a role in
promoting and supporting World Malaria
Day.
• The activities and events that take place on
or around World Malaria Day are often joint
efforts between governments, nongovernment organizations, communities
and individuals.
• How could you promote Malaria day at
Charleston Academy?
Exam Style Question
• Explain how the eradication or control
of the disease would benefit ELDCs (6
Marks)
ANSWER
• funds can be diverted elsewhere in the Health sector or
transferred to other budgets that help development
• national debt can be reduced
• the workforce will be fitter (eg farmers better able to
produce food), thus also helping to raise health levels
• productivity will increase as the workforce takes less
sick leave/life expectancy increases
• the area will become more attractive to tourists, foreign
currency income can be generated and this will also
assist in developing tourism related services/industries
• a possible reduction in birth rates as a result of a fall in
infant mortality rates.
Lesson Review
WE WILL
• Discuss what primary health care is.
• Give examples of primary health care
in developing countries.
• Discuss the benefits of PHC.
barefoot doctors
China and Ethiopia
• Chinese barefoot doctors are farmers who received minimal basic
medical and paramedical training and worked in rural villages in the
country. They brought health care to rural areas where urban-trained
doctors would not settle, promoting basic hygiene, preventive health
care, and family planning.
•
China had estimated that there were about 40,000 physicians trained in
Western and Soviet medicine in the country, serving a population of 540
million people. Worse yet, most of these physicians worked in large
cities; 80 percent of the population were rural peasants.
•
One doctor for every 10,000 people in Kenya – they need an additional
solution for rural communities.
•
"In fact, some of the countries making progress in Africa like Ethiopia for
example, have really borrowed the lessons they have from China," she
said. "They have created a health extension with health extension
workers that they have quickly trained and deployed in the rural areas.
That is the major lessons they have really looked for and learnt from
China. "
•
Ethiopia – scheme which started 5 years ago, involves the training
30,000 female health extension workers nationally, including 1,800 in
Tigray
Vaccination programmes
• Vaccination programmes can be cost
effective and prevent countries from
have to spend more on treatment of
disease as they have been prevented.
Global use of rotavirus vaccines recommended
Vaccines can protect millions of children from diarrhoeal disease
News release
• 5 June 2009 | Geneva/Seattle - WHO has recommended that rotavirus vaccination
be included in all national immunization programmes to provide protection
against a virus that is responsible for more than 500 000 diarrhoeal deaths and 2
million hospitalizations every year among children. More than 85% of these
deaths occur in developing countries in Africa and Asia. This new policy will help
ensure access to rotavirus vaccines in the world’s poorest countries.
•
The new recommendation by WHO's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE)
extends an earlier recommendation made in 2005 on vaccination in the Americas
and Europe, where clinical trials had demonstrated safety and efficacy in
populations with low and intermediate mortality. New data from clinical trials,
which evaluated vaccine efficacy in countries with high child mortality, has led to
the recommendation for global use of the vaccine. This is reported in the Weekly
Epidemiological Record published on 5 June 2009.
•
“This is a tremendous milestone in ensuring that vaccines against the most
common cause of lethal diarrhoea reach the children who need them most,”
noted Dr Thomas Cherian, Coordinator of the Expanded Programme on
Immunization in the WHO Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals.
•
“This WHO recommendation clears the way for vaccines that will protect children
in the developing world from one of the most deadly diseases they face," said Dr
Tachi Yamada, President of the Global Health Program at the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation. “We need to act now to deliver vaccines to children in Africa and
Asia, where most rotavirus deaths occur.”
Emergency vaccination programme launched against polio
Aid agencies in Central Africa will launch an emergency vaccination
programme on Friday against a deadly strain of polio which is already thought
to have killed up to 100 people.
The aim of the programme, led by the World Health Organisation and
supported by UNICEF, is to vaccinate around three million people starting in
the coastal town of Pointe Noire in the Republic of Congo, before moving on to
the Angola border and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
The outbreak was confirmed last week and the latest figures suggest that 226
people have been paralysed and 97 people have died.
Polio, which is transmitted through faeces, normally affects children under five
and kills no more than 20 per cent of the people it paralyses.
The latest outbreak has mainly hit people aged between 15 and 29, suggesting
a large number are at risk as until now those vaccinated against it have been
mainly young children.
UNICEF's Regional Director for West and Central Africa, Dr Gianfranco
Rotigliano said adults and children would be vaccinated alike regardless of
their past immunisation status.
