TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING
Transport
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Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals
and goods from one location to another.
Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable,
pipeline and space.
The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and
operations.
Transport is important because it enables trade between
people, which is essential for the development of civilizations.
Transport plays an important part in economic growth and
globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large
amounts of land.
While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of
transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban
sprawl.
Transportation Engineering
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Transportation engineering is the application of technology and scientific
principles to the planning, functional design, operation and
management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to
provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient,
economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and
goods.
It is a sub-discipline of civil engineering and of industrial engineering.
Transportation engineering is a major component of the civil engineering
and mechanical engineering disciplines, according to specialization of
academic courses and main competences of the involved territory.
Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations including
roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines and terminals
such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking
terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations)
and seaports.
Transport plays an important part in economic growth and economic
growth increases the need for transportation.
Transportation Engineering
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A social problem
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An economic problem
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It is for use of public but is established and arranged by the
government.
A management problem
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Effective and a relatively cheaper transportation is the basis of
economic success.
A political problem
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Effects social mobility, distribution of population, need for
housing, business opportunities
The transportation service should be analyzed for both the
supplier and the receiver.
An environmental problem
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Effects the air, water and land pollution.
Transportation Engineering
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Transportation engineering is a multi disciplinary
area. To find the best solution, Transportation
Engineer should work compatible with people of
many different disciplines such as economist,
architect, sociologist, geologist, politicians and etc.
These different disciplines, the size and the
diverseness of the transportation engineering, make
some sub divisions to rise.
These sub divisions may be such as Land, Air and
Railways , and also like Transportation Planning,
Transportation Economy, Transportation
Management, Transportation Infra and
Superstructures and so on..
Transportation Engineering
Types of transportation
 Land
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transport
Highways
Railways
 Water
transport
 Air transport
Land Transportation
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The initiation of roads goes back to the invention of the Wheel (5000 BC).
However, the pavements that we use today is first seen commonly in Roman Empire.
Roman roads were made of gravel, broken Stones, cement!!, and pavement Stones.
The surface drainage of the roads were provided by the mild curves towards the slopes at
the edges of the roads.
The main drainage was provided by the ditches at both sides of the roads.
Land Transportation
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The oldest road in Turkey is the Babil-Bapsekus road built by
Assyrians and Babylonians at the Euphrates river bed in 2000 BC.
After the foundation of Turkish Republic, in 1946 General
Directorate of Highways was established.
Highway engineering
Highway engineering
Contour Map
• The direction that a road follows on the ground is called route
(güzergah) of the road.
• A road is composed of straight and curved portions.
• The straight portions of a road is called tangent (has an infinite Radius)
and the curved portions (with a definite Radius) are horizontal curves.
• Plan is the projection of the road over a horizontal surface.
• Profile (boykesit) is the vertical cross section of the road.
Red line: The line showing the axis
of the road on the profile after
the construction is completed.
Black line: The line showing the
natural ground level.
Profile
High ways
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A crossfall (enine eğim) is the slope on the
highway in two directions departing from the axis
in order the rainfall can drain as soon as possible.
In Asphalt roads : 1% - 2%
ın Gravelly roads: 3% - 4%
In Soil roads : 4% - 6%
In Concrete roads: 1.5%
A superelevation (dever) is the slope in one
direction on a horizontal curve of a highway in
order to resist centrifugal force.
• The structure that
carries the traffic
Loads and
converts these
load to the Soil
beneath is called
Superstructure.
• It may be flexible
or rigid.
 Highways,
railways, runways and petroleum
pipe lines are the subject of transportation
engineering.
 Design approaches and construction methods,
especially for highways are taught at
undergraduate level.
 Large amount of soil and rock must be
replaced, i.e. excavated and transported
during these works.
 Building tunnels over these transportation is a
different profession as itself. It needs a detailed
investigation.
 Arrangement of traffic is also another subject of
transportation.
Traffic
An intersection is the junction at grade (that is to say, on the same level)
of two or more roads either meeting or crossing. An intersection may be
three-way (a T junction or Y junction – the latter also known as a fork),
four-way (a crossroads), or have five or more arms. Busy intersections are
often controlled by traffic lights and/or a roundabout.
Traffic
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In the field of road transport, an interchange is a road
junction that typically uses grade separation, and one or
more ramps, to permit traffic on at least one highway to
pass through the junction without directly crossing any
other traffic stream.
It differs from a standard intersection, at which roads
cross at grade.
Interchanges are almost always used when at least one
of the roads is a controlled -access highway (freeway or
motorway) or a limited-access divided highway
(expressway), though they may occasionally be used at
junctions between two surface streets.
Intersections