ORT (Oral Rehydration Therapy)
• ORT is the giving of fluid by mouth to
prevent and/or correct the dehydration that
is a result of diarrhoea.
• As soon as diarrhoea begins, treatment
using home remedies to prevent
dehydration must be started.
• If adults or children have not been given
extra drinks, or if in spite of this
dehydration does occur, they must be
treated with a special drink made with oral
rehydration salts (ORS).
Health Education
• Educating communities about hygiene,
family planning, disease etc.
Building of small local health
centres
Ethiopia.
• The scheme, which started 5 years ago, involves
the training 30,000 female health extension
workers nationally, including 1,800 in Tigray.
Supported by the Ethiopian government, the Global
Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, UNICEF and
other partners, it also involves the building of more
than 3000 heath centres.
• Programmes such as this help put health care in
the hands of the local community. Not only is
primary health care less costly, but its impact can
be huge. By eliminating the risk of the disease it
helps reduce the costs of diagnosis, treatment and
follow up
Small scale clean water supplies
and Blair toilets/pit latrines
Water.org’s projects
• In Ethiopia they are located
in the regions of Tigray
and Amhara.
• The need for water and
sanitation in Ethiopia is
severe. Only 42% of the
population has access to
an improved water supply,
and only 11% of the
population has access to
adequate sanitation
services. In rural areas,
these numbers drop even
further
Benefits of PHC
• Cost effective
• Smaller scale projects are manageable
• Reach remote areas
Activity
• Complete the thought shower by using
the textbook and the internet.
• Give a description of the different
types of strategies, explain why they
would be effective,
examples/statistics.
Primary Health Care – Case Study
Extend the spider diagram by researching specific examples of each point – you should also
consider how effective these strategies are.
Health Education – often for
specific groups in the
community
Vaccination
Programmes
Primary Health Care Strategies
Training of health
workers/barefoot doctors –
recognise minor ailments and
prevention
Community projects –
water pumps etc
Traditional methods
Exam Style Question
“Resources need to be targeted at improving
Primary Health Care if we are ever going to
improve the health of people in ELDCs.”
Aid worker
• Describe some of the strategies involved in
Primary Health Care and explain why these
strategies for improving health standards
are suited to people living in ELDCs. (10
marks)
Answer
•
Use of barefoot doctors – trusted local people who can carry out treatment for
more common illnesses – sometimes using cheaper traditional remedies
•
use of ORT (Oral Rehydration Therapy) to tackle dehydration – especially amongst
babies. This is an easy, cheap and effective remedy for diarrhoea/dehydration
•
provision of vaccination programmes against diseases such as polio, measles,
cholera. Candidates may also refer to PHC as based on generally preventative
medicine rather than (more expensive) curative medicine
•
the development of health education schemes in schools, community plays/songs
concerning AIDS, with groups of expectant mothers or women in relation to diet
and hygiene. Oral education being much more effective in illiterate societies
•
sometimes these initiatives are backed by the building of small local health
centres staffed by doctors (like GPs)
•
PHC can also involve the building of small scale clean water supplies and Blair
toilets/pit latrines – often with community participation
•
The use of local labour and building materials is often cheaper, it also provides
training/transferable skills for the participants and gains faster acceptance/ usage
in the local and wider community.
“The ultimate goal of Primary Health Care is better health for all.” (World
Health Organisation)
Describe some specific Primary Health Care strategies that you have studied
and explain why these strategies are suited to Developing Countries.
8
Local health workers are effective as they are a trusted member of the local
community. It only takes 6 weeks training and they can teach other people in the
village about sanitation eg. Wash hands before eating. They also know of ways to
reduce the risk of catching malaria eg. Sweeping the compound everyday. They
can treat minor illnesses such as dioreha with ORT (oral rehydration therapy)
which is a mixture of salt, sugar and water. They also teach their local village with
songs and chants that mothers can pass on to their children. This takes pressure
of hospitals and health centres, and if there is a serious case, the health worker can
refer the patient on to the health centre or hospital. It is an effective PHC as the
village chooses the person so she is a trusted member and people are willing to
listen to her and learn. It is also cheap as the training only takes 6 weeks.
Money is being spent on vaccinations for children as prevention is cheaper than
cure. The pills are in their most basic form which also cuts down on cost. The local
health worker can also teach people about the prevention of HIV and AIDS.
“The ultimate goal of Primary Health Care is better health for all.”
(World Health Organisation)
Describe some specific Primary Health Care strategies that you
have studied and explain why these strategies are suited to
Developing Countries.
8
Local health workers are effective as they are a trusted member of the local
community. It only takes 6 weeks training and they can teach other people in the
village about sanitation eg. Wash hands before eating. They also know of ways to
reduce the risk of catching malaria eg. Sweeping the compound everyday. They
can treat minor illnesses such as dioreha with ORT (oral rehydration therapy)
which is a mixture of salt, sugar and water. They also teach their local village with
songs and chants that mothers can pass on to their children. This takes pressure
of hospitals and health centres, and if there is a serious case, the health worker can
refer the patient on to the health centre or hospital. It is an effective PHC as the
village chooses the person so she is a trusted member and people are willing to
listen to her and learn. It is also cheap as the training only takes 6 weeks.
Money is being spent on vaccinations for children as prevention is cheaper than
cure. The pills are in their most basic form which also cuts down on cost. The local
health worker can also teach people about the prevention of HIV and AIDS.
Sample Answer
Local health workers are effective as they are a trusted member of
the local community. It only takes 6 weeks training and they
can teach other people in the village about sanitation eg. Wash
eg 1
hands before eating. They
also know of ways to reduce the risk
of catching malaria eg. Sweeping the compound everyday. They
can treat minor illnesses
such as dioreha with ORT (oral
eg 2
rehydration therapy) which is a mixture of salt, sugar and
water. They also teach their local village with songs and chants
that mothers can pass on to their children. This takes pressure of
hospitals and health centres, and if there is a serious case, the
health worker can refer the patient on to the health centre or
hospital. It is an effective PHC as the village chooses the person so
she is a trustedR member and people are willing to listen to her
and learn. It is also cheap as the training only takes 6 weeks.
Money is being spent on vaccinations for children as prevention
is cheaperR than cure. The pills are in their most basic form which
also cuts down on cost.R The local health worker can also teach R
people about the prevention of HIV and AIDS.
12/12
Reading Check Up
Question 1
Climate impacts of health by:
a) Hot, wet conditions encouraging the
spread of disease.
b) Certain conditions providing ideal
breeding conditions for vectors.
c) Both of the above
Question 2
•
In the developing world what
percentage of households lack
access to clean water?
a) 27%
b) 50%
c) 75%
Question 3
•
How many children die each year due
to diarrhoea?
a) 4 million
b) 400,000
c) 14 million
Question 4
•
Which of the following are human
factors which result in poor health?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Poverty
Poor farming methods
Overcrowding
All of the above
Question 5
•
How many people does Malaria affect
each year?
a) 200-500million
b) 5 million
c) 15 million
Question 6
•
In the past 15 years how many
people have died from Malaria?
a) 15 million
b) 50 million
c) 150 million
Question 7
•
Which of the following is an
insecticide used to eliminate malaria?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Malarion
Malathion
DDT
Both b and c
Question 8
•
Why was there a 500% rise in cases
of Malaria in Kenya in 1998?
a) Drought
b) Lack of education
c) Flooding
Question 9
•
What is the advantage of the new
treatment to prevent malaria
(combination of drugs and extract of
Chinese herb)
a) 95% success rate
b) Cheap
c) Both of the above
Question 10
•
Who donated $100 million for
malaria research?
a) Cheryl Cole
b) Bill Gates
c) Both of the above
Question 11
•
What are barefoot doctors?
a) Doctors who do not wear shoes
b) Local people trained as medical
auxillaries
c) Specialist doctors
Question 12
•
In what ways are charities providing
primary health care?
a) Equip local people with medical kits
b) Educate local people
c) Both of the above
Question 13
•
What are the problems with large
scale schemes such as immunisation
programmes and establishment of
clinics.
a) Require foreign intervention
b) Not cost effective
c) Only helps a small area
Question 14
•
What was one of the main problems
Chogoria Hospital in Kenya face in
providing health care.
a) Too remote
b) Not enough trained staff
c) Financial difficulties
Question 15
•
Why is primary health care central to
the services provided by Chogoria
Hospital in Kenya.
a) Large population to try to treat
b) Specialist medical staff can visit
areas in rotation.
c) Both of the above.
Answers
1
c
9
c
2
b
10
b
3
a
11
b
4
d
12
c
5
a
13
a
6
b
14
c
7
d
15
c
8
